EU:n sisämarkkinoille sopimaton verotuki - valikoivuuden arviointi

Valtiontukisäännökset ovat olennainen osa EU-vero-oikeutta sekä EU-kilpailuoikeutta. Näiden arvioinnissa on vastakkain toimivat sisämarkkinat EU:ssa ja sisämarkkinoilla toimivien yritysten tarve saada taloudellista tukea. Valtiontukisäännösten soveltaminen välittömän verotuksen muodossa annettuihin verotukiin on erityisen hankalaa, koska välitöntä verotusta ei unionintasolla ole harmonisoitu. Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan välittömän verotuksen muodossa annettujen valtiontukien soveltuvuutta EU:n sisämarkkinoille ja erityisesti verotuen valikoivuuden arviointia. Kielletyn valtiontuen kriteereistä valikoivuuden tunnistaminen on erityisen hankalaa, koska tämä edellyttää jäsenvaltioiden verojärjestelmien perus- tai pääperiaatteiden tuntemusta. Valtiontukisäännösten soveltuvuutta verotukiin voidaan tästä syystä kyseenalaistaa. Voimassa olevan oikeustilan mukaan EU:n toimielimet arvioivat kansallista verotoimenpidettä ja sen myötä koko kansallista verojärjestelmää. Valtiontukisäännösten suhde muihin säännöksin mm. perusvapauksiin on myös ongelmallinen, osittain päällekkäisen soveltamisalan vuoksi. EU:n tasolla tahtotila vaikuttaisi olevan valtiontukisäännösten soveltaminen verotukiin myös jatkossa. Tämä ei kuitenkaan välttämättä ole vaihtoehdoista tarkoituksenmukaisin. Tämä tahtotila yhdessä jäsenvaltioilla olevalla, ainakin muodollisella suvereniteetilla välittömän verotuksen saralla, on tulevaisuuden oikeustilaa ajatellen mahdoton yhtälö.

Polymyositis and the Spectrum of Scleroderma Disorders

Polymyositis (PM) is usually associated to other autoimmune or connective tissue diseases. The authors report the case of a 59-year-old man with pulmonary fibrosis, who presented with constitutional symptoms and gradually developed proximal muscle weakness, Raynaud phenomenon, and dysphagia. Besides creatine kinase (CK) elevation, he had positive anti-Polymyositis-Scleromyositis (PM-Scl) and anti-Sjögren's-syndrome A (SSA) antibodies. Nailfold capillaroscopy showed a scleroderma pattern and muscle biopsy revealed necrosis, regeneration of muscle fibers, and inflammatory infiltrate. Prednisolone was started, with great improvement. Taking into account the overlap features between PM and systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma, it is important to closely monitor the patient for signs of pulmonary and cardiac decompensation.

Asiakasluokittelun leviäminen ja käyttöönotto autokaupoissa

Digitalisaatio ja lisääntynyt kilpailu ovat luoneet uusia haasteita autoteollisuuden toiminnalle. Tiedon tehokkaamman hyödyntämisen avulla etsitään keinoja myynnin kasvattamiseen, asiakastyytyväisyyden parantamiseen ja uusien asiakkaiden hankintaan. Tämä edellyttää parempaa asiakasymmärrystä ja parempaa asiakasluokittelua. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan asiakkuuksien luokittelua innovaatioiden diffuusion ja institutionalismin teorioiden kautta. Tarkoituksena on selvittää miten asiakkuuksien luokittelu on levinnyt ja otettu käyttöön autokaupoissa ja mitkä tekijät ovat vaikuttaneet leviämiseen. Apututkimuskysymyksinä selvitetään millaisia käytäntöjä asiakasluokitteluun on, ja miten näitä on räätälöity omaan käyttöön. Lisäksi tarkastellaan millaisia vaikutuksia asiakasluokittelulla on ollut autokauppojen näkökulmasta. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena teemahaastattelun keinoin. Teemahaastattelun avulla haluttiin kuvata selityksiä asiakasluokittelun innovaation diffuusiolle ja institutionaalisille näkökulmille sekä niiden vaikutuksille valikoidussa otoksessa. Käytännössä aineiston kerääminen toteutettiin haastattelemalla viittä Varsinais-Suomessa toimivaa autokaupan toimialan yritystä. Innovaatioiden diffuusion näkökulmasta tarkasteltiin innovaation ominaisuuksia. Leviämiseen vaikuttaneita asioita olivat innovaation suhteelliset hyödyt, soveltuvuus ja monimutkaisuus. Institutionaalisten paineiden osalta vaikuttavia asioita olivat lainsäädännön ajamat pakottavat paineet sekä taloudellisten paineiden tekniset ja funktionaaliset näkökulmat. Lisäksi analyysissä nousi esiin yrityksen omasta liiketoiminnasta lähteneitä käyttöönottoon vaikuttaneita tekijöitä. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että sekä innovaation ominaisuudet että institutionaaliset paineet vaikuttavat jossakin määrin asiakkuuksien leviämiseen ja käyttöönottoon. Niiden merkitys asiakasluokittelun tilanteessa vaikuttaa olevan keskittynyt tiettyihin teknisiin tekijöihin. Aineistosta nousi esiin myös muita asiakasluokittelun leviämiseen ja käyttöönottoon vaikuttavia tekijöitä, joiden kautta tavoitellaan taloudellisia hyötyjä, asiakassuhteen kehittämistä sekä uudenlaisia markkinointimenetelmiä. Nämä voidaan lukea yrityksen sisäisiksi tarpeiksi, jotka tukevat uuden institutionalismin näkemystä yrityksen sisäisistä tekijöistä. Asiakasluokittelukäytännöt perustuvat tutkimuksen mukaan tilannekohtaisten tarpeiden mukaisesti muuttuvaan ja kehittävään jaotteluun. Asiakasluokittelun räätälöinti on keskittynyt kerättävän tiedon lisääntymiseen ja tiedon tarkkuuden muutoksiin. Asiakasluokittelulla voi aineiston mukaan olla positiivisia vaikutuksia erityisesti yrityksen tulokseen, asiakastyytyväisyyteen ja markkinoinnin kohdentamiseen.

Measurement of target single-spin asymmetry in charged kaon electroproduction on a transversely polarized 3He target

The subject of quark transverse spin and transverse momentum distribution are two current research frontier in understanding the spin structure of the nucleons. The goal of the research reported in this dissertation is to extract new information on the quark transversity distribution and the novel transverse-momentum-dependent Sivers function in the neutron. A semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering experiment was performed at the Hall A of the Jefferson laboratory using 5.9 GeV electron beam and a transversely polarized ^{3}He target. The scattered electrons and the produced hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) were detected in coincidence with two large magnetic spectrometers. By regularly flipping the spin direction of the transversely polarized target, the single-spin-asymmetry (SSA) of the semi-inclusive deep inelastic reaction ^{3}He^{uparrow}(e,e'h^{\pm})X was measured over the kinematic range 0.13 < x < 0.41 and 1.3 < Q^{2} < 3.1 (GeV)^{2}. The SSA contains several different azimuthal angular modulations which are convolutions of quarks distribution functions in the nucleons and the quark fragmentation functions into hadrons. It is from the extraction of the various ``moments'' of these azimuthal angular distributions (Collins moment and Sivers moment) that we obtain information on the quark transversity distribution and the novel T-odd Sivers function. In this dissertation, I first introduced the theoretical background and experimental status of nucleon spins and the physics of SSA. I will then present the experimental setup and data collection of the JLab E06-010 experiment. Details of data analysis will be discussed next with emphasis on the kaon particle identification and the Ring-Imaging Cherenkov detector which are my major responsibilities in this experiment. Finally, results on the kaon Collins and Sivers moments extracted from the Maximum Likelihood method will be presented and interpreted. I will conclude with a discussion on the future prospects for this research.

A tentative argument for regional quality targets in assimilating schwa

Amerikanenglannin redusoitunut švaa-vokaali tuotetaan puheessa laadultaan huomattavan monimuotoisena. Kirjallisuudessa ei kuitenkaan vallitse selkeää käsitystä siitä, mitkä tekijät ehdollistavat tätä švaan laatuvaihtelua, ja etenkin sen mahdollinen sosiaalinen ulottuvuus on jäänyt aiemmissa tutkimuksissa varsin vähälle huomiolle. Tässä tutkielmassa pyritäänkin selvittämään, millainen vaikutus puhujan alueellisella murteella on hänen tuottamansa švaan akustiikkaan. Tutkimukseen valittiin 21 informanttia muutamista Yhdysvaltain eteläisistä ja läntisistä osavaltioista. Informanttien haastattelunauhoitteista poimittiin analyysiin yhteensä 433 švaan F1- ja F2-formanttiarvot siten kuin ne esiintyivät sanassa the. Analyysissä havaittiin, että eteläisten puhujien švaat keskittyivät vokaalien [u,U] tuntumaan, kun taas läntisten informanttien švaat asettuivat vokaalien [i,u] väliin. Tulokset antoivat aihetta kysyä, onko eteläinen švaa sulautunut takavokaaleihin [u,U]. Kysymystä varten suoritettiin jatkotutkimus, johon valittiin yksi ensimmäisen tutkimuksen eteläisistä puhujista. Puhujalta mitattiin 66 švaan ja 45 [U]:n formantit. Näitä tarkastellessa löydettiin tilastollista viitettä siitä, että puhujan švaa oli saattanut sulautua vokaaliin [U]. Tulostensa pohjalta tutkielma ehdottaa, että the-sanassa esiintyvässä amerikanenglannin švaassa saattaa toteutua puhujan alueellista murretta mukaileva tavoitevaihe siitä huolimatta, että tämä vokaali on samanaikaisesti huomattavasti kontekstiinsa assimiloitunut. Tavoitevaihe näyttäisi lähtökohtaisesti sijoittuvan F2:ssa vokaalialueen keskelle, ollen kuitenkin eteläisten puhujien kohdalla altis siirtymään taaemmas kohti vokaalilaatuja [u,U].

Asiakasluokittelun leviäminen ja käyttöönotto autokaupoissa

Digitalisaatio ja lisääntynyt kilpailu ovat luoneet uusia haasteita autoteollisuuden toiminnalle. Tiedon tehokkaamman hyödyntämisen avulla etsitään keinoja myynnin kasvattamiseen, asiakastyytyväisyyden parantamiseen ja uusien asiakkaiden hankintaan. Tämä edellyttää parempaa asiakasymmärrystä ja parempaa asiakasluokittelua. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan asiakkuuksien luokittelua innovaatioiden diffuusion ja institutionalismin teorioiden kautta. Tarkoituksena on selvittää miten asiakkuuksien luokittelu on levinnyt ja otettu käyttöön autokaupoissa ja mitkä tekijät ovat vaikuttaneet leviämiseen. Apututkimuskysymyksinä selvitetään millaisia käytäntöjä asiakasluokitteluun on, ja miten näitä on räätälöity omaan käyttöön. Lisäksi tarkastellaan millaisia vaikutuksia asiakasluokittelulla on ollut autokauppojen näkökulmasta. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena teemahaastattelun keinoin. Teemahaastattelun avulla haluttiin kuvata selityksiä asiakasluokittelun innovaation diffuusiolle ja institutionaalisille näkökulmille sekä niiden vaikutuksille valikoidussa otoksessa. Käytännössä aineiston kerääminen toteutettiin haastattelemalla viittä Varsinais-Suomessa toimivaa autokaupan toimialan yritystä. Innovaatioiden diffuusion näkökulmasta tarkasteltiin innovaation ominaisuuksia. Leviämiseen vaikuttaneita asioita olivat innovaation suhteelliset hyödyt, soveltuvuus ja monimutkaisuus. Institutionaalisten paineiden osalta vaikuttavia asioita olivat lainsäädännön ajamat pakottavat paineet sekä taloudellisten paineiden tekniset ja funktionaaliset näkökulmat. Lisäksi analyysissä nousi esiin yrityksen omasta liiketoiminnasta lähteneitä käyttöönottoon vaikuttaneita tekijöitä. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että sekä innovaation ominaisuudet että institutionaaliset paineet vaikuttavat jossakin määrin asiakkuuksien leviämiseen ja käyttöönottoon. Niiden merkitys asiakasluokittelun tilanteessa vaikuttaa olevan keskittynyt tiettyihin teknisiin tekijöihin. Aineistosta nousi esiin myös muita asiakasluokittelun leviämiseen ja käyttöönottoon vaikuttavia tekijöitä, joiden kautta tavoitellaan taloudellisia hyötyjä, asiakassuhteen kehittämistä sekä uudenlaisia markkinointimenetelmiä. Nämä voidaan lukea yrityksen sisäisiksi tarpeiksi, jotka tukevat uuden institutionalismin näkemystä yrityksen sisäisistä tekijöistä. Asiakasluokittelukäytännöt perustuvat tutkimuksen mukaan tilannekohtaisten tarpeiden mukaisesti muuttuvaan ja kehittävään jaotteluun. Asiakasluokittelun räätälöinti on keskittynyt kerättävän tiedon lisääntymiseen ja tiedon tarkkuuden muutoksiin. Asiakasluokittelulla voi aineiston mukaan olla positiivisia vaikutuksia erityisesti yrityksen tulokseen, asiakastyytyväisyyteen ja markkinoinnin kohdentamiseen.

Prevalence, types and factors associated with echocardiographic abnormalities among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago Hospital.

Background: The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) is on a rise in sub-Saharan Africa and will more than double by 2025. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for up to 2/3 of all deaths in the diabetic population. Of all the CVD deaths in DM, 3/4 occur in sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Non invasive identification of cardiac abnormalities, such as Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), diastolic and systolic dysfunction, is not part of diabetes complications surveillance programs in Uganda and there is limited data on this problem. This study sought to determine the prevalence, types and factors associated with echocardiographic abnormalities among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago National referral hospital in Uganda. Methods: In this cross sectional study conducted between June 2014 and December 2014, we recruited 202 newly diagnosed adult diabetic patients. Information on patients\' socio-demographics, bio-physical profile, biochemical testing and echocardiographic findings was obtained for all the participants using a pre-tested questionnaire. An abnormal echocardiogram in this study was defined as the presence of LVH, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction and wall motion abnormality. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of several parameters with echocardiographic abnormalities. Results: Of the 202 patients recruited, males were 102(50.5%) and the mean age was 46±15 years. Majority of patients had type 2 DM, 156(77.2%) and type 1 DM, 41(20.3%) with mean HbA1C of 13.9±5.3%. Mean duration of diabetes was 2 months. The prevalence of an abnormal echocardiogram was 67.8 % (95% CI 60%-74%). Diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, LVH and wall motion abnormalities were present in 55.0%, 21.8%, 19.3% and 4.0% of all the participants respectively. In bivariate logistic regression analysis, the factors associated with an abnormal echocardiogram were age (OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.06–1.12], P <0.0001), type 2 DM (OR 5.8[95% CI 2.77-12.07], P<0.0001), hypertension (OR 2.64[95% CI 1.44-4.85], P=0.002), obesity (OR 3.51[955 CI 1.25-9.84], P=0.017 and increased waist circumference (OR 1.02[95% CI 1.00-1.04], P=0.024. On Multiple logistic regression analysis, age was the only factor associated with an abnormal echocardiogram (OR 1.09[95%CI 1.05-1.15], P<0.0001). Conclusion: Echocardiographic abnormalities were common among newly diagnosed adults with DM. Traditional CVD risk factors were associated with an abnormal echocardiogram in this patient population. Due to a high prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities among newly diagnosed diabetics, we recommend screening for cardiac disease especially in patients who present with traditional CVD risk factors. This will facilitate early diagnosis, management and hence better patient outcomes.

Statistical Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-a Concentration Patterns in the Gulf of Tadjourah (Djibouti)

The sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration (CHL-a) were analysed in the Gulf of Tadjourah from two set of 8-day composite satellite data, respectively from 2008 to 2012 and from 2005 to 2011. A singular spectrum analysis (SSA) shows that the annual cycle of SST is strong (74.3% of variance) and consists of warming (April-October) and cooling (November-March) of about 2.5C than the long-term average. The semi-annual cycle captures only 14.6% of temperature variance and emphasises the drop of SST during July-August. Similarly, the annual cycle of CHL-a (29.7% of variance) depicts high CHL-a from June to October and low concentration from November to May. In addition, the first spatial empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of SST (93% of variance) shows that the seasonal warming/cooling is in phase across the whole study area but the southeastern part always remaining warmer or cooler. In contrast to the SST, the first EOF of CHL-a (54.1% of variance) indicates the continental shelf in phase opposition with the offshore area in winter during which the CHL-a remains sequestrated in the coastal area particularly in the south-east and in the Ghoubet Al-Kharab Bay. Inversely during summer, higher CHL-a quantities appear in the offshore waters. In order to investigate processes generating these patterns, a multichannel spectrum analysis was applied to a set of oceanic (SST, CHL-a) and atmospheric parameters (wind speed, air temperature and air specific humidity). This analysis shows that the SST is well correlated to the atmospheric parameters at an annual scale. The windowed cross correlation indicates that this correlation is significant only from October to May. During this period, the warming was related to the solar heating of the surface water when the wind is low (April-May and October) while the cooling (November-March) was linked to the strong and cold North-East winds and to convective mixing. The summer drop in SST followed by a peak of CHL-a, seems strongly correlated to the upwelling. The second EOF modes of SST and CHL-a explain respectively 1.3% and 5% of the variance and show an east-west gradient during winter that is reversed during summer. This work showed that the seasonal signals have a wide spatial influence and dominate the variability of the SST and CHL-a while the east-west gradient are specific for the Gulf of Tadjourah and seem induced by the local wind modulated by the topography.

NUTRITION AND HEALTH STATUS OF HIV-INFECTED ADULTS ON ARVS AT AMREF CLINIC KIBERA URBAN SLUM, KENYA

The health of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) is nutritionally challenged in many nations of the world. The scourge has reduced socio-economic progress globally and more so in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where its impact has been compounded by poverty and food insecurity. Good nutrition with proper drug use improves the quality of life for those infected but it is not known how PLWHA exposed to chronic malnutrition and food shortages from developing nations adjust their nutrition with use of Anti-Retro-viral Drugs (ARVs). This study assessed nutritional status, dietary practices, and dietary management of common illnesses that hinder daily food intake by the patients and use of ARVs with food recommendations provided by the health care givers. A descriptive case study design was used to sample 120 HIV-infected patients using systematic sampling procedure. These patients sought health care from an urban slum, Kibera AMREF clinic. Data were collected by anthropometric measurements, bio-chemical analysis, semi-structured questionnaire and secondary data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the Nutri-Survey software packages were used to analyze data. Dietary intakes of micro-nutrients were inadequate for >70% of the patients when compared to the Recommended Daily Requirements. When Body Mass Indices (BMI) were used, only 6.7% of the respondents were underweight (BMI<18.5kg/m2) and 9.2% were overweight (BMI> 25kg/m2), serum albumin test results (mean 3.34±0.06g/dl) showed 60.8% of the respondents were protein deficient and this was confirmed by low dietary protein intakes. The BMI was not related to dietary nutrient intakes, serum albumin and CD4 cell counts (p>0.05). It appeared that there was no significant difference in BMI readings at different categories of CD4 cell count (p>0.05) suggesting that the level of immunity did not affect weight gain with ARV as observed in many studies from developed countries. Malnutrition was, therefore, evident among the 60.8% of the cases as identified by serum albumin tests and food intake was not adequate (68%) for the patients as they ate once a day due to lack of food. National food and nutrition policy should incorporate food security boosting guidelines for the poor people infected with HIV and using ARVs.

Técnicas multivariadas de redução de dados: comparação, aplicabilidade e convergência de resultados

Doutoramento em Matemática e Estatística - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Avaliação dos riscos alimentares e ambientais: estudo de caso da soja geneticamente modificada utilizando o método GMP-RAM.

A avaliação da segurança é essencial para a pesquisa e desenvolvimento das plantas geneticamente modificadas (PGMs), incluindo a análise dos riscos potenciais do plantio ou das práticas relacionadas ao seu cultivo para o meio ambiente e seus efeitos para a saúde humana e animal de maneira comparativa com a variedade convencional. O emprego do método GMP ? RAM (Risk Assessment Method for Genetically Modified Plants), a primeira metodologia para avaliação caso a caso dos riscos de PGMs, possibilita a adoção de medidas para evitar ou controlar tal risco. A possibilidade de inserir indicadores específicos para a avaliação da PGM em questão e a necessidade de elaborar a lista de recomendações a partir dos resultados levantados permite uma análise caso a caso do evento. Neste trabalho, foi realizado o estudo de caso da segurança alimentar e ambiental da Soja Roundup Read, que evidenciou a inexistência de risco potencial desde que medidas de manejo e monitoramento sejam seguidas.

Effects of bubbles, cracks, and volcanic tephra on the spectral albedo of bare ice near the Transantarctic Mountains: Implications for sea glaciers on Snowball Earth

Spectral albedo was measured along a 6 km transect near the Allan Hills in East Antarctica. The transect traversed the sequence from new snow through old snow, firn, and white ice, to blue ice, showing a systematic progression of decreasing albedo at all wavelengths, as well as decreasing specific surface area (SSA) and increasing density. Broadband albedos under clear-sky range from 0.80 for snow to 0.57 for blue ice, and from 0.87 to 0.65 under cloud. Both air bubbles and cracks scatter sunlight; their contributions to SSA were determined by microcomputed tomography on core samples of the ice. Although albedo is governed primarily by the SSA (and secondarily by the shape) of bubbles or snow grains, albedo also correlates highly with porosity, which, as a proxy variable, would be easier for ice sheet models to predict than bubble sizes. Albedo parameterizations are therefore developed as a function of density for three broad wavelength bands commonly used in general circulation models: visible, near-infrared, and total solar. Relevance to Snowball Earth events derives from the likelihood that sublimation of equatorward-flowing sea glaciers during those events progressively exposed the same sequence of surface materials that we measured at Allan Hills, with our short 6 km transect representing a transect across many degrees of latitude on the Snowball ocean. At the equator of Snowball Earth, climate models predict thick ice, or thin ice, or open water, depending largely on their albedo parameterizations; our measured albedos appear to be within the range that favors ice hundreds of meters thick. Citation:

Integrated soil fertility management in eastern and western Africa: The role of knowledge and innovation systems, its adoption and impact

The rise in population growth, as well as nutrient mining, has contributed to low agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A plethora of technologies to boost agricultural production have been developed but the dissemination of these agricultural innovations and subsequent uptake by smallholder farmers has remained a challenge. Scientists and philanthropists have adopted the Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) paradigm as a means to promote sustainable intensification of African farming systems. This comparative study aimed: 1) To assess the efficacy of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKIS) in East (Kenya) and West (Ghana) Africa in the communication and dissemination of ISFM (Study I); 2) To investigate how specifically soil quality, and more broadly socio-economic status and institutional factors, influence farmer adoption of ISFM (Study II); and 3) To assess the effect of ISFM on maize yield and total household income of smallholder farmers (Study III). To address these aims, a mixed methodology approach was employed for study I. AKIS actors were subjected to social network analysis methods and in-depth interviews. Structured questionnaires were administered to 285 farming households in Tamale and 300 households in Kakamega selected using a stratified random sampling approach. There was a positive relationship between complete ISFM awareness among farmers and weak knowledge ties to both formal and informal actors at both research locations. The Kakamega AKIS revealed a relationship between complete ISFM awareness among farmers and them having strong knowledge ties to formal actors implying that further integration of formal actors with farmers’ local knowledge is crucial for the agricultural development progress. The structured questionnaire was also utilized to answer the query pertaining to study II. Soil samples (0-20 cm depth) were drawn from 322 (Tamale, Ghana) and 459 (Kakamega, Kenya) maize plots and analysed non-destructively for various soil fertility indicators. Ordinal regression modeling was applied to assess the cumulative adoption of ISFM. According to model estimates, soil carbon seemed to preclude farmers from intensifying input use in Tamale, whereas in Kakamega it spurred complete adoption. This varied response by farmers to soil quality conditions is multifaceted. From the Tamale perspective, it is consistent with farmers’ tendency to judiciously allocate scarce resources. Viewed from the Kakamega perspective, it points to a need for farmers here to intensify agricultural production in order to foster food security. In Kakamega, farmers with more acidic soils were more likely to adopt ISFM. Other household and farm-level factors necessary for ISFM adoption included off-farm income, livestock ownership, farmer associations, and market inter-linkages. Finally, in study III a counterfactual model was used to calculate the difference in outcomes (yield and household income) of the treatment (ISFM adoption) in order to estimate causal effects of ISFM adoption. Adoption of ISFM contributed to a yield increase of 16% in both Tamale and Kakamega. The innovation affected total household income only in Tamale, where ISFM adopters had an income gain of 20%. This may be attributable to the different policy contexts under which the two sets of farmers operate. The main recommendations underscored the need to: (1) improve the functioning of AKIS, (2) enhance farmer access to hybrid maize seed and credit, (3) and conduct additional multi-locational studies as farmers operate under varying contexts.

Social competence and emotional comprehension: How are they related in children?

The developmental progression of emotional competence in childhood provides a robust evidence for its relation to social competence and important adjustment outcomes. This study aimed to analyze how this association is established in middle childhood. For this purpose, we tested 182 Portuguese children aged between 8 and 11 years, of 3rd and 4th grades, in public schools. Firstly, for assessing social competence we used an instrument directed to children using critical social situations within the relationships with peers in the school context - Socially in Action-Peers (SAp) (Rocha, Candeias & Lopes da Silva, 2012); children were assessed by three sources: themselves, their peers and their teacher. Secondly, we assessed children’s emotional understanding, individually, with the Test of Emotion Comprehension (Pons & Harris, 2002; Pons, Harris & Rosnay, 2004). Relations between social competence levels (in a composite score and using self, peers and teachers’ scores) and emotional comprehension components (comprehension of the recognition of emotions, based on facial expressions; external emotional causes; contribute of desire to emotion; emotions based on belief; memory influence under emotional state evaluation; possibility of emotional regulation; possibility of hiding an emotional state; having mixed emotions; contribution of morality to emotion experience) were investigated by means of two SSA (Similarity Structure Analysis) - a Multidimensional Scaling procedure and the external variable as points technique. In the first structural analysis (SSA) we will consider self, peers and teachers’ scores on Social Competence as content variables and TEC as external variable; in the second SSA we will consider TEC components as content variables and Social Competence in their different levels as external variable. The implications of these MDS procedures in order to better understand how social competence and emotional comprehension are related in children is discussed, as well as the repercussions of these findings for social competence and emotional understanding assessment and intervention in childhood is examined.

Sviluppo e caratterizzazione microstrutturale e meccanica di leghe innovative di magnesio

Le attività di ricerca svolte nel corso del dottorato di ricerca, sono state focalizzate principalmente sullo studio dell’evoluzione microstrutturale, delle proprietà meccaniche e tribologiche di una particolare lega da fonderia, EV31A, con alte percentuali di terre rare (Nd e Gd > 4% in peso). Le analisi microstrutturali sono state eseguite tramite microscopia ottica (OM), elettronica in scansione (SEM) ed elettronica in trasmissione (TEM), mentre le proprietà meccaniche sono state determinate attraverso prove di trazione e prove di fatica a flessione rotante. Al fine di incrementare le proprietà tribologiche delle leghe di magnesio è stata valutata l’efficacia del trattamento PEO sia sulla lega EV31A, sia sulle più comuni leghe AZ80 e AZ91D, effettuando test tribologici in modalità pattino su cilindro (Block on Ring). Infine è stato condotto uno studio sull’efficacia del trattamento di fusione superficiale laser (LSM), analizzandone gli effetti sia sull’evoluzione microstrutturale, sia sulle proprietà meccaniche e sulla resistenza a corrosione. Le attività svolte nel corso del dottorato di ricerca sono state svolte presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale DIN della Scuola di Ingegneria e Architettura dell’Università di Bologna sotto la supervisione della Prof. ssa Lorella Ceschini.