Thermal radiation in ultralight metal foams with open cells

This paper presents results from experimental measurements on radiative transfer in FeCrAlY (a steel based high temperature alloy) foams having high porosity (95%) and different cell sizes, manufactured at low cost from the sintering route. The spectral transmittance and reflectance are measured at different infrared wavelengths ranging from 2.5 to 50 μm, which are subsequently used to determine the extinction coefficient and foam emissivity. The results show that the spectral quantities are strongly dependent on the wavelength, particularly in the short wavelength regime (<25 μm). Whilst the extinction coefficient decreases with increasing cell size, the effect of cell size on foam reflectance is not significant. When the temperature is increased, the total extinction coefficient increases but the total reflectance decreases. An analytical model based on geometric optics laws, diffraction theory and metal foam morphology is developed to predict the radiative transfer, with cell size (or cell ligament diameter) and porosity identified as the two key parameters that dictate the foam radiative properties. Close agreement between the predicted effective foam conductivity due to radiation alone and that measured is observed. At fixed porosity, the radiative conductivity of the metal foam increases with increasing cell size and temperature. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.

Hydrogen content estimation of hydrogenated amorphous carbon by visible Raman spectroscopy

In the present study, we report the hydrogen content estimation of the hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films using visible Raman spectroscopy in a fast and nondestructive way. Hydrogenated diamondlike carbon films were deposited by the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, plasma beam source, and integrated distributed electron cyclotron resonance techniques. Methane and acetylene were used as source gases resulting in different hydrogen content and sp2/sp3 fraction. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic ellipsometry (1.5-5 eV) as well as UV-Vis spectroscopy were provided with the optical band gap (Tauc gap). The sp2/sp3 fraction and the hydrogen content were independently estimated by electron energy loss spectroscopy and elastic recoil detection analysis-Rutherford back scattering, respectively. The Raman spectra that were acquired in the visible region using the 488 nm line shows the superposition of Raman features on a photoluminescence (PL) background. The direct relationship of the sp2 content and the optical band gap has been confirmed. The difference in the PL background for samples of the same optical band gap (sp2 content) and different hydrogen content was demonstrated and an empirical relationship between the visible Raman spectra PL background slope and the corresponding hydrogen content was extracted. © 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Investigation on Nonequlibrium Radiation and Relaxation Phenomena in Shock Tubes

The experimental results for the excited time of the nonequlibrium radiation and the ionization behind strong shock waves are presented. Using an optical multichannel analyzer, InSb infrared detectors and near-free-molecular Langmuir probes, the infrared radiation, the electron density of air and the nonequilibrium radiation spectra at different moments of the relaxation process in nitrogen test gas behind normal shock waves were obtained, respectively, in hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tubes.

Disinfection of sea water by ultraviolet radiation

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Efecto de la radiación visible sobre la supervivencia de Acinetobacter baumannii sobre soportes inertes

Acinetobacter baumannii es una bacteria de gran importancia clínica debido a las infecciones nosocomiales a las que se asocia. La amenaza que supone en el ámbito hospitalario está directamente relacionada con su capacidad para sobrevivir a condiciones hostiles tales como cambios de temperatura, estrés lumínico y sequedad. En este contexto, se ha estudiado el efecto de la radiación visible sobre poblaciones de A. baumannii (ATCC 19606) mantenidas a temperatura ambiente en medio líquido (condiciones de ayuno) y sobre soporte sólido (condiciones de ayuno y sequedad). Para determinar la posible pérdida de cultivabilidad y la entrada en estado viable no cultivable (VNC), las poblaciones de A. baumannii se inocularon en solución salina estéril o se fijaron a filtros de acetato de celulosa estériles y se incubaron a 20ºC en condiciones de oscuridad (control) o exposición a luz visible. A lo largo de la supervivencia, utilizando microscopía de epifluerescencia, se cuantificaron las células totales, viables y cultivables. Además, se determinó la capacidad de formar biofilms de estas poblaciones. Bajo condiciones de oscuridad, tanto en soportes sólidos como en medio líquido, no se detectó pérdida de cultivabilidad, actividad o integridad celular durante al menos 7 días. Sin embargo, la luz visible tuvo un efecto negativo sobre las poblaciones de A. baumannii expuestas tanto en medio líquido como sobre soporte sólidos. En medio líquido, si bien la radiación luminosa no afectó a la integridad celular, al finalizar el periodo de exposición (7 días) el número de células cultivables descendió 1,5 log y el 27% de la población se encontraba en estado VNC. En condiciones de sequedad, la pérdida de cultivabilidad se detectó ya desde el primer día de exposición, situándose por debajo del límite de detección tras 5 días; la densidad de células viable también disminuyó, de modo que tras 7 días de exposición el 4% de la población era VNC. Además, la capacidad de formar biofilms se vio negativamente afectada a lo largo de la permanencia tanto en luz como en oscuridad. El efecto negativo de la luz fue especialmente relevante en poblaciones mantenidas en soportes sólidos. Bajo condiciones de ayuno, A. baumannii es capaz de persistir durante periodos de tiempo de al menos una semana incluso en ausencia de humedad. Sin embargo, la exposición de radiación luminosa induce la entrada en estado VNC en estas mismas condiciones, siendo este efecto negativo más acusado en condiciones de ayuno y sequedad.

Efecto de la radiación visible sobre la supervivencia de Vibrio harveyi en el medio marino

Vibrio harveyi es un microorganismo marino perteneciente a la familia Vibrionaceae, patógeno de numerosos animales marinos; tanto invertebrados como vertebrados, pudiendo producir pérdidas económicas en países que se benefician de la acuicultura. Se trata de un microorganismo que vive en un medio natural con escasa cantidad de nutrientes, por ello es un microorganismo oligotrofo. Además el medio marino es un medio con una gran cantidad de sales, con lo cual V. harveyi es una bacteria halófila. 3 V. harveyi es capaz de entrar en lo que se conoce como estado Viable No Cultivable (VNC), en dicho estado es capaz de sobrevivir a situaciones de estrés manteniendo niveles bajos de actividad y perdiendo la cultivabilidad. La radiación luminosa visible, a pesar de tener efectos beneficiosos en los seres vivos, puede provocar efectos negativos en las poblaciones microbianas marinas. En este trabajo se determinó la entrada en estado VNC en sus condiciones de temperatura ambiente (20ºC) tanto en un control en oscuridad así como bajo estrés lumínico. Los resultados mostraron como las células mantenidas en oscuridad no entraron en estado VNC, aunque sí se produjo una pérdida de cultivabilidad relacionada con lesiones celulares provocadas por los nutrientes de determinados medios de cultivo. En cambio, las células que fueron expuestas a la luz visible indicaron una pérdida de cultivabilidad a lo largo de los días de exposición, manteniéndose al finalizar el trabajo experimental el 93% de la población en estado VNC. Por lo tanto, la luz visible provoca un efecto negativo en la población de V. harveyi que es capaz de mantenerse en un estado VNC para sobrevivir a las condiciones adversas.

Efficient Gate-tunable light-emitting device made of defective boron nitride nanotubes: from ultraviolet to the visible

Boron nitride is a promising material for nanotechnology applications due to its two-dimensional graphene-like, insulating, and highly-resistant structure. Recently it has received a lot of attention as a substrate to grow and isolate graphene as well as for its intrinsic UV lasing response. Similar to carbon, one-dimensional boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have been theoretically predicted and later synthesised. Here we use first principles simulations to unambiguously demonstrate that i) BN nanotubes inherit the highly efficient UV luminescence of hexagonal BN; ii) the application of an external perpendicular field closes the electronic gap keeping the UV lasing with lower yield; iii) defects in BNNTS are responsible for tunable light emission from the UV to the visible controlled by a transverse electric field (TEF). Our present findings pave the road towards optoelectronic applications of BN-nanotube-based devices that are simple to implement because they do not require any special doping or complex growth

Evidence of dopant type-inversion and other radiation damage effects of the CDF silicon detectors

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Coupled plasmonic systems and devices : applications in visible metamaterials, nanophotonic circuits, and CMOS imaging

With the size of transistors approaching the sub-nanometer scale and Si-based photonics pinned at the micrometer scale due to the diffraction limit of light, we are unable to easily integrate the high transfer speeds of this comparably bulky technology with the increasingly smaller architecture of state-of-the-art processors. However, we find that we can bridge the gap between these two technologies by directly coupling electrons to photons through the use of dispersive metals in optics. Doing so allows us to access the surface electromagnetic wave excitations that arise at a metal/dielectric interface, a feature which both confines and enhances light in subwavelength dimensions - two promising characteristics for the development of integrated chip technology. This platform is known as plasmonics, and it allows us to design a broad range of complex metal/dielectric systems, all having different nanophotonic responses, but all originating from our ability to engineer the system surface plasmon resonances and interactions. In this thesis, we demonstrate how plasmonics can be used to develop coupled metal-dielectric systems to function as tunable plasmonic hole array color filters for CMOS image sensing, visible metamaterials composed of coupled negative-index plasmonic coaxial waveguides, and programmable plasmonic waveguide network systems to serve as color routers and logic devices at telecommunication wavelengths.

Generation of intense extreme supercontinuum radiation via resonant propagation effects

Confinement of electromagnetic energy into a single well-controlled oscillation of light is very important for generation of intense supercontinuum radiation. We find that the pulse breakup of few-cycle ultrashort laser pulses via resonant propagation effects can achieve this aim. By extracting such pulses and then focusing them to drive the He atoms, about 200 eV intense supercontinuum radiation can be generated, which is capable of supporting similar to 20 attosecond isolated pulse generation.

Laser-field synchrotron radiation

An electron with an appropriate initial velocity injected into an oncoming, ultraintense circularly polarized laser pulse can execute a circular relativistic motion at the peak of the laser pulse. The circulating electron then radiates in the same manner as that in the storage ring of a conventional synchrotron source. Owing to the extremely small orbit radius, the laser-field synchrotron radiation thus generated can be a compact source of radiation pulses at short wavelength and short duration.

Radiation damping effects on the ultrashort x-ray pulses generated by nonlinear Thomson backscattering

Nonlinear Thomson backscattering of an intense Gaussian laser pulse by a counterpropagating energetic electron is investigated by numerically solving the electron equation of motion taking into account the radiative damping force. The backscattered radiation characteristics are different for linearly and circularly polarized lasers because of a difference in their ponderomotive forces acting on the electron. The radiative electron energy loss weakens the backscattered power, breaks the symmetry of the backscattered-pulse profile, and prolongs the duration of the backscattered radiation. With the circularly polarized laser, an adjustable double-peaked backscattered pulse can be obtained. Such a profile has potential applications as a subfemtosecond x-ray pump and probe with adjustable time delay and power ratio. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Red shift and broadening of backward harmonic radiation from electron oscillations driven by femtosecond laser pulse

The characteristics of backward harmonic radiation due to electron oscillations driven by a linearly polarized fs laser pulse are analysed considering a single electron model. The spectral distributions of the electron's backward harmonic radiation are investigated in detail for different parameters of the driver laser pulse. Higher order harmonic radiations are possible for a sufficiently intense driving laser pulse. We have shown that for a realistic pulsed photon beam, the spectrum of the radiation is red shifted as well as broadened because of changes in the longitudinal velocity of the electrons during the laser pulse. These effects are more pronounced at higher laser intensities giving rise to higher order harmonics that eventually leads to a continuous spectrum. Numerical simulations have further shown that by increasing the laser pulse width the broadening of the high harmonic radiations can be controlled.