Effects of melatonin on ovarian follicles

Objective: To evaluate the histomorphometry and expression of Ki-67 and c-kit in ovarian follicles of pinealectomized or melatonin-treated pinealectomized rats.Study design: Forty adult rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals: Group I - control; Group II - sham-pinealectomized; Group III - pinealectomized (Px), and Group IV - Px treated with melatonin (10 mu g/night, per animal). After two months' treatment, on the night of proestrous, the animals were placed in metabolic cages for night urine collection and subsequent measurement of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SMT). the rats were anesthetized, blood samples were taken for estrogen and progesterone determinations, and they were then euthanized. the ovaries were dissected out for further histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Data were first submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented with the Tukey-Kramer test for multiple comparisons (P < 0.05).Results: the urinary levels of 6-SMT and serum progesterone were lower in the Px group (GIII). Exogenous melatonin treatment restored both blood melatonin and 6-SMT urinary levels. the histomorphometric data in Group III revealed a significant increase of degenerating antral and nonantral follicles with regard to the other groups. in addition no corpora lutea were observed in this group. No significant differences were noticed regarding the number of corpora lutea among the other groups (I, II and IV), but the number of cells and the thickness of the theca interna of Px animals (Group III) were higher than in the other groups. Conversely, the density of progesterone receptors (fmol/g) in the ovaries of Group III was significantly lower than in the other groups.Conclusion: Our data indicate that melatonin exerts a role on the maintenance of a proper follicular function, and is thus important for ovulation and progesterone production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of concentration and duration of normobaric oxygen in reducing caspase-3 and -9 expression in a rat-model of focal cerebral ischaemia.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of normobaric oxygen (NBO) on neurological function and the expression of caspase-3 and -9 in a rat model of acute cerebral ischaemia. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=120) were randomly divided into four groups (n=30 per group), including 3 groups given NBO at concentrations of 33%, 45% or 61% and one control group given air (21% oxygen). After 2 h of ischaemic occlusion, each group was further subdivided into six subgroups (n=5) during reperfusion according to the duration (3, 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h) and concentration of NBO (33%, 45% or 61%) or air treatment. The Fluorescence Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to detect caspase-3 and -9 mRNA and protein relative expression respectively. The Neurologic Impairment Score (NIS) was significantly lower in rats given 61% NBO ≥3 h after reperfusion when compared to the control group (P<0.05, Mann–Whitney U). NBO significantly reduced caspase-3 and -9 mRNA and protein expression when compared to the control group at all NBO concentrations and time points (P<0.05, ANOVA). The expression of caspase-3 and -9 was lower in the group given 61% NBO compared any other group, and this difference was statistically significant when compared to the group given 33% NBO for ≥48 h and the control group (both P<0.05, ANOVA). These findings indicate that NBO may inhibit the apoptotic pathway by reducing caspase-3 and -9 expression, thereby promoting neurological functional recovery after stroke.

Optimization of physical and optical properties of biodegradable edible films based on pea starch and guar gum

The influence of process variables (pea starch, guar gum and glycerol) on the viscosity (V), solubility (SOL), moisture content (MC), transparency (TR), Hunter parameters (L, a, and b), total color difference (ΔE), yellowness index (YI), and whiteness index (WI) of the pea starch based edible films was studied using three factors with three level Box–Behnken response surface design. The individual linear effect of pea starch, guar and glycerol was significant (p < 0.05) on all the responses. However, a value was only significantly (p < 0.05) affected by pea starch and guar gum in a positive and negative linear term, respectively. The effect of interaction of starch × glycerol was also significant (p < 0.05) on TR of edible films. Interaction between independent variables starch × guar gum had a significant impact on the b and YI values. The quadratic regression coefficient of pea starch showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) on V, MC, L, b, ΔE, YI, and WI; glycerol level on ΔE and WI; and guar gum on ΔE and SOL value. The results were analyzed by Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the second order polynomial models were developed from the experimental design with reliable and satisfactory fit with the corresponding experimental data and high coefficient of determination (R2) values (>0.93). Three-dimensional response surface plots were established to investigate the relationship between process variables and the responses. The optimized conditions with the goal of maximizing TR and minimizing SOL, YI and MC were 2.5 g pea starch, 25% glycerol and 0.3 g guar gum. Results revealed that pea starch/guar gum edible films with appropriate physical and optical characteristics can be effectively produced and successfully applied in the food packaging industry.

Gender-dependent language anxiety in Polish communication apprehensives

This paper analyzes the relationship between communication apprehension and language anxiety from the perspective of gender. As virtually no empirical studies have addressed the explicit influence of gender on language anxiety in communication apprehensives, this paper proposes that females are generally more sensitive to anxiety, as reflected in various spheres of communication. For this reason, language anxiety levels in communication apprehensive females should be higher, unlike those of communication apprehensive males. Comparisons between them were made using a student t test, two-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey test. The results revealed that Polish communication apprehensive secondary grammar school males and females do not differ in their levels of language anxiety, although nonapprehensive males experience significantly lower language anxiety than their female peers. It is argued that the finding can be attributed to developmental patterns, gender socialization processes, classroom practices, and the uniqueness of the FL learning process, which is a stereotypically female domain.

O comportamento do consumidor de software de gestão e contabilidade das PMEs em Portugal, França e Espanha

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Empresariais.

Design and Implementation of Statistical Rate Monotonic Scheduling in KURT Linux

Statistical Rate Monotonic Scheduling (SRMS) is a generalization of the classical RMS results of Liu and Layland [LL73] for periodic tasks with highly variable execution times and statistical QoS requirements. The main tenet of SRMS is that the variability in task resource requirements could be smoothed through aggregation to yield guaranteed QoS. This aggregation is done over time for a given task and across multiple tasks for a given period of time. Similar to RMS, SRMS has two components: a feasibility test and a scheduling algorithm. SRMS feasibility test ensures that it is possible for a given periodic task set to share a given resource without violating any of the statistical QoS constraints imposed on each task in the set. The SRMS scheduling algorithm consists of two parts: a job admission controller and a scheduler. The SRMS scheduler is a simple, preemptive, fixed-priority scheduler. The SRMS job admission controller manages the QoS delivered to the various tasks through admit/reject and priority assignment decisions. In particular, it ensures the important property of task isolation, whereby tasks do not infringe on each other. In this paper we present the design and implementation of SRMS within the KURT Linux Operating System [HSPN98, SPH 98, Sri98]. KURT Linux supports conventional tasks as well as real-time tasks. It provides a mechanism for transitioning from normal Linux scheduling to a mixed scheduling of conventional and real-time tasks, and to a focused mode where only real-time tasks are scheduled. We overview the technical issues that we had to overcome in order to integrate SRMS into KURT Linux and present the API we have developed for scheduling periodic real-time tasks using SRMS.

Monitoring the vegetation start of season (SOS) across the island of Ireland using the MERIS global vegetation index

The aim of this study was to develop a methodology, based on satellite remote sensing, to estimate the vegetation Start of Season (SOS) across the whole island of Ireland on an annual basis. This growing body of research is known as Land Surface Phenology (LSP) monitoring. The SOS was estimated for each year from a 7-year time series of 10-day composited, 1.2 km reduced resolution MERIS Global Vegetation Index (MGVI) data from 2003 to 2009, using the time series analysis software, TIMESAT. The selection of a 10-day composite period was guided by in-situ observations of leaf unfolding and cloud cover at representative point locations on the island. The MGVI time series was smoothed and the SOS metric extracted at a point corresponding to 20% of the seasonal MGVI amplitude. The SOS metric was extracted on a per pixel basis and gridded for national scale coverage. There were consistent spatial patterns in the SOS grids which were replicated on an annual basis and were qualitatively linked to variation in landcover. Analysis revealed that three statistically separable groups of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) classes could be derived from differences in the SOS, namely agricultural and forest land cover types, peat bogs, and natural and semi-natural vegetation types. These groups demonstrated that managed vegetation, e.g. pastures has a significantly earlier SOS than in unmanaged vegetation e.g. natural grasslands. There was also interannual spatio-temporal variability in the SOS. Such variability was highlighted in a series of anomaly grids showing variation from the 7-year mean SOS. An initial climate analysis indicated that an anomalously cold winter and spring in 2005/2006, linked to a negative North Atlantic Oscillation index value, delayed the 2006 SOS countrywide, while in other years the SOS anomalies showed more complex variation. A correlation study using air temperature as a climate variable revealed the spatial complexity of the air temperature-SOS relationship across the Republic of Ireland as the timing of maximum correlation varied from November to April depending on location. The SOS was found to occur earlier due to warmer winters in the Southeast while it was later with warmer winters in the Northwest. The inverse pattern emerged in the spatial patterns of the spring correlates. This contrasting pattern would appear to be linked to vegetation management as arable cropping is typically practiced in the southeast while there is mixed agriculture and mostly pastures to the west. Therefore, land use as well as air temperature appears to be an important determinant of national scale patterns in the SOS. The TIMESAT tool formed a crucial component of the estimation of SOS across the country in all seven years as it minimised the negative impact of noise and data dropouts in the MGVI time series by applying a smoothing algorithm. The extracted SOS metric was sensitive to temporal and spatial variation in land surface vegetation seasonality while the spatial patterns in the gridded SOS estimates aligned with those in landcover type. The methodology can be extended for a longer time series of FAPAR as MERIS will be replaced by the ESA Sentinel mission in 2013, while the availability of full resolution (300m) MERIS FAPAR and equivalent sensor products holds the possibility of monitoring finer scale seasonality variation. This study has shown the utility of the SOS metric as an indicator of spatiotemporal variability in vegetation phenology, as well as a correlate of other environmental variables such as air temperature. However, the satellite-based method is not seen as a replacement of ground-based observations, but rather as a complementary approach to studying vegetation phenology at the national scale. In future, the method can be extended to extract other metrics of the seasonal cycle in order to gain a more comprehensive view of seasonal vegetation development.

The effect of variability in the powder/liquid ratio on the strength of zinc phosphate cement

Aim: To investigate (a) variability in powder/liquid proportioning (b) effect of the extremes of any such variability on diametral tensile strength (DTS), in a commercial zinc phosphate cement. Statistical analyses (a = 0.05) were by Student's t-test in the case of powder/liquid ratio and one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD for for pair-wise comparisons of mean DTS. The Null hypotheses were that (a) the powder-liquid mixing ratios observed would not differ from the manufacturer's recommended ratio (b) DTS of the set cement samples using the extreme powder/liquid ratios observed would not differ from those made using the manufacturer's recommended ratio. Methodology: Thirty-four undergraduate dental students dispensed the components according to the manufacturer's instructions. The maximum and minimum powder/liquid ratios (m/m), together with the manufacturer's recommended ratio (m/m), were used to prepare cylindrical samples (n = 3 x 34) for DTS testing. Results: Powder/liquid ratios ranged from 2.386 to 1.018.The mean ratio (1.644 (341) m/m) was not significantly different from the manufacturer's recommended value of 1.718 (p=0.189). DTS values for the maximum and minimum ratios (m/m), respectively, were both significantly different from each other (p<0.001) and from the mean value obtained from the manufacturer's recommended ratio (m/m) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Variability exists in powder/liquid ratio (m/m) for hand dispensed zinc phosphate cement. This variability can affect the DTS of the set material.

THE EFFECT OF A PROGRAM OF PORTABLE ELECTRONIC PIANO KEYBOARD EXPERIENCE ON THE ACQUISITION OF SIGHT-SINGING SKILL IN THE NOVICE HIGH SCHOOL CHORUS

The problem was to determine whether a method of aural and visual vocal training that included a program of portable electronic piano keyboard experience would be more effective in teaching sight-singing skills to novice high school chorus students than a method that included only aural and visual vocal training. A sub-problem was to determine whether novice chorus students enjoyed playing electronic keyboards in chorus as a reinforcement experience in sight-singing training. Students were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, tested with the Musical Aptitude Profile, Tonal Imagery, part A, and then trained separately. The experimental group sang repetitions of melodic patterns and utilized techniques associated with the Kodály Method while simultaneously playing keyboard. The comparison group received a similar treatment without using keyboards. The students were pre- and post-tested in sight-singing using the Vocal Sight-Reading Inventory. Results of the Analysis of Covariance using MAP scores as the covariate revealed no significant difference (p<.05) between post-test scores of the two groups. Improvement was noted in 96% of students from pre-test to post-test regardless of grouping. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant relationship (p<.006) between aptitude group and post-test score. High aptitude students in both groups were found to benefit more from the training than low aptitude students. High aptitude keyboard group students achieved an average gain score that was 8.67 points higher than the comparison group. Of the total experimental group, 92% enjoyed playing keyboards in chorus. It is recommended that future research be undertaken to study the use of keyboards with advanced high school choruses and with uncertain singers in the high school chorus. Research is also needed to develop graded, valid, and reliable sight-singing tests for use in high school chorus. Techniques of the Kodály Method should be further investigated for use in high school sight-singing training.

Finite size effects in the presence of a chemical potential: A study in the classical nonlinear O(2) sigma model

In the presence of a chemical potential, the physics of level crossings leads to singularities at zero temperature, even when the spatial volume is finite. These singularities are smoothed out at a finite temperature but leave behind nontrivial finite size effects which must be understood in order to extract thermodynamic quantities using Monte Carlo methods, particularly close to critical points. We illustrate some of these issues using the classical nonlinear O(2) sigma model with a coupling β and chemical potential μ on a 2+1-dimensional Euclidean lattice. In the conventional formulation this model suffers from a sign problem at nonzero chemical potential and hence cannot be studied with the Wolff cluster algorithm. However, when formulated in terms of the worldline of particles, the sign problem is absent, and the model can be studied efficiently with the "worm algorithm." Using this method we study the finite size effects that arise due to the chemical potential and develop an effective quantum mechanical approach to capture the effects. As a side result we obtain energy levels of up to four particles as a function of the box size and uncover a part of the phase diagram in the (β,μ) plane. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

Mechanical defenses in leaves eaten by Costa Rican howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata).

Primate species often eat foods of different physical properties. This may have implications for tooth structure and wear in those species. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical defenses of leaves eaten by Alouatta palliata from different social groups at Hacienda La Pacifica in Costa Rica. Leaves were sampled from the home-ranges of groups living in different microhabitats. Specimens were collected during the wet and dry seasons from the same tree, same plant part, and same degree of development as those eaten by the monkeys. The toughness of over 300 leaves was estimated using a scissors test on a Darvell mechanical tester. Toughness values were compared between social groups, seasons, and locations on the leaves using ANOVA. Representative samples of leaves were also sun-dried for subsequent scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses in an attempt to locate silica on the leaves. Both forms of mechanical defense (toughness and silica) were found to be at work in the plants at La Pacifica. Fracture toughness varied significantly by location within single leaves, indicating that measures of fracture toughness must be standardized by location on food items. Monkeys made some food choices based on fracture toughness by avoiding the toughest parts of leaves and consuming the least tough portions. Intergroup and seasonal differences in the toughness of foods suggest that subtle differences in resource availability can have a significant impact on diet and feeding in Alouatta palliata. Intergroup differences in the incidence of silica on leaves raise the possibility of matching differences in the rates and patterns of tooth wear.

Analysis of the effect of yoga on selective attention and mental concentration in young adults

Gemstone Team Om

Sistemas de labranza y rotación de cultivos en un argiudol hipertérmico : efectos sobre las propiedades físicas

Los métodos tradicionales usados por pequeños agricultores de Corrientes ocasionaron la degradación de los suelos. Se hipotetizó que la siembra directa (SD) y la avena negra (Av) como cultivo de cobertura incrementan la densidad aparente (Da) y la resistencia mecánica (RM) sin reducir el rendimiento (Rto) del maíz y algodón, que aumentan la estabilidad de agregados (EA), la cobertura de suelo (Cob) y los rastrojos en superficie (BM), mejorando la infiltración (Ib), la porosidad total (PT) y el espacio aéreo a capacidad de campo (EaCC). El objetivo fue establecer el sistema de labranza y secuencia de cultivos que mejoran las propiedades físicas de un Argiudol hipertérmico, y evaluar los cambios en el tiempo. Se instaló un ensayo con diseño en parcelas completamente aleatorizadas con cuatro repeticiones y arreglo factorial 3x4: sistema de labranza (SL), con tres niveles: labranza convencional (LC), reducida (LR) y SD; y secuencia de cultivos, con maíz (M), algodón (A), descanso (D) y Av, con cuatro niveles: M-Av-A-Av, M-D-A-D, A-Av-M-Av y A-D-M-D. Se realizó un ANOVA en la situación inicial, a la siembra y cosecha de los cultivos durante 2007-10 y un ANOVA de medidas repetidas en el tiempo. Los efectos de los SL en las propiedades físicas fueron más evidentes que los ocasionados por las secuencias y Av. La SD mantuvo los rendimientos afectando poco las condiciones superficiales. Durante tres ciclos la SD mejoró la protección de la superficie del suelo (BM y Cob), produjo mayor EA que LC y LR, y mejoró la Ib. Un incremento progresivo de la Da y mayor RM se dio bajo SD, afectando la PT y el EaCC pero sin comprometer el rendimiento de los cultivos. Los resultados sugieren que la SD puede ser usada como alternativa al manejo tradicional por pequeños agricultores de Corrientes con suelos de régimen hipertérmico

Influencia de la humedad del grano y la velocidad de trabajo sobre las pérdidas de cosecha en soja

Argentina es considerada como el país de mayor competitividad para producir soja en el mundo, ya que ha logrado obtener el mayor rendimiento promedio de soja de primera y el menor costo de producción. Para esta campaña se espera una producción récord de cerca de 50 millones de toneladas, para la cual en el país hay alrededor de 25.000 cosechadoras, número insuficiente para una recolección eficiente. Normalmente la cosecha se realiza en otoño momento en el cual las inclemencias del tiempo pueden producir retardos en la recolección, lo que sumado al hecho de la simultaneidad de cultivos para cosechar, provoca que los operarios de las cosechadores aumenten las velocidades de trabajo, tanto de la máquina como del cilindro trillador lo que provoca incrementos de las pérdidas y del daño mecánico del grano, sobre todo en soja, que tiene un momento óptimo de recolección muy acotado. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el desempeño de una cosechadora convencional en la cosecha de un cultivo de soja con dos humedades de grano y tres velocidades de avance de la máquina. Se mensuraron las pérdidas por plataforma, por cola y de cosecha, contrastándose los resultados mediante ANOVA y Test de Tukey (p menor a 0,05). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron pérdidas con diferencias significativas entre las velocidades y entre las humedades, ensayadas, como así también entre las pérdidas por cola respecto a las de plataforma; pero no se encontró interacción entre las velocidades y las diferentes humedades. Se estima que los resultados obtenidos podrán aportar a los productores algunas herramientas más, a la hora de efectuar la cosecha de soja, especialmente cuando ésta alcance humedades de comercialización o aún menores, con el objetivo de minimizar las pérdidas ocasionadas por la máquina.

Determinación de la producción de forraje y la calidad nutricional de diferentes secuencias de cultivos anuales invernales

El contexto actual que enfrentan los productores lecheros, caracterizado por un incremento de los costos de producción y una fuerte presión de la agricultura sobre la actividad tambo, hace que deban incrementar la productividad para poder mantener la rentabilidad de sus explotaciones. Aumentos en la productividad pueden lograrse mediante el incremento de la cantidad de forraje producido y utilizado por hectárea, por ejemplo implementando rotaciones forrajeras complementarias (CFR). Los objetivos del siguiente trabajo fueron comparar la oferta forrajera y la calidad nutricional de los cultivos anuales invernales que componen las CFR, frente a otros de mayor tradicion en la pampa húmeda. Se evaluó la cantidad de materia seca producida por hectárea (tn MS ha-1) de tres tratamientos: colza forrajera (Brassica rapa) - trebol persa (Trifolium repesinatum), avena (Avena sativa) y raigras anual (Lolium multiflorum). Se tomaron muestras de cada cultivo para la determinacion de la calidad nutricional: proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente acido (FDA) y se estimó la digestibilidad de la materia seca (DMS). El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques completos aleatorizados con tres repeticiones. Los cultivos se sembraron a fines de marzo, se realizaron tres cortes con destino a pastoreo y un cuarto con destino a silaje para la avena y el raigras anual. En el caso de la colza forrajera, solo fue factible realizar dos cosechas debido a un pobre segundo rebrote posiblemente atribuído a la falta de precipitaciones durante ese período. Asimismo, el trébol persa intersembrado luego de la segunda cosecha de la colza, no logró germinar debido a las mismas condiciones expuestas anteriormente. Los tratamientos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y cuando correspondió, se realizó una prueba de comparaciones multiples (Tukey p . 0,05) para determinar las diferencias entre las medias. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo demostraron que la oferta forrajera total del tratamiento colza forrajera fue significativamente menor a los tratamientos avena y raigras anual (p . 0,05) debido principalmente al deficit hídrico que generó la pérdida de la tercer cosecha de colza forrajera y la falla en la siembra del trebol persa. En cuanto a la calidad forrajera, se observaron menores valores de FDN, FDA y consecuentemente mayor DMS para el tratamiento colza forrajera, sin embargo para PC no se hallaron resultados consistentes como para los casos anteriores. Los resultados han sido promisorios considerando que la oferta forrajera y calidad nutricional de los dos primeros cortes del tratamiento colza forrajera igualaron a la avena y raigras. Serán necesarias nuevas experiencias en secano y también bajo riego con el fin de generar mas informacion sobre estas especies.