870 resultados para acetyl-CoA carboxylase


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Os peixes são vertebrados que vivem em vários habitats. Adaptações de sua fisiologia e de sua bioquímica são estudadas para entender como conseguem sobreviver aos desafios presentes em cada ambiente. A diminuição da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido na água é um fenômeno natural cíclico em águas do Pantanal e da Amazônia. A crescente poluição antrópica dos rios da Amazônia e do Pantanal pode, somada à hipoxia, oferecer ameaça à permanência de muitas espécies de peixes. Ao estudarmos a carboxilesterase (CarbE), enzima importante para a biotransformação de xenobióticos, observamos que sua atividade diminuía em plasma de pacu, um peixe típico do Pantanal, mantido em hipoxia durante 42 horas. As carboxilesterases participam de inúmeras reações químicas no organismo, incluindo uma transesterificação capaz de produzir ésteres etílicos tóxicos de ácido graxo (FAEE, fatty acid ethyl esters) a partir de etanol e ésteres de ácidos graxos. Já que a diminuição da atividade de CarbE poderia ser uma vantagem, pois que o etanol (um produto da glicólise em peixes sob hipoxia) seria menos esterificado, resolvemos saber mais sobre a bioquímica da CarbE do plasma e do fígado de pacus. Os pacus foram submetidos à hipoxia por diminuição da concentração até 0,5 mg O2/L por meio de borbulhamento de nitrogênio na água. Os animais ficaram nessas condições por 42 horas, quando então coletamos sangue e retiramos seus fígados. A atividade de CarbE ensaiada foi 50% menor no soro e 25% menor nos microssomos de fígado se comparada com a de peixes sob 6 mg O2/L. A CarbE isolada do soro dos pacus em normoxia possui massa molecular relativa de 56.000. A eletroforese em gel desnaturante com a fração purificada rendeu três bandas, mas o gel nativo apresentou só duas bandas com atividades sobre α-naftil acetato. Inferimos que mais do que uma isoforma da enzima está no plasma dos pacus. A CarbE isolada do soro não possui atividade de lipase sobre o Tween 20, mas os microssomos dos fígados dos animais em normoxia e hipoxia possuem. No entanto, a CarbE possui atividade sobre acil-CoA assim como o microssomo de fígado. A enzima pura apresenta Vmáx três vezes maior e uma KM quatro vezes maior do que a atividade presente nos microssomos. Além disso, os microssomos do fígado dos pacus em normoxia podem hidrolisar acil-CoA com o dobro da velocidade daqueles em hipoxia. A atividade clássica de CarbE do soro foi inibida por 4-HNE a 4 mM. A atividade de acil-CoA dos microssomos de fígado também foi sensível a 4-HNE a 4 mM, enquanto 2 mM de 4-HNE inibiu metade desta atividade do soro.

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作为植物界广泛存在的一类酚类聚合物,木质素是陆生植物正常生长发育过程中非常重要的生物大分子,而且与人类的生活息息相关。利用分子生物学手段和基因工程方法,从小麦中分离木质素生物合成途径的关键酶-肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因(CCR),研究肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因在木质素代谢途径中的调控规律,从其催化的限速步骤入手,来调控木质素的合成,有效的改变木质素的组成、含量和结构,是改善木质素在植物生长发育中的作用乃至开发木质素资源的关键所在。本文就小麦肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因的分离、表达特征及其在木质素合成途径中的作用开展了研究工作。 首先用RACE方法从小麦中克隆了CCR的两个cDNA的部分序列,序列分析表明它们编码的蛋白具有CCR的典型特点,GC含量高于均60%,两者在核酸水平和蛋白水平的同源性为76%和 69%,证明在小麦中至少存在着两个CCR基因。通过 RT-PCR和Northern 杂交确定W-cr6和W-cr19在小麦的发育中具有不同的表达特征,W-cr6主要在茎中表达,而W-cr19的表达集中在根中。以W-cr6为探针,从cDNA文库中筛选到一个全长1317bp的cDNA,命名为TaCCR1。TaCCR1包括开放阅读框 (ORF) 1047bp、5′端侧翼 72bp和3′端侧翼198bp的非翻译序列。TaCCR1能够编码由349个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,预期的分子量为37.4kD。同源性比较显示TaCCR1基因在核酸水平和蛋白质水平与其他物种的CCR基因的同源性高于60%。 为了分析CCR在木质素合成中的作用,用TaCCR1构建了用于转化烟草的正义和反义表达载体pStCCR和pAtCCR、用于转化小麦的正义和反义表达载体pBSC1和pBAC1。通过农杆菌介导得到了30株反义转基因烟草和12株正义转基因烟草。由于外源基因的抑制作用,转基因烟草在形态、木质素组成和含量、木质部显微结构上都程度不同的发生了变化。正义和反义的转基因株系呈现出株型矮化、木质素含量下降、木质部导管细胞壁受到破坏等现象。同时利用花粉管通道法转化小麦种子5000多粒,部分处理经过初步的PCR和 Southern分子鉴定获得了1株转基因株系,需要对其遗传、生理和形态特征做进一步的研究。 本文还对木质素对小麦茎杆的机械强度的影响做了初步的探讨,得到的结果是小麦茎杆的木质素含量、维管束的数量、茎杆有效的横界面积与其最大弯曲应力存在着正相关,而维管束的结构、密度对茎杆的最大弯曲应力没有明显的影响,从而为通过CCR基因来改善小麦茎杆的抗倒特性建立了生理学基础。

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利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术从Alcaligenes eutrophus H16染色体DNA中扩增并克隆了调控聚-3-羟基丁酸(poly-3-hydroxy-butyrate,PHB)生物合成的两个关键酶基因:依赖NADPH的乙酰乙酰CoA还原酶基因(phbB)和PHB合成酶基因(phbC)。限制性内切酶图谱和核苷酸序列分析证实了克隆结果,并表明克隆的基因与国外所报道的有很高的同源性。经过基因拼接,构建了块茎特异性表达的高等植物表达载体pPSAGB(嵌合phbB)、pBIBGC(嵌合phbC)和pPSAGCB(嵌合phbB和phbC)。并以试管薯(microtuber)为外植体经Agrobacterium介导转化了虎头、京丰、Bintje、Favorita、高原4号和88-5共6个马铃薯品种,获得49个株系。经PCR检测导入phbB的株系共有44个,对其中30个株系进行DNA dot blot分析,结果表明phbC导入呈阳性的株系有20个。深入的鉴定工作还在进行中。

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聚-β-羟基链烷酸(PHA)是许多微生物作为碳源、能源的一类贮藏性聚酯,具有广泛的应用价值。该聚酯可被微生物完全降解且有与塑料相似的性质,因而研究并提高PHA在植物中的合成为解决环境污染提供了新的解决途径。 聚-β-羟基于酸酯(PHB)是研究的最早、研究的最清楚的一种PHA。用聚合酶链式反应扩增并克隆了真养产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes eutrophus)中合成PHB的一个关键酶——3-酮硫裂解酶基因phbA。DNA序列分析表明所克隆的基因与国外报道序列同源性很高,只有一个碱基对的区别。为了检测该基因的功能及导肽的定位效率,构建了带有导肽基因的组成型表达载体,由根癌农杆菌介导转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38)得到转基因植株。蛋白质电泳结果表明导肽可以将外源蛋白定位于质体,phbA基因能翻译成相应大小的蛋白。酶活性分析证实了转基因烟草中phbA编码的3-酮硫裂解酶可以催化乙酰-CoA合成乙酰乙酰-CoA。 将携有导肽序列的phbC(编码PHB合酶)和phbB(编码乙酰乙酰-CoA还原酶)连入pBIB-HYG得到组成型表达载体pZCB,用冻融法转入根癌农杆菌,介导转化烟草。烟草为已获得的具有卡那霉素抗性整合并表达phbA的转基因烟草。通过二次转化将携有潮霉素抗性的phbB基因和phbC基因导入已整合phbA的烟草,各基因均由质体导肽控制,最后得到整合PHB合成的三个酶基因的转基因烟草。转基因烟草经PCR、PCR-Southern检测,初步确定整合phbB和phbC烟草植株。以气相色谱初步分析,转基因烟草中PHB的含量可达鲜重的0.233%。 结果表明phbB和phbC基因可以在真核表达系统中编码相应的蛋白。通过色素分析、荧光动力学等手段分析了PHB在叶绿体中的累积对其功能的影响。 为了提高底物乙酰-CoA的供应能力及减少惰性聚酯对植物体的伤害,分离了种子特异性启动子和质体导肽序列,利用忆经克隆的合成PHB的三个关键酶基因,通过一系列DNA重组,分别构建了含有种子特异性启动子的嵌合phbC、phbB的二价表达载体pSCB及嵌合phbC、phbA、phbB的三价表达载体pSCAB,并由导肽将基因表达产物定位于质体。经根癌农杆菌介导转化油菜(Brassica napus L.) H165,获得转基因油菜植株,并进行了PCR、Southern blot及RT-PCR-DNA杂交等分检测。结果表明,三基因已经分别整合到相应的转基因油菜中,并已在转录水平表达。同时转化了油菜不育系、恢复系和保持系,获得批量转化株,并移入温室栽培。

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木质素是植物体中具重要生物功能的次生代谢产物。然而纸浆生产主要是将原料中的木质素与用于造纸的纤维素分离,该工艺过程产生了造纸工业的主要污染废液,并且增加造纸成本。本研究目的在于利用反义RNA技术,在分子水平调节木质素的生物合成,降低中国特有造纸树种毛白杨的木质素含量,培育更适于我国造纸工业的原料树种。以下为本研究已取得的相关研究进展: 1.通过RT-PCR技术,从毛白杨中克隆了木质素生物合成的三个相关酶的cDNAs,它们分别为咖啡酸甲基转移酶(caffeic acid O-methyltransferase,COMT)、咖啡酰CoA甲基转移酶(caffeoyl Co-enzyme A O-methyltransferase,CCoAOMT)及香豆酸:辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate: CoA ligase,4CL)。序列分析显示了毛白杨这三个基因与杨属中其它种的相应基因cDNA核苷酸序列高度同源。Northern点杂交分析表明,COMT、CCoAOMT及4CL基因在毛白杨正在生长的次生木质部中高水平表达,其表达高峰与树木的木质化进程同步;而在叶与叶柄中,这三个基因均不表达。COMT、CCoAOMT及4CL是木质素生物合成的相关酶,该表达特征与其基因功能相一致。本研究克隆的COMT、CCoAOMT及4CL基因的cDNAs已在GenBank注册登记,接受号分别为AF237777、AF240466、AF314180 (publish on Jan l,2002)。 2.通过一系列的DNA重组,构建了携带反义COMT、CCoAOMT或4CLcDNA的反义表达载体以及同时整合反义COMT与CCoAOMT cDNA的双价反义表达载体,PCR扩增与酶切检测确证构建无误。 3.以田间取材的速生三倍体毛白杨B19、B331及B304的茎尖、叶片与嫩茎为外殖体,首次获得了三倍体毛白杨的组培再生试管苗,并建立了速生三倍体毛白杨的组培再生系统,为通过基因工程改良其造纸性能奠定了基础。 4.农杆菌介导转化烟草,PCR与PCR-Southern检测表明我们获得了整合反义COMT、CCoAOMT cDNA及反义COMT及CCoAOMT cDNA共整合的转基因烟草。以Digoxigenin标记的对应于反义链的单链RNA为探针与转基因烟草的总RNA进行NoIthern点杂交,结果表明整合到其中的反义cDNA均已表达。转基因烟草的木质素分析将有助于对COMT及CCoAOMT两个甲基化酶功能的认识。 5.通过农杆菌介导,将反义CCoAOMT cDNA转入欧洲山杨与银白杨的杂交杨(P tremulaXP.alba)。经PCR,PCR-Southern及Southern检测,确认获得了转基因植株。以Digoxigenin标记的对应于CCoAOMT cDNA反义链的单链RNA为探针与转基因杂交杨总RNA进行Northern点杂交,结果表明整合到其中的反义cDNA已在转录水平表达。测定生长5-6个月的转基因杨树下部茎杆的Klason木质素含量,结果显示其中一个株系的Klason木质素含量比野生型对照下降17.9%,表明抑制杨树内源CCoAOMT基因表达可有效降低转基因植株的木质素含量。

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  果实为开花植物所特有的发育器官,在种子的成熟和传播过程中发挥着重要作用。同时,肉质果实中含有丰富的营养物质,包括纤维素、维生素、抗氧化剂等,成为人们饮食的重要组成部分。由于果实的成熟衰老和抗病性直接影响果品的质量和市场价值,因此,研究果实成熟衰老和抗病性的调控机制具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。本文主要利用蛋白质组学的方法,探讨外源化学物质抑制果实成熟衰老和诱导抗病性的调控机制。 1. 硅对果实的抗病性诱导:用硅酸钠(1%)处理采后的甜樱桃果实,再接种褐腐病原菌(Molinilia fracticola),置于20C下,观测贮藏期间果实的发病率,并分析硅处理后诱导的主要蛋白质及调控机制。研究结果表明:硅酸钠处理可显著抑制贮藏期间褐腐病的发生,其抑病机理与硅诱导PR-蛋白的表达,提高果实的抗氧化水平,减轻由病原菌侵染造成的氧化胁迫相关。同时,硅处理还能保护细胞骨架结构,有利于增强果实对病原菌入侵的抵抗力。 2. 水杨酸对果实的抗病性诱导:用水杨酸(SA,2mM)在果园处理三种成熟度的甜樱桃果实,然后接种青霉病原菌(Penicillium expansum)观察其发病情况,并取样分析参与抗病性应答的主要蛋白质及调控机制。试验结果表明:SA处理能显著降低青霉病的发病率和抑制病斑扩展,而且SA对低成熟度甜樱桃果实的抗性诱导效果更好。在八成熟的果实中,有5个热激蛋白和4个脱氢酶蛋白被SA诱导,这些蛋白参与了糖酵解和三羧酸循环。抗氧化蛋白和PR蛋白主要参与较低成熟度果实的抗性应答,而热激蛋白和脱氢酶在较高成熟度果实的抗性应答中更明显,SA诱导的抗性与代谢途径相关。   3. 草酸对果实的抗性诱导:用5mM的草酸处理冬枣果实后,接种青霉菌(P. expansum),观察果实发病情况,测定果实相关的生理指标,分析参与果实抗性应答的主要蛋白质及调控机制。结果表明:草酸能明显延缓冬枣果实的衰老,提高果实对青霉菌的抗性。草酸处理能抑制果实乙烯的释放量和呼吸强度,延缓叶绿素的降解,减少乙醇积累。利用蛋白质组学的研究方法证实了在25个参与了草酸处理应答的蛋白中,胱硫醚-β-合酶结构域包含蛋白(CBB domain-containing protein)和3个与光合作用相关蛋白[二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase, chloroplast precursor),二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基结合蛋白(RuBisCO large subunit-binding protein subunit beta, chloroplast precursor),植物光系统Ⅱ放氧复合蛋白2(PSII oxygen-evolving complex protein 2)]的表达量上调,乙醇脱氢酶的表达量出现下调。草酸处理还提高了与乙烯合成前体相关蛋白的表达,抑制了ACC合成酶的活性。草酸提高果实抗病的机制与延缓果实成熟衰老和保持果实抗性有关。 4. 果实衰老的调控机制:采用高氧(100%)和低氧(2-3%)处理苹果果实,观察果实衰老的进程,并基于蛋白质组学的研究方法,探讨苹果果实衰老与线粒体蛋白质组的关系。结果表明,在苹果衰老过程中有22个蛋白的表达量发生变化,这些蛋白主要参与了三羧酸循环,电子传递,碳代谢和胁迫应答。高氧处理能诱导氧化胁迫,加速了果实的衰老。质谱鉴定结果证明:在高氧胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶(manganese superoxide dismutase,MnSOD)和线粒体外膜通道蛋白(porin) 的表达量降低,MnSOD的活性受到抑制,由此提高了线粒体中超氧阴离子的含量,增加了蛋白质的氧化损伤。 此外,高氧处理改变了porin的功能,导致了线粒体膜的透势发生变化,从而引起外膜损伤。由此阐明了活性氧在果实的成熟衰老调控中的重要作用。

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玉米(Zea mays L.)是我国十分重要粮食、饲料和工业原料作物,种植区域覆盖我国大部分农业区。随着玉米品种改良和新栽培技术的应用,我国玉米产量大幅度增加。自1950s以来,我国玉米产量递增幅度为126kg/hm2/yr。在玉米产量提高过程中,单叶光合作用与产量之间存在什么样的关系?当代玉米品种的品质和养分利用效率如何?高密度种植条件下是否存在“根系拥挤”及如何调控等。为探讨上述科学问题,本研究选择中国北方常见的大田玉米品种,在高肥力自然光照条件下,探讨玉米高产优质栽培过程中生理生态特征的变化趋势,以指导科学育种和栽培。主要研究结果如下:   1)光合与产量的演变我国 1950s、1970s、1990s等不同年代推广的玉米品种中,当代品种叶片光合速率高且高值持续期长,光合色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等的含量高且持续时间长,与光合有关的蒸腾速率(E.)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci.)、气孔导度(gs)等也有较大改良,中下部叶片尤其明显;在生育后期,当代品种具有更高的光合优势。老品种饱和光合速率(Psat)在灌浆期下降,并非RuBPCase 和PEPCase的活性降低,而是由于叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量的降低。在花后期间,由于PS2功能的下降,造成了光合能力下降,而现代品种的PS2 功能在衰老前一致保持旺盛状态。   老品种光合特征对缺氮的反应表现更敏感。花后缺氮光合作用下降是非气孔限制的,因为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度没有发生明显的变化。其主要原因是缺素造成老品种叶片早衰,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、PEP羧化酶活性下降。现代品种表现较强的抗衰老能力,其N素利用效用高于老品种。我国玉米产量的大幅度提高在很大程度上应归功于叶片光合性能的改良。   随玉米品种更替,群体光合速率增强,群体光合衰减率降低,呼吸消耗所占总光合的百分率下降。灌浆期当代品种中下部叶片的群体光合速率明显高于老品种。种植密度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主要因素,在高中低三种密度条件下,当代品种均有较高的群体光合速率,表现出耐密性强、适应性广、源足库大、产量高的特点。   2)高油玉米的产量受到叶源大小和叶源活力的双重限制在 1.5 株/m2密度下,与普通玉米相比较,高油玉米单株籽粒产量显著低于普通玉米,产量构成中穗粒数差异不显著,千粒重较低(P<0.01);两类型玉米的单株库容量相当,高油玉米籽粒灌浆速率小,籽粒充实度低,单粒重对叶源相对减少(剪叶)或相对增多(疏库)的反应比普通玉米更为敏感,其产量受到同化产物供应(叶源)相对不足的限制。高油玉米授粉后的叶面积、叶面积持续期小,叶片含氮量和光合速率较低,说明高油玉米的产量受到叶源活力(光合速率)小和叶源数量少的双重限制。   3)我国北方玉米品种的个体产量潜力、氮素利用效率及籽粒与秸秆粗蛋白质含量在充分发挥个体生产潜力的低密度条件下,我国北方1990s 以来大面积种植的50个玉米主栽品种中,个体产量潜力和氮素利用效率高度正相关(P=0.01),而子粒千粒重与NUE 呈显著性负相关(P=0.002)。对玉米产量和氮素利用效率进行分层聚类,可将北方玉米品种划分为高产高NUE 型、低产低NUE 型和中间型,高产高NUE 型玉米品种相对较少,仅占24%。籽粒粗蛋白质含量(CPC)与秸秆CPC 相关性不显著(P>0.05)。对籽粒和秸秆的CPC 进行分层聚类,将北方玉米品种划分为籽粒高秸秆低型、籽粒与秸秆双低型和籽粒与秸秆双高型,CPC 双高型品种相对较少,仅占20%。   4)玉米根系拥挤效应对产量影响的生理生态机制及其调控随玉米品种更替根系的空间分布呈“横向紧缩,纵向延伸”的特点。当代三类型玉米根系分布特性与株型、穗型相关。紧凑型品种根系分布深,下层根系所占比率大,适合密植,群体产量潜力大;平展大穗型品种根量多,分布较浅,在低密度下可获得较高的个体生产力,但不适合密植,群体产量潜力小。   “根系拥挤”显著影响玉米产量,减小根系横向伸展空间,下层土壤中的根系分配比率增多。在地上部充分生长条件下,紧凑型品种横向空间为30-50cm即可满足要求,平展型品种大于50cm;紧凑型品种对纵向空间受限制的反应更为敏感,平展型品种对横向空间受限制的反应更为敏感。“根系拥挤”影响根系活性、分布、氮素吸收利用和花后光合与14C同化物的分配。   在根系受限制条件下,增施肥料产量提高,根系总重增加,增加了根系在深层土壤(60-100cm)中的根系比率,显著增加了根系的TTC 还原量、SOD、CAT、POD活性。土壤加沙,根量减少,但根系TTC 还原量增加、产量提高,提高幅度以大穗型品种更为显著。   随种植密度增加耕层根系密度与群体产量同步增大,各类品种均在最高根系密度下获得最高产量。根系负荷的籽粒产量潜力三类型品种存在极大差异,在一定范围内增大种植密度,根系伸展空间减小,群体产量提高,紧凑大穗型品种产量最高,品种的耐密性是限制根系负荷籽粒产量潜力的主导因素。因此,培育株型紧凑、耐密性强、大穗玉米良种,采取有效的调控措施是玉米进一步高产的主攻方向。   5)我国夏玉米高产田的培创理论研究与实践相结合,2005 年在我国华北地区的山东莱州培创出籽粒实产21 042.9kg/hm2 ( 14% 含水量, 实收面积=45.7m×15.9m=726.63m2)的夏玉米高产纪录。主要采用以增加密度为保障的“群体结构性挖潜”和以提高整齐度为保障的“个体功能性挖潜”途径,生理生态指标包括:选用紧凑抗倒耐密植品种DH3719,种植密度102 030 株/hm2,收获密度98 610 株/hm2,花后具有较长的叶面积高值持续期,达60d以上,叶面积指数最大为6.53,收获2.59。上部叶片光合值对外界光强度变化敏感,其光合峰值出现时间提前,而后迅速衰减;中部叶片光合值的降低较慢,下部叶片变幅最小,可能是长期处于争光环境表现出的生态适应性。粒叶比0.32,经济系数0.542,单株产量216g,千粒重375.1g。

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水稻是我国重要的粮食作物之一,它是一种典型的C3植物。与其它C3作物不一样的是,水稻的生长需要相对较高的温度和充足的阳光照射。然而高温和高光强的生长环境更加适合于C4植物的生长,更加有利于发挥C4植物高光合效率的特点。因此本论文希望将C4植物中固定CO2的酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因导入水稻,获得一种更加适合高温和高光强生活环境的“C4型”水稻,这对于提高水稻的产量,满足人口增长对粮食需求具有重大意义。 本论文从C4植物谷子和甘蔗中克隆了其C4型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶cDNA基因,获得了具有自主知识产权的基因克隆,并将它们导入粳稻品种中花8号,进而对转基因材料的光合生理特性进行了研究。结果如下: 首次从谷子中得到了ppc基因两个cDNA克隆,分别命名为Mppc1和Mppc2。前者是一个C3型的ppc基因,它可能属于在根中特异表达的C3-2型ppc基因;后者是在绿色叶片中大量表达的C4型ppc基因。它们所编码的蛋白的氨基酸残基数分别为961和964,序列同源性为82.5%。C4型PEPC多出的3个氨基酸位于N末端。利用RACE的方法我们得到了谷子C4型ppc基因完整的cDNA序列,包括63bp的5'非编码区,2895bp的编码区和256bp的3'非编码区。 首次获得了甘蔗C4型ppc基因完整的cDNA序列的克隆,命名为Sppc。它包括95bp的5'非编码区、2886bp的编码区,和224bp的3'非编码区。 利用所克隆的基因,分别连上强组成型启动子Ubiquitin启动子和强光调控启动子Rubisco小亚基启动子后,再插入两个标记基因不同的表达载体pCB和pPCB的多克隆位点中,构建了八个含有外源ppc基因的植物表达载体pCB-Pubi-Mppc、pCB-Pubi-Sppc、pCB-PrbcS-Mppc、pCB-PrbcS-Sppc、pPCB-Pubi-Mppc、pPCB-Pubi-Sppc、pPCB-PrbcS-Mppc和pPCB-PrbcS-Sppc。再加上含有玉米完整的C4型ppc 核基因的载体pCB-ZMppc,共有9个载体。利用农杆菌介导法进行了水稻的转化,各个载体都获得了大量的转基因植株。对标记基因潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因hpt和磷酸甘露糖异构酶基因pmi以及导入的目的ppc基因的PCR扩增检测,结果显示绝大多数转基因植株都能扩增出目的片段,而未转化的植株则没有扩增产物。对部分转基因水稻的Southern和Western杂交以及RT-PCR分析都表明,无论从DNA水平、mRNA水平,还是从蛋白质水平上都证明外源ppc基因都成功地导入了水稻,并获得了正确的表达。 对各载体转基因植株PEPC活性大规模的测定表明,转入玉米完整C4型PEPC核基因(有内含子)的水稻表现出极大的表达效率,大多数转基因材料的PEPC活性为对照的10-20倍,其活性最高可达到对照的44倍。转入谷子和甘蔗PEPC基因cDNA的水稻,表达的效率很低,多数材料活性增加仅为对照的2-5倍,但也有极少数材料活性增加了10倍以上。用Rubisco小亚基启动子控制的ppc基因在水稻的表达活性要略高于Ubiquitin启动子控制的ppc基因。以上结果说明ppc基因的内含子在其转录或mRNA的稳定上起着重要作用。 对部分转基因材料气体交换特征的研究发现,随着转基因水稻PEPC活性的增加,净光合速率也有逐渐增加的趋势。其中PEPC活性最大的ZM24株系的三个单株净光合速率比对照增加了39.8%、13.7%和28.6%,而它们的PEPC活性比对照分别增加了21.2、21.9和23.6倍。 转PEPC水稻的净光合速率与气孔导度具有显著的相关性。这说明表达的外源ppc 基因产物PEPC参与了转基因水稻的气孔运动,使气孔开放程度增加。更有意义的是过表达PEPC的水稻具有更高的水分利用效率,这就增加了其耐旱能力。在光抑制条件下转基因水稻也具有更高的光合能力。这些特征表明转ppc基因的水稻比对照更加适合于水稻高温高光强和干旱的原生环境。

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The acetone extract of Dicranopteris dichotoma afforded two new tetranorclerodanes, 18-hydroxyaylthonic acid (1) and 18-oxo-aylthonic acid (2), and four new clerodane-type diterpene glycosides, (6S,13S)-6-O-[6-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-alpha

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In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery and development of compounds with superior anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, 21N-arylsulfonyl-3-acetylindole analogs (2a-u) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro. Among of all the analogs, several compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV-1 activity, especially N-phenylsulfonyl-3-acetyl-6-methylindole (2j) and N-(p-ethyl)phenylsulfonyl-3-acetyl-6-methylindole (2n) showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 values of 0.36 and 0.13 mu g/mL, and TI values of >555.55 and 791.85, respectively. It demonstrated that introduction of the acetyl group at the 3-position of N-arylsulfonyl-6-methylindoles could generally lead to the more potent analogs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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通过构建依赖NADPH的乙酰乙酰CoA还原酶基因(phbB)的衣藻表达载体, 用石英砂VOTEX转化技术, 将phbB基因导入细胞壁缺陷的莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc-849)中, 用含有10 mg/mL的Zeomycin的平板培养基进行筛选和实验室保持培养, 得到了表达phbB基因的转基因藻株. PCR和Southern blot结果显示phbB基因已整合到莱茵衣藻基因组中. RT-PCR与DNA杂交的检测结果显示, 导入的phbB基因在衣藻中具有转录活性.

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Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from four filamentous cyanobacteria Microcoleus vaginatus, Scytonema javanicum, Phormidium tenue and Nostoc sp. and a coccoid single-cell green alga Desmococcus olivaceus that had been separated from desert algal crusts of Tegger desert of China, were investigated for their chemical composition, structure,and physical properties. The EPS contained 7.5-50.3% protein (in polymers ranging from 14 to more than 200 kD, SDS-PAGE) and 16.2-46.5% carbohydrate (110-460 kD, GFC). 6-12 kinds of monosaccharides, including 2-O-methyl rhamnose, 2-O-methyl glucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine were found. The main carbohydrate chains from M. vaginatus and S. javanicum consisted mainly of equal proportion of Man, Gal and Glc, that from P. tenue consisted mainly of arabinose, glucose and rhamnose. Arabinose was present in pyranose form, mainly alpha-L 1 --> 3 linked, with branches on C4 of almost half of the units. Glucose was responsible for the terminal units, in addition of having some units as beta1 --> 3 and some as beta1 --> 4 linked. Rhamnose was mainly 1 --> 3 linked with branches on C2 on half of the units. The carbohydrate polymer from D. olivaceus was composed mainly of beta1 --> 4 linked xylose, galactose and glucose. The galactose part was present both in beta-pyranose and -furanose forms. Arabinose in alpha-L-furanose form was mainly present as 1 --> 2 and 1 --> 2, 5 linked units, rhamnose only as alpha 1 --> 3 and xylose as beta 1 --> 4. The backbone of the polysaccharide from Nostoc sp. was composed of beta-1 --> 4 linked xylose, galactose and glucose. Most of the glucose was branched on position C6, terminal glucose and 2-O-methyl glucose units are also present. The relationship between structure, physical properties and potential biological function is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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本论文对四川蜡瓣花 (Corylopsis willmottiae Rehd. et Wils.)、密花樫木[Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Miq.]、四川溲疏 (Deutzia setchuenensis Franch)及云南豆腐柴 (Premna yunnanensis W. W. Smith)的化学成分进行了研究。通过色谱分离得到44个化合物。主要基于波谱数据鉴定了它们的结构,其中1个为新化合物。 1.从四川蜡瓣花全株的95%乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定了13个化合物,它们是:1-O-(3-O-甲基没食子酸)-岩白菜素(1)、11-O-没食子酰基岩白菜素(2)、 11-O-紫丁香基岩白菜素(3) 、岩白菜素(4)、4-O-没食子酰基岩白菜素(5) 、4,11-O-二没食子酰基岩白菜素 (6)[14]、β-谷甾醇 (7)、acetyl aleuritolic acid (8)、(-)-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(9)、对羟基苯甲酮 (10)、 11-香豆酸酰岩白菜素 (11)[19]、丁香酸 (12)和没食子酸 (13)。其中1为新化合物。 2.从密花樫木根的95%乙醇提取物中共分离纯化了13个化合物,它们是:β-白檀酮(14)、richenone (15)、β-谷甾醇 (7)、cabraleadiol (16)、β-香树脂醇 (17)、龙脑香醇酮 (18)、cabraleadiol monoacetate (19)、cabraleone (20)、3β-hydroxy-5 -pregnen-20-one (21)、3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (22)、cabraleahydroxylactone (23)、川楝子甾醇B (24)、表儿茶素 (25)。 3.从四川溲疏全株95%乙醇提取物中共分离11个化合物,鉴定了其中的9个化合物。它们是:β-谷甾醇 (7)、白桦酯醇(26)、齐墩果酸(27)、hydrangetin (28)、肉桂酸 (29),齐墩果酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷(30)、β-胡萝卜苷 (31)、齐墩果酸-3-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-6-正丁酯)(32)、齐墩果酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (33)。 4.从云南豆腐柴95%乙醇提取物中分离得到12个化合物,分别为白桦脂醇 (25)、7-羟基黄烷酮 (34)、松属素 (35)、2’,4’-羟基查儿酮 (36)、高良姜素-3-甲醚 (37) 、高良姜素-3,7-二甲醚 (38)、异甘草素-4-甲醚 (39)、豆蔻明 (40)、乔松酮 (41)、异甘草素 (42)、arjunolic acid (43)、槲皮素3-O-β-D-木糖苷(44)。 5.综述了1976年以来樫木属植物化学成分和活性研究的概况。 Phytochemical investigation on Corylopsis willmottiae, Dysoxylum densiflorum, Deutzia setchuenensis, and Premna yunnanensis, led to the isolation of 44 compounds, 1 of which was new one. 1. One new compound was isolated from 95% ehanolic extrat of the whole plants of C. willmottiae, identified as 11-O-(3-O-methylgalloyl)-bergenin (1). The twelve known compounds isolated were 11-O-galloylbergenin (2), 11-O-syringylbergenin (3), bergenin (4), 4-O-galloylbergenin (5), 4,11-di-O-galloylbergenin (6), β-sitosterol (7), acetyl aleuritolic acid (8), (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (9), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanone (10), 11-O-coumaroylbergenin (11), syringic acid (12), gallic acid (13). 2. Thirteen compounds were isolated from 95% ethanol extract from the roots of D. densiflorum and identified as β-amyrenone (14), richenone (15), β-sitosterol (7), cabraleadiol (16), β-amyrin (17), hydroxydammarenone-Ⅱ (18), cabraleadiol monoacetate (19), cabraleone (20), 3β-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (21), 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (22), cabraleahydroxylactone (23), toosendansterol B (24) and (-)-epicatechin (25). 3. Eleven compounds were isolated from ethanol extract of D. Setchuenensis. Nine were identified as β-sitosterol (7), betulin (26), oleanolic acid (27), hydrangetin (28), cinnamic acid (29), oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (30), β-daucosterol (31), oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-butyl ester)(32), oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (33). 4. Twelve compounds were isolated from ethanol extract of P. yunnanensis and identified as betulin (26), 7-hydroxyflavanone (34), pinocembrin (35), 2’,4’-dihydroxychalcone (36), galangin 3-methyl ether (37), galangin 3,7-dimethyl ether (38), isoliquiritigenin 4-methyl ether (39), cardamonin (40), pinostrobin (41), isoliquiritigenin (42), arjunolic acid (43), quercetin 3-O-β-D-lyxosopyranoside (44). 5. Chemical constituents and biological activities of the genus Dysoxylum (Meliaceae) were reviewed during 1976-2009.

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本学位论文由两部分共3章组成。第一部分分别报道2种藏药唐古特瑞香和大果大戟化学成分的研究成果,从2种药用植物共分离鉴定了60个不同的化合物,其中12个为新结构,特别有意义的是发现了2个具有同一新骨架的二萜化合物。第二部分概述了大戟科植物多环二萜的研究进展。 第一部分包括第1和2章。在这2章中分别报道了唐古特瑞香(Daphne tangutica Maxim)和大果大戟(Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f. Fl)化学成分的分离纯化与结构鉴定。实验采用正、反相硅胶柱层析、薄层制备及HPLC等分离方法,从唐古特瑞香的根皮中共分离出32个化合物,通过红外、质谱及核磁共振等波谱方法鉴定了其中的31个,结构类型分别属于瑞香二萜类、木脂素类、香豆素类、苯丙素类及甾体类,其中有三个新的瑞香二萜型化合物,经波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为1,2a-二氢-20-棕榈酰瑞香毒素、1,2a-二氢-5b-羟基-6a,7a-环氧-树脂大戟醇-14-苯甲酸酯及1,2b-二氢-5b-羟基-6a,7a-环氧-树脂大戟醇-14-苯甲酸酯,另外还有13个已知化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。从大果大戟的根部共分离出33个化合物,鉴定了其中的30个,其主要成分为种类丰富的二萜,包括巨大戟烷型、续随子烷型、对映-阿替生烷型、对映-贝壳杉烷型、对映-松香烷型、ent-trachylobane型、对映-异海松烷型及一新骨架五环二萜ent-wallichane型,另外还有香豆素、甾体、三萜和一些简单的小分子化合物。其中新化合物有9个,经波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为5-O-(2E,4E,6E)-癸三烯酰基-3,20-O-二乙酰基巨大戟醇、5-O-(2E,4Z)-癸二烯酰基-3-O-乙酰基-20-去氧巨大戟醇、3-O-(2E,4Z)-癸二烯酰基-5b,6b-氧-交京大戟醇、7-苯甲酰氧基-3,5,15-三乙酰基-续随子醇、ent-trachylobane-3-one-17-oic-acid、3α-羟基-对映-阿替斯-16-烯-14-酮、3α,6-二羟基-对映-异海松-7-烯-2,15-二酮、wallichanol A 和 wallichanol B,其中,wallichanol A 和 wallichanol B属于一新骨架类型的五环二萜。除此以外,另有13个已知化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。 第2部分即第3章,首次概述了大戟属植物中多环二萜的化学和药理研究进展。 This dissertation is composed by two parts. The first part reports the phytochemical investigation of two Tibetan medicine plants, Daphne tangutica Maxim and Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f. Fl. Sixty different compounds including ten new compounds and two novel diterpenoids possessing a new carbon skeleton were isolated and identified. The second part is a review about the progress of studies on the polycyclic diterpeniods of the plant family of Euphorbia. The first part consists two chapters, which expatiate on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from D. tangutica and E. wallichii. Thirty-one compounds were isolated from the root barks of D. tangutica by methods of column chromatography (silica gel, including reversed phase), preparative TLC and HPLC, and their structure were identified as nine daphnane diterpenes, six lignans, nine cumarin derivatives, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, a steroids and a benzoate on the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR, MS and NMR. Among them, three are new diterpenes with skeleton of daphnane and the structure were determined as 1,a-dihydro-20-palimoyl-daphnetoxin, 1,2a-dihydro-5b- hydroxy-6a,7a-epoxy-resiniferonol-14-benzoate and 1,2b-dihydro-5b-hydroxy- 6a,7a-epoxy-resiniferonol-14-benzoate. In addition, thirteen known ones were isolated from this plant for the first time. Isolation of the roots of E. wallichii yielded thirty compounds, twenty-four of them were elucidated as diterpenoids, which belong to different skeleton types of ingenol, lathyrane, ent-atisane, ent-kaurane, ent-abietane, ent-trachylobane, ent-isopimarane and a new pentacyclic skeleton ent-wallichane respectively. The remains including a cumarine, a triterpenoid, a steroid and three compounds with small molecule. Nine new compounds were characterized as 5-O-deca-2E,4E,6E- trienoyl-3,20-O-diacetylingenol, 5-O-deca-2E,4Z-dienoyl-3-O-acetyl-20- deoxyingenol, 3-O-deca-2E,4Z-dienoyl-jolkinol-5b,6b-oxide, 7-benzoyl-3,5,15- triacetyl-7-hydroxylathyrol, ent-trachylobane-3-one-17-oic-acid, 3α-hydroxy-ent- atis-16-en-14-one, 3α,6-dihydroxy-ent-isopimarane-7-en-2,15-dione, wallichanol A and wallichanol B, respectively, by means of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Among them, wallichanol A and wallichanol B were two notable novel pentacyclic diterpenoids processing a new rearranged carbon skeleton. And more, thirteen ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter summarizes the research development on chemistry and pharmacology of polycyclic diterpenes from the plant family of Euphorbia for the first time.

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本学位论文共有5章。第一章报道白芍的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究成果;第二章报道天山雪莲的化学成分研究;第三章报道两面针的化学成分研究;第四章报道通关藤的化学成分研究成果;第五章概述了花椒属植物中最近十年报道的新化合物及药理研究情况。 在第1章的第一部分报道了白芍(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)的化学成分。我们采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法,从白芍的干燥根中共分离出14个化合物,其中1个为新化合物,其结构通过波谱分析证实为没食子酰白芍苷,另外还有2个为首次从该植物中分离得到。第二部分报道了芍药苷的微生物转化生产芍药苷代谢素-I的研究,从15株厌氧菌中筛选出10株有转化活性的菌株,其中短乳杆菌Lactobacillus brevis AS1.12的转化活性最好,对其转化条件进行了初步的筛选,确定了相对合理的转化工艺。 在第2章报道了天山雪莲(Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir.)全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析,共分离鉴定了28个化合物,结构类型分属于黄酮、倍半萜和木脂素等,其中2个新倍半萜化合物的结构分别表征为6α-羟基云木香酸6-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和11βH-11,13-二氢去氢云木香内酯8α-O-(6′-乙酰)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。 第3章报道了两面针(Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.)DC.)干燥根的乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射,共分离鉴定了16个生物碱,结构类型分属于苯并啡啶类、喹啉类和阿朴啡类等,其中2个新苯并啡啶类生物碱的结构分别表征为二聚双氢两面针碱和丙酮基双氢崖定椒碱。 第4章报道了通关藤(Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn.)水提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射,共分离鉴定了14个化合物,结构类型均属于C21多羟基甾醇,其中4个新化合物tenacigenoside A, tenacigenoside B, tenacigenoside C和tenacigenoside D的结构分别表征为3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β-tenacigenin B (62), 3-O-2,6- dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O- methylbutyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B (63), 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C (64)和3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2- methylbutyryl-tenacigenin C (65)。 第5章概述了花椒属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展。 This dissertation consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and microbial transformation of paeoniforin. The second, third and four chapters elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir., Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. and Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn., respectively. Chapter 5 is a review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of Zanthoxylum species. The part one of chapter 1 focus on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from P. lactiflora. Fourteen compounds were isolated from the roots of P. lactiflora by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel. Among them, one is a new compound and the structure was suggested as galloyl-albiflorin by spectral evidence. In addition, two compounds were firstly reported in this plant. The part 2 is about microbial transformation of paeoniforin. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 were isolations and identifications of chemical constituents from S. involucrate, Z. nitidum and M. tenacissima, respectively. From the aerial parts of S. involucrate, 28 compounds including 7 flavonoids and 13 sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new compounds were characterized as 6α-hydroxycostic acid 6-β-D-glucoside and 11βH-11,13-dihydrodehydro- costuslactone 8α-O-(6'-acetyl)-β-D-glucoside, respectively, by means of spectroscopic analysis. Otherwise, 11 ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of Z. nitidum. Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new benzophenanthridine alkaloids were characterized as 8-acetonyldihydrofagaridine and 1,3-bis(8-dihydronitidinyl)-acetone by spectroscopic analysis. The fourth chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of M. tenacissima. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 4 new compounds, tenacigenosides A~D, were characterized as 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β- tenacigenin B, 3-O-2,6-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O-methyl butyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B, 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl- (1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C, and 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O- methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2-methylbutyryl- tenacigenin C. Chapter 5 is a review on recent progress in bioactive constituents from plants of Zanthoxylum species.