Notas críticas sobre a macroeconomia novo-Keynesiana

This article shows that, in spite of its great steps towards reality, new-Keynesian macroeconomics seems to be a non-systematic construction with problems originated from "ad hoc" hypothesis required to explain the non neutrality of money and the existence of disequilibria in the short run. In particular, it seems that prices and wages rigidities stand in sandy bases and that the derivation of the IS and LM curves from neoclassical fundamentals is problematic. Even disregarding the apparent difficulties of the neoclassical theory of value and distribution, the new-Keynesian connections between interest rate, money, and output do not seem fully consistent.

GABA accumulation and the hypersensitive response in isolated mesophyll cells treated with the G protein activator mastoparan

GABA (y-amino butyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid synthesized through the a-decarboxylation of L-glutamate. This reaction is catalyzed by L-glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15), a cytosolic Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated enzyme. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not GABA accumulation is associated with the hypersensitive response of isolated Asparagus sprengeri mesophyll cells. The addition of 25 J.lM mastoparan, a G protein activator, to suspensions of isolated asparagus mesophyll cells significantly increased GABA synthesis and cell death. Cell death was assessed using Evan's blue dye and fluorescein diacetate tests for cell viability. In addition, mastoparan stimulated pH-dependent alkalinization of the external medium, and a rapid and large 02 consumption followed by a loss of photosynthetic activity. The rate of 02 consumption and the net decrease in 02 in the dark was enhanced by light. The inactive mastoparan analogue Mas17 was ineffective in stimulating GABA accumulation, medium alkalinization, 02 uptake and cell death. Accumulation of H202 in response tomastoparan was not detected, however, mastoparan caused the cell-dependent degradation of added H202. The pH dependence of mastoparan-stimulated alkalinization suggests cellular electrolyte leakage, while the consumption of 02 corresponds to the oxidative burst in which 02 at the cell surface is reduced to form various active oxygen species. The results are indicative of the "hypersensitive response" of plants to pathogen attack, namely, the death of cells in the locality of pathogen invasion. The data are compatible with a model in which mastoparan triggers G protein activity, subsequent intracellular signal transduction pathway/s, and the hypersensitive response. It is postulated that the physiological elicitation of the hypersensitive response involves G protein signal transduction. The synthesis of GABA during the hypersensitive response has not been documented previously; however the role/s of GABA synthesis in the hypersensitive response, if any, remain unclear.

Frequency-dependent selection at the amylase locus in Drosophila melanogaster

A. strain of Drosophila melanog-aster deficient in null amylase activity (Amylase ) was isolated from a wild null population of flies. The survivorship of Amylase homozygous flies is very low when the principal dietary carbohydrate source is starch. However, the survivorship of the null Amylase genotype is comparable to the wild type when the dietary starch is replaced by glucose. In addition, the null viability of the amylase-producing and Amylase strains is comparable v and very lm<] f on a medium with no carbohydrates . Furthermore, amylase-producing genotypes were shovm to excrete enzymatically active amylase protein into the food medium. The excreted amylase causes the external breakdown of dietary starch to sugar. These results led to the following null prediction: the viability of the A.mvlase genotype (fed on a starch rich diet) might increase in the presence of individuals which were amylase-producing. It was shown experimentally that such an increase in viability did in fact occur and that this increase v\Tas proportional to the number of mnylase..::producing fli.es present. These results provide a unique example of a non-"competi ti ve inter-genotype interaction, and one where the underlying physio~ logical and biochemical mechanism has been fully understood.

Biological effects of resveratrol on skeletal muscle cells

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red wine, has been reported to have antithrombotic, antiatherogenic, and anticancer properties both in vitro and III VIVO. However, possible antidiabetic properties of resveratrol have not been examined. The objective of this study was to investigate the direct effects of resveratrol on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and to elucidate its mechanism of action in skeletal muscle cells. In addition, the effects of resveratrol on basal and insulin- stimulated amino acid transport and mitogenesis were also examined. Fully differentiated L6 rat skeletal muscle cells were incubated with resveratrol concentrations ranging from 1 to 250 IlM for 15 to 120 min. Maximum stimulation, 201 ± 8.90% of untreated control, (p<0.001), of2eH] deoxy- D- glucose (2DG) uptake was seen with 100 IlM resveratrol after 120 min. Acute, 30 min, exposure of the cells to 100 nM insulin stimulated 2DG uptake to 226 ± 12.52% of untreated control (p<0.001). This appears to be a specific property of resveratrol that is not shared by structurally similar antioxidants such as quercetin and rutin, both of which did not have any stimulatory effect. Resveratrol increased the response of the cells to submaximal insulin concentrations but did not alter the maximum insulin response. Resveratrol action did not require insulin and was not blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. L Y294002 and wortmannin, inhibitors of PI3K, abolished both insulin and resveratrolstimulated glucose uptake while phosphorylation of AktlPKB, ERK1I2, JNK1I2, and p38 MAPK were not increased by resveratrol. Resveratrol did not stimulate GLUT4 transporter translocation in GLUT4cmyc overexpressing cells, in contrast to the significant translocation observed with insulin. Furthermore, resveratrol- stimulated glucose transport was not blocked by the presence of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors BIMI and G06983. Despite that, resveratrol- induced glucose transport required an intact actin network, similar to insulin. In contrast to the stimulatory effect seen with resveratrol for glucose transport, e4C]methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) transport was inhibited. Significant reduction of MeAIB uptake was seen only with 100uM resveratrol (74.2 ± 6.55% of untreated control, p<0.05), which appeared to be maximum. In parallel experiments, insulin (100 nM, 30 min) increased MeAIB transport by 147 ± 5.77% (p<0.00l) compared to untreated control. In addition, resveratrol (100 JlM, 120 min) completely abolished insulin- stimulated amino acid transport (103 ± 7.35% of untreated control,p>0.05). Resveratrol also inhibited cell proliferation in L6 myoblasts with maximal inhibition of eH]thymidine incorporation observed with resveratrol at 50 J.LM after 24 hours (8 ± 1.59% of untreated control, p

Down the Santa Fé trail and into México : the diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846-1847

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Apuntes biográficos del Lic. Ezequiel Montes

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La sagrada biblia ; traducida de la vulgata latina : aclarando el sentido de algunos lugares con la luz que dan los textos originales hebreo y griego, e ilustrada con varias notas sacadas de los santos padres y expositores sagrados.

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Exact Tests for Contemporaneous Correlation of Disturbances in Seemingly Unrelated Regressions.

This paper proposes finite-sample procedures for testing the SURE specification in multi-equation regression models, i.e. whether the disturbances in different equations are contemporaneously uncorrelated or not. We apply the technique of Monte Carlo (MC) tests [Dwass (1957), Barnard (1963)] to obtain exact tests based on standard LR and LM zero correlation tests. We also suggest a MC quasi-LR (QLR) test based on feasible generalized least squares (FGLS). We show that the latter statistics are pivotal under the null, which provides the justification for applying MC tests. Furthermore, we extend the exact independence test proposed by Harvey and Phillips (1982) to the multi-equation framework. Specifically, we introduce several induced tests based on a set of simultaneous Harvey/Phillips-type tests and suggest a simulation-based solution to the associated combination problem. The properties of the proposed tests are studied in a Monte Carlo experiment which shows that standard asymptotic tests exhibit important size distortions, while MC tests achieve complete size control and display good power. Moreover, MC-QLR tests performed best in terms of power, a result of interest from the point of view of simulation-based tests. The power of the MC induced tests improves appreciably in comparison to standard Bonferroni tests and, in certain cases, outperforms the likelihood-based MC tests. The tests are applied to data used by Fischer (1993) to analyze the macroeconomic determinants of growth.

Lien Entre Capital Fictif, Markup Flexible et Inflation

Dans Cet Article J'ai Cherche a Demontrer les Liens Qui Existent Entre la Theorie Quantitative de la Monnaie, la Theorie du \"Markup\" et L'inflation. Bien Qu'il Ne Soit Pas Necessaire D'admettre L'equilibre et les Courbes Is-Lm, Ma Theorie du Capital Fictif Est Compatible Avec le Q de Tobin. le Principal Avantage de la Theorie du \"Markup\" Flexible Est de Montrer Comment L'inflation Est Fonction Non Seulement du Prix et de la Productivite du Travail, Mais Aussi du Prix de la Productivite du Capital, de Son Taux D'amortissement et de Son Taux de Financement. les Nouveaux Resultats Econometriques Obtenus a Partir des Donnees Annuelles Canadiennes Illustrent Hors de Tout Doute le Bien Fonde de la Relation Entre Capital Fictif et Inflation.

Semi-Parametric Weak Instrument Regressions with an Application to the Risk-Return Trade-off

Recent work shows that a low correlation between the instruments and the included variables leads to serious inference problems. We extend the local-to-zero analysis of models with weak instruments to models with estimated instruments and regressors and with higher-order dependence between instruments and disturbances. This makes this framework applicable to linear models with expectation variables that are estimated non-parametrically. Two examples of such models are the risk-return trade-off in finance and the impact of inflation uncertainty on real economic activity. Results show that inference based on Lagrange Multiplier (LM) tests is more robust to weak instruments than Wald-based inference. Using LM confidence intervals leads us to conclude that no statistically significant risk premium is present in returns on the S&P 500 index, excess holding yields between 6-month and 3-month Treasury bills, or in yen-dollar spot returns.

Probe-level linear model fitting and mixture modeling results in high accuracy detection of differential gene expression

Affiliation: Institut de recherche en immunologie et en cancérologie, Université de Montréal

La fiebre amarilla en Monterrey

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La brevetabilité des logiciels

Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.LM.)

Étude de l’évolution des aptitudes physiques durant la réadaptation fonctionnelle intensive (RFI) chez les blessés médullaires traumatiques

La récupération optimale des amplitudes articulaires (AAs) et de la force musculaire est un objectif crucial de la réadaptation fonctionnelle intensive (RFI) à la suite d’une lésion médullaire (LM). Le but de la présente étude était de documenter les changements d’AAs des membres supérieurs durant la RFI chez des individus (n = 197) ayant subi une LM et d’établir le lien avec l’autonomie fonctionnelle. Les données (AA, force musculaire, spasticité, déficiences secondaires, autonomie fonctionnelle) ont été collectées à l’admission et au congé de la RFI. Des analyses descriptives, des tests d’association entre les changements d’AAs et des variables indépendantes (douleur, spasticité, déficiences secondaires, force) et des analyses multivariées ont été utilisées. Les individus ayant une paraplégie présentent peu de déficit d’AAs à l’épaule comparés à ceux ayant une tétraplégie. Parmi ces derniers, une majorité présente des AAs sous les valeurs de normalité en fin de RFI. Le groupe D, établi selon l’évaluation de l’American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA D) présente des pertes d’AAs plus importante qu’attendue. La douleur au niveau articulaire est un facteur influençant les changements d’AAs, particulièrement dans ce groupe. La force musculaire chez les personnes ayant une tétraplégie sévère (ASIA ABC) est plus faible que celle du groupe ayant une lésion moins sévère (ASIA D). Généralement, le gain de force corrèle avec le gain d’AA. La force musculaire, les AAs et le nombre de déficiences secondaires sont les principaux éléments influençant l’autonomie fonctionnelle. En conclusion, la perte d’AA est plus importante à l’articulation de l’épaule et, pour plusieurs individus, malgré un gain significatif, les AAs n’atteignent pas les valeurs de référence au congé de la RFI. La force musculaire et certaines déficiences secondaires sont des éléments à considérer pour expliquer les pertes d’AAs et d’autonomie fonctionnelle. Les études futures devront clarifier certains aspects dont l’atteinte de la rotation médiale qui semble montrer un patron différent de récupération en comparaison des autres mouvements de l’épaule. De plus, les études devront montrer si ces changements et résultats sont maintenus après le congé de la RFI.

Évaluation de l'équilibre chez la population lésée médullaire: validation de l'échelle de Berg et étude des interrelations avec les données cliniques.

L'évolution des soins médicaux auprès de la population ayant une lésion médullaire (LM) s'est traduite par une amélioration du profil fonctionnel des personnes atteintes. Ainsi une proportion importante retrouve une capacité à se tenir debout et à marcher qu'il convient d'évaluer adéquatement. Si quelques outils spécifiques à la population lésée médullaire existent pour évaluer leur ambulation, aucune évaluation de l'équilibre debout n'a été validée auprès de cette clientèle. L'échelle de Berg est un outil recommandé auprès de diverses populations, entre autres celles possédant des pathologies d'origine neurologique; et le score obtenu semble lié au niveau d'autonomie à la marche ainsi qu'aux aides techniques utilisées. L'objectif de ce projet de recherche était donc d'établir la validité concomitante de l'échelle de Berg auprès de la population LM et d'explorer les liens entre le score Berg et l'aide technique utilisée. Pour ce faire, trente-deux sujets BM ASIA D ont été recrutés parmi la clientèle hospitalisée de l'Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay de Montréal. L'évaluation de l'équilibre debout a été réalisée à l'aide de l'échelle de Berg ainsi que des tests statiques, dynamiques et des limites de stabilité du Balance Master. Le Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI), le Spinal Cord Injury Functional Ambulation Inventory (SCI-FAI), la vitesse de marche sur 10m et le Timed up and go ont été utilisés pour évaluer l'ambulation. Des analyses descriptives et corrélatives ont été effectuées sur les données obtenues. Une corrélation forte (0.714