Tipovai︠a︡ usadʻba s posazhenymi plodovymi derevʻi︠a︡mi tirinoi︠u︡ 20 sazhenʻ

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Plan zemelʻnogo uchastka Nº 20

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Ising ferromagnet with biquadratic exchange

A spin one Ising system with biquadratic exchange, is investigated, using Green's function technique in random phase approximation (RPA). Transition temperature Tc and <(Sz)2> at Tc, are found to increase with biquadratic exchange parameter α for sc, bcc and fcc lattices. The variation of <(Sz)2> at Tc with α is found to be the same for the above lattices.

Jeremia 20:7-13 psykoanalyysissa : Nimettömän valituslaulun syntyprosessi tekstin objektimielikuvien muutosten valossa

Tämän pro gradu -työn tarkoituksena on selvittää tekstin Jer 20:7-13 jumalakuvaa ja muita ”tekstin puhujan” ilmaisemia vuorovaikutussuhteita ja vaihtelevia tunteita. On kuitenkin epäselvää, missä määrin Jeremian kirja tai sen yksittäiset jaksot kuvaavat profeetan persoonaa ja historiallista taustaa. Tekstit voivat kuvata myös muita myöhempiä tilanteita ja asenteita. Tämän tutkimuksen pääasiallinen eksegeettinen metodi on syvyyspsykologinen. Se saattaa pystyä kertomaan jotakin siitä, miten tutkittava teksti peilaa menneisyyden kokemuksellisia kaavoja. Samaan tapaan kuten psykohistoriassa, tutkimus ei yritä tutkia, tulkita tai rekonstruoida tradition tai historian Jeremiaa. Syvyyspsykologinen eksegeesi on tunnistettu jo aiemmin, mutta suomalaisessa tutkimuksessa sitä ei vielä ole sovellettu yksittäisiin teksteihin. Tämän tutkimuksen tutkimusasetelma avaa tekstin sisäisiä ja vaihtelevia vuorovaikutussuhteita eli objektisuhteita. Tutkimus nimittää tätä vuorovaikutussuhteiden analyysiä objektisuhdeanalyysiksi. Se perustuu teologian tohtori, psykoanalyytikko Matti Hyrckin psykoanalyyttiseen suhteessaolon perusmielikuvien teoriaan (SPT), jonka hän esittelee väitöskirjassaan Mielen kuvat Jumalasta (1995). Tekstin Jahve-kuvat on nähtävä objektirepresentaatioina. Nämä vahvasti värittyneet representaatiot ja kuvat kertovat enemmän kokijasta itsestään kuin niistä objekteista, joiden kuviksi ne ovat syntyneet. Käsitys objektien sisäsyntyisyydestä mahdollistaa Hyrckillä objektisuhteiden systematisoinnin ja SPT:n luomisen. Siten emotionaaliset silmälasit on tämän tutkimuksen tekijän mielestä mahdollista valjastaa myös tutkijan käyttöön. Tutkimuksen laaja näkökulmia hakeva teoriaosuus varmistaa tämän. Hermeneuttinen ”kolmen maailman malli” on lukijakeskeisyyteen ja kulttuurihyppyyn arvokas työväline. Jeremian kirja sisältää useita osin runomuotoisia valituksia, joista tutkittava teksti on viimeinen. Valituslaulujen sarja päättyy tutkittavaa tekstiä seuraavaan syntymäpäivän kiroamiseen jakeissa 14-18. Valituksen edellä kontekstina on joitakin kertomuksia Jeremiasta, mutta vasta jakeessa 20:2 Jeremia nimetään profeetaksi. Muuten valittaja on nimetön. Jeremia-kertomusten kehys on tässä toimituksellinen ja valituksen jälkeen seuraa deuteronomistista saarnaa Juudaa ja Jerusalemia vastaan. Tutkimus selvittää jakeiden 7-13 rakennetta, sisältöä ja tulkintaa ensin lähinnä laji- ja kirjallisuus- kriittisesti. Tutkimus osoittaa, että Jeremian valitus noudattaa yksilön valituslaulun kaavaa, mutta ei kuitenkaan yksiselitteisesti taivu lajin usein stereotyyppisiin tarkoituksiin. Suurin syy tähän on tekstin proosa- ja runomuodon vaihtelu ja sisällön hajanaisuus. Edes valituksen ydintä ei voi varmistaa, vaikka valituslaulun nuorimpina osina on tyypillisesti helppo pitää loppupuolen kollektiivisia lisiä. Varsinainen valitus on jakeissa 7-9 ja jakeet 10-13 ovat todennäköisimmin monivaiheinen päätössarja. Tutkimuksen keskeiset objektisuhdeteoreettiset peruskäsitteet sisäinen subjekti ja sisäinen objekti ovat ihmisen tiedostamattoman tason mielikuvia. Varhaisen tilan vuorovaikutusmielikuvien sisäisinä subjekteina ovat Riippuvainen ja Itseriittoinen. Ne ovat vaihtelevissa suhteissa Houkuttajan ja Hallitsijan muotoisia sisäisiä objekteja kohtaan. Myöhäisessä tilassa objekteille on syytä antaa uudet nimet: Vetäytyjä, Vaatija ja Parantaja. Tutkimus etenee osoittamalla tekstin ja SPT:n mukaisen mallin samankaltaisuuksia. Samalla on ollut mahdollista ottaa kantaa myös tekstin saumoihin ja tekstin syntyprosessiin. Tekstin objekti osoittautuu pääosin Hallitsijaksi, sillä Houkuttajan muotoisista jumaluuksista on kollektiivisesti pyritty tekemään pesäeroa Jerusalemin temppelin hävityksestä lähtien. Silti muistoista ja Houkuttajaksikin värittyneistä kaipuun ja pelon muodoista ei päästä eroon. Valituksen alkujakeita 7-9 leimaa Riippuvaisen masennus ja Itseriittoisen häpeä. Jakeissa 11-13 Hallitsijan muotoinen Jahve Sebaot tarjoaa hierarkkista symbioosia. Myöhäistä Vaatijaa ei tutkittavassa tekstissä ole kuin vanhurskaan käsitteenä, joka deuteronomistisessa teologiassa perustuu Jahven sanan kuulemiseen ja lain noudattamiseen. Tutkimus pyrkii osoittamaan, että kaikilla kokemuksilla on jollakin tavalla sekä yhteisöä että yksilöä eheyttäviä tarkoituksia. Kun valitus päättyy sarjaan vakuutuksia ja huipentuu kollektiiviseen ylistyskehotukseen, myös niillä on tarkoitus. Yksi osa tutkimustehtävää on ollut testata psykoanalyyttisen objektisuhdeteoreettisen metodin toimivuutta eksegeettisessä tutkimuksessa. Vaikka tulokset ovat suuntaa antavia, metodi on osoittautunut toimivaksi.

The Systems Theory Framework of career development: 20 years of contribution to theory and practice

The development and sustained contribution of the Systems Theory Framework to career development theory and practice is well documented in national and international literatures. In addition to its contribution to theory integration, it has added to the growing literature on connecting career theory and practice, in particular for non-Western populations. In addition, it has been the basis of the development of a broad array of constructivist approaches to career counselling, and indeed specific reflective career assessment activities. This article begins with a brief history of the Systems Theory Framework which is then followed by a rationale for its development. The contribution of the Systems Theory Framework to theory and practice is then described prior to concluding comments by the authors.

Liquid-liquid critical phenomena. The coexistence curve of n-heptane-acetic anhydride

The coexistence curve of the binary liquid mixture n-heptane-acetic anhydride has been determined by the observation of the transition temperatures of 76 samples over the range of compositions. The functional form of the difference in order parameter, in terms of either the mole fraction or the volume fraction, is consistent with theoretical predictions invoking the concept of universality at critical points. The average value of the order parameter, the diameter of the coexistence curve, shows an anomaly which can be described by either an exponent 1 - a, as predicted by various theories (where a is the critical exponent of the specific heat), or by an exponent 20 (where P is the coexistence curve exponent), as expected when the order parameter used is not the one the diameter of which diverges asymptotically as 1 - a.

Effective 20 newsgroups dataset cleaning

The rapid increase in the number of text documents available on the Internet has created pressure to use effective cleaning techniques. Cleaning techniques are needed for converting these documents to structured documents. Text cleaning techniques are one of the key mechanisms in typical text mining application frameworks. In this paper, we explore the role of text cleaning in the 20 newsgroups dataset, and report on experimental results.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verd. leaf extract in rats

Aim of the study: Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdcourt (Chloranthaceae) is a shrub native to tropical and temperate zone of Eastern Himalaya of India and South-East Asia and have traditionally been used as a folklore medicine to treat localised swelling, joint pain, skin inflammation, fever and bodyache. In this study, an attempthas been made to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract obtained from Chloranthus erectus leaves (MECEL) in acute, sub-acute and chronic mouse models. Materials and methods: Inflammation in the hind paw of Wistar albino rat was induced by carrageenan, histamine and serotonin, and tissue granuloma pouch was induced by cotton pellet method. Antiinflammatory drug-phenylbutazone was used as standard drug for comparison. Results: In acute carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema, oral administration of MECEL at 200 mg/kg produced significant inhibition of edema by 38.34 % (p<0.01) while the histamine- and serotonin-induced sub-acute model, the inhibition of paw edema reached 52.54 % (p < 0.001) and 25.5 % (p < 0.01), respectively. in a 7-day study, MECEL at 20 and 50 mg/kg produced significant suppression of cotton pellet-induced tissue granuloma formation in rats. Conclusions: This preliminary study revealed that the methanol extract of Chloranthus erectus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models, and may provide the scientific rationale for its popular folk medicine as anti-inflammatory agent.

A preliminary analysis of the impact of UN MDGs and RIO+20 on corporate social accountability practices

This chapter explores the impact of UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Rio + 20 in improving Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. While MDGs and Rio + 20 have suggested additive guidelines for improving CSR practices, they do not provide a strong legislative mandate. We find both MDGs and Rio + 20 have had limited cumulative effect on CSR practices and discourses within the corporate reports. UN bodies should bring a new policy and regulatory framework that addresses limitations in the principles espoused in the MDGs and Rio + 20. An independent monitoring system (a social compliance audit mechanism) can be mandated in an attempt to make incremental substantive change.

The effects of height and BMI on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: A Mendelian randomization study in 20,848 cases and 20,214 controls from the PRACTICAL consortium

Background Epidemiological studies suggest a potential role for obesity and determinants of adult stature in prostate cancer risk and mortality, but the relationships described in the literature are complex. To address uncertainty over the causal nature of previous observational findings, we investigated associations of height- and adiposity-related genetic variants with prostate cancer risk and mortality. Methods We conducted a case–control study based on 20,848 prostate cancers and 20,214 controls of European ancestry from 22 studies in the PRACTICAL consortium. We constructed genetic risk scores that summed each man’s number of height and BMI increasing alleles across multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms robustly associated with each phenotype from published genome-wide association studies. Results The genetic risk scores explained 6.31 and 1.46 % of the variability in height and BMI, respectively. There was only weak evidence that genetic variants previously associated with increased BMI were associated with a lower prostate cancer risk (odds ratio per standard deviation increase in BMI genetic score 0.98; 95 % CI 0.96, 1.00; p = 0.07). Genetic variants associated with increased height were not associated with prostate cancer incidence (OR 0.99; 95 % CI 0.97, 1.01; p = 0.23), but were associated with an increase (OR 1.13; 95 % CI 1.08, 1.20) in prostate cancer mortality among low-grade disease (p heterogeneity, low vs. high grade <0.001). Genetic variants associated with increased BMI were associated with an increase (OR 1.08; 95 % CI 1.03, 1.14) in all-cause mortality among men with low-grade disease (p heterogeneity = 0.03). Conclusions We found little evidence of a substantial effect of genetically elevated height or BMI on prostate cancer risk, suggesting that previously reported observational associations may reflect common environmental determinants of height or BMI and prostate cancer risk. Genetically elevated height and BMI were associated with increased mortality (prostate cancer-specific and all-cause, respectively) in men with low-grade disease, a potentially informative but novel finding that requires replication.

Early life determinants of atopy : A 20-year prospective follow-up study on unselected, healthy newborns

Atopy-related allergic diseases, i.e. allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis and asthma, have increased in frequency in the industrialized countries. In order to reverse this trend, effective preventive strategies need to be developed. This requires a better understanding of the early-life events leading to the expression of the atopic phenotype. The present study has aimed at defining early-life factors and markers associated with the subsequent development of allergic diseases in a cohort of 200 healthy, unselected Finnish newborns prospectively followed up from birth to age 20 years. Their mothers were encouraged to start and maintain exclusive breastfeeding as long as it was nutritionally sufficient for the infant. Consequently, all the infants received some duration of exclusive breastfeeding, 58% of the infants were on exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, and 18% received this feeding at least for the first 9 months. Of the infants, 42% had a family history of allergy. After the first year of follow-up, the children were re-assessed at ages 5, 11 and 20 years with clinical examination, skin prick testing, and parental and personal interviews. Exclusive breastfeeding for over 9 months was associated with atopic dermatitis and symptoms of food hypersensitivity at age 5 years, and with symptoms of food hypersensitivity at age 11 years in the children with a familial allergy. Subjects with allergic symptoms or a positive skin prick test in childhood or adolescence had lower retinol concentrations during their infancy and childhood than others. An elevated cord serum immunoglobulin E concentration predicted subsequent atopic manifestations though with modest sensitivity. Children and adolescents with allergic symptoms, skin prick test positivity and an elevated IgE had lower total cholesterol levels in infancy and childhood than the nonatopic subjects. In conclusion, prolonging strictly exclusive breastfeeding for over 9 months of age was not of help in prevention of allergic symptoms; instead, it was associated with increased atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity symptoms in childhood. Due to the modest sensitivity, cord serum IgE is not an effective screening method for atopic predisposition in the general population. Retinol and cholesterol concentrations in infancy were inversely associated with the subsequent development of allergic symptoms. Based on these findings, it is proposed that there may be differences in the inborn regulation of retinol and cholesterol levels in children with and without a genetic susceptibility to atopy, and these may play a role in the development of atopic sensitization and allergic diseases.

Effect of Crystallographic Structure of MnO2 on Its Electrochemical Capacitance Properties

MnO2 is currently under extensive investigations for its capacitance properties. MnO2 crystallizes into several crystallographic structures, namely, α, β, γ, δ, and λ structures. Because these structures differ in the way MnO6 octahedra are interlinked, they possess tunnels or interlayers with gaps of different magnitudes. Because capacitance properties are due to tercalation/deintercalation of protons or cations in MnO2, only some crystallographic structures, which possess sufficient gaps to accommodate these ions, are expected to be useful for capacitance studies. In order to examine the dependence of capacitance on crystal structure, the present study involves preparation of these various crystal phases of MnO2 in nanodimensions and to evaluate their capacitance properties. Results of α-MnO2 prepared by a microemulsion route (α-MnO2(m)) are also used for comparison. Spherical particles of about 50 nm, nanorods of 30−50 nm in diameter, or interlocked fibers of 10−20 nm in diameters are formed, which depend on the crystal structure and the method of preparation. The specific capacitance (SC) measured for MnO2 is found to depend strongly on the crystallographic structure, and it decreases in the following order: α(m) > α δ > γ > λ > β. A SC value of 297 F g-1 is obtained for α-MnO2(m), whereas it is 9 F g-1 for β-MnO2. A wide (4.6 Å) tunnel size and large surface area of α-MnO2(m) are ascribed as favorable factors for its high SC. A large interlayer separation (7 Å) also facilitates insertion of cations in δ-MnO2 resulting in a SC close to 236 F g-1. A narrow tunnel size (1.89 Å) does not allow intercalation of cations into β-MnO2. As a result, it provides a very small SC.

Liberty relighting, 20 years later

Recognized around the world as a powerful beacon for freedom, hope, and opportunity, the Statue of Liberty's light is not just metaphorical: her dramatic illumination is a perfect example of American ingenuity and engineering. Since the statue's installation in New York Harbor in 1886, lighting engineers and designers had struggled to illuminate the 150-foot copper-clad monument in a manner becoming an American icon. It took the thoughtful and creative approach of Howard Brandston-a legend in his own right-to solve this lighting challenge. In 1984, the designer was asked to give the statue a much-needed lighting makeover in preparation for its centennial. In order to avoid the shortcomings of previous attempts, he studied the monument from every angle and in all lighting conditions, discovering that it looked best in the light of dawn. Brandston determined that he would need 'one lamp to mimic the morning sun and one lamp to mimic the morning sky.' Learning that no existing lamps could simulate these conditions, Brandston partnered with General Electric to develop two new metal halide products. With only a short time for R&D, a team of engineers at GE's Nela Park laboratories assembled a 'top secret' testing room dedicated to the Statue of Liberty project. After nearly two years of work to perfect the new lamps, the 'dawn's early light' effect was finally achieved just days before the centennial celebrations were to take place in 1986. 'It was truly a labor of love,' he recalls.

Observation of a power-law memory kernel for fluctuations within a single protein molecule

The fluctuation of the distance between a fluorescein-tyrosine pair within a single protein complex was directly monitored in real time by photoinduced electron transfer and found to be a stationary, time-reversible, and non-Markovian Gaussian process. Within the generalized Langevin equation formalism, we experimentally determine the memory kernel K(t), which is proportional to the autocorrelation function of the random fluctuating force. K(t) is a power-law decay, t(-0.51 +/- 0.07) in a broad range of time scales (10(-3)-10 s). Such a long-time memory effect could have implications for protein functions.