A ocorrência de malária em quatro municípios do estado do Pará, de 1988 a 2005, e sua relação com o desmatamento

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ocorrência de malária em quatro diferentes regiões representativas do estado do Pará, buscando suas possíveis relações com as taxas de desmatamento. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, com dados secundários, no período de 1988 a 2005, através de casos de malária registrados em quatro municípios do Estado (Anajás, Itaituba, Santana do Araguaia e Viseu), como também das taxas de desmatamento fornecidas pelo PRODES-INPE. Aplicou-se a técnica dos Quantis para se estabelecer cinco categorias ou classes de incidência da malária para cada município, sendo gerado posteriormente um IPA representativo para o Estado. De 1988 até 1994, as curvas de incidência de malária acompanham os números de desmatamento. A partir de 1995, evidenciaram-se anos consecutivos com altos índices de ocorrência da doença logo após os períodos de altas taxas de desmatamento, como registrado nos anos de 1995, 2000 e 2004. Percebeu-se que após a época de intenso desmatamento, os casos de malária variaram entre alto e muito alto no seu padrão de incidência, apontando que o desmatamento pode ser um fator de incremento na frequência e aumento no número de pessoas infectadas no estado do Pará.

Tocopherol profile of Brazil nut oil from different geographic areas of the Amazon region

The tocopherol content of Brazil nut oil from different Amazon regions (Manicoré-AM, Rio Preto da Eva-AM, São João da Baliza-RR, Caroebe-RR, Belém-PA, and Xapurí-AC) was investigated by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. For all authentic oils, two isomers: α- and γ-tocopherols were observed (37.92-74.48 µg g-1, 106.88-171.80 µg g-1, respectively), and their levels were relatively constant among the oils having these geographic origins, which would enable to distinguish Brazil nut oil from other plant oils for authentication purposes. Commercial Brazil nut oils were also evaluated, and some of these oils demonstrated a tocopherol content that was very different from that of the authentic oils. Therefore, we suggest that the tocopherol profile of Brazil nut oil can be useful chemical marker for quality control and authentication.

Ichthyometry and electrical bioimpedance analysis to estimate the body composition of tambatinga

Body composition analysis is relevant to characterize the nutritional requirements and finishing phase of fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ichthyometric (weight, total and standard length, density and yields), bromatological (fat, protein, ash and water content) and bioelectrical-impedance-analysis (BIA) (resistance, reactance, phase angle and composition indexes) variables in the hybrid tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus brachypomus). In a non-fertilized vivarium, 520 juveniles were housed and fed commercial rations. Then, 136 days after hatching (DAH), 15 fish with an average weight of 37.69 g and average total length of 12.96 cm were randomly chosen, anesthetized (eugenol) and subjected to the first of fourteen fortnightly assessments (BIA and biometry). After euthanasia, the following parts were weighed: whole carcass with the head, fillet, and skin (WC); fillet with skin (FS); and the remainder of the carcass with the head (CH). Together, FS and CH were ground and homogenized for the bromatological analyses. Estimates of the body composition and yields of tambatinga, with models including ichthyometric and BIA variables, showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 (for the FS yield) to 1,00 (for the total ash). Similarly, models that included only BIA variables had correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 (FS and CH yields) to 0.98 (for the total ash). Therefore, in tambatinga, the BIA technique allows the estimation of the yield of the fillet with skin and the body composition (water content, fat, ash, and protein). The best models combine ichthyometric and BIA variables.

Effects of bariatric surgery on the central nervous system and eating behavior in humans: a systematic review on the neuroimaging studies

INTRODUCTION: Neuroimaging studies suggest that obese people might show hyperactivity of brain areas regarding reward processing, and hypoactivity of brain areas concerning cognitive control, when exposed to food cues. Although the effects of bariatric surgery on the central nervous system and eating behavior are well known, few studies have used neuroimage techniques with the aim of investigating the central effects of bariatric surgery in humans. OBJECTIVES: This paper systematically and critically reviews studies using functional neuroimaging to investigate changes on the patterns of activation of central areas related to the regulation of eating behavior after bariatric surgery. METHOD: A search on the databases Medline, Web of Science, Lilacs and Science Direct on Line, was conducted in February 2013, using the keywords "Neuroimaging", "Positron-Emission Tomography", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Gastric Bypass", "Gastroplasty", "Jejunoileal Bypass", "Bariatric Surgery". RESULTS: Seven manuscripts were included; the great majority studied the central effects of Roux en Y gastric bypass, using positron emission tomography or functional magnetic resonance. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery might normalize the activity of central areas concerned with reward and incentive salience processing, as the nucleus accumbens and mesencephalic tegmental ventral area, as well as circuitries processing behavioral inhibition, as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Amilóidose cardíaca. Uma doença de muitas faces e diferentes prognósticos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as formas de apresentação da amilóidose cardíaca em hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Nos últimos 15 anos, foram identificados 8 pacientes com amilóidose, sendo 5 mulheres , com idades entre 23 e 83 (média 62) anos. Após anamnese e exame físico foram submetidos a eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma (ECO), estudo com pirofosfato de tecnécio e biópsia endomiocárdica, cujos resultados permitiram caracterizar suas formas clínicas. RESULTADOS: Sete pacientes apresentavam dispnéia aos esforços, 6 quadro de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC), 1 síncopes. O ECG identificou bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT) em 4 casos e área eletricamente inativa ântero-septal em outros 4. O ECO mostrou diâmetros normais em todos e fração de ejeção discretamente reduzida em 6. Hipertrofia do septo e parede posterior em todos, sendo em 7 com aspecto sugestivo de doença de depósito (aspecto granuloso). Os dados clínicos caracterizam dois grupos, um com BAVT e outro com cardiomiopatia restritiva. A evolução foi diferente com melhora clínica após o implante de marcapasso no primeiro grupo e má evolução no grupo com cardiomiopatia restritiva que evoluiu de maneira refratária, 3 falecendo em menos de 6 meses após diagnóstico. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de aumento da espessura das paredes ao ECO, discreta disfunção sistólica e aspecto de doença de depósito identificaram a quase totalidade dos casos. Cardiomiopatia restritiva e distúrbio de condução foram as formas de apresentação, sendo o prognóstico muito reservado nos pacientes com forma restritiva, evoluindo para ICC refratária.

Valorização patrimonial e urbana de Braga através da criação de circuitos turísticos

Projeto de mestrado em Património e Turismo Cultural

Efeito da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica sobre os episódios isquêmicos assintomáticos

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) sobre episódios isquêmicos assintomáticos (EIA). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 28 homens, com angina estável (idade média 57,3±9,6) anos sem condições relacionadas a alterações de microcirculação e que, após retirada da medicação, apresentaram EIA à eletrocardiografia ambulatorial (ECGA). No pré-operatório e 4 meses após a cirurgia foram analisados os comportamentos dos EIA, segundo sua freqüência, e o de suas freqüências cardíacas (FC). A revascularização miocárdica foi completa em 75% dos casos. RESULTADOS: O número dos EIA foi reduzido de 162 (9 sintomáticos) no pré-operatório para, apenas, 4 no pós-operatório (p<0,05). Nos dois pacientes com EIA no operatório, estudo cinecoronariográfico confirmou obstrução de enxertos aortocoronários. A análise das FC no início e pico dos EIA sugeriram envolvimento de mecanismo de redução de oferta e aumento de consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio. CONCLUSÃO: A CRM eliminou os episódios isquêmicos relacionados ou não ao aumento da FC. Quando os EIA encontram-se presentes após CRM, devemos considerar a possibilidade de oclusão de enxerto.

Effects of chlorthalidone and diltiazem on myocardial ischemia in elderly patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease

OBJETIVE: Antihypertensive therapy with thiazides decreases coronary events in elderly patients. However, the influence of diuretics on myocardial ischemia has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of chlorthalidone and diltiazem on myocardial ischemia. METHODS: Following a randomized, double-blind, crossover protocol, we studied 15 elderly hypertensive patients aged 73.6±4.6 years with myocardial ischemia. All patients had angiographically documented coronary artery disease. We measured patients using 48- hour ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring and exercise testing. After a 2-week period using placebo, patients received chlorthalidone or diltiazem for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Both treatments lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The number of ischemic episodes on ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings was reduced with the use of chlorthalidone (2.5±3.8) and diltiazem (3.2±4.2) when compared with placebo (7.9±8.8; p<0.05). The total duration of ischemic episodes was reduced in both treatments when compared with placebo (chlorthalidone: 19.2±31.9min; diltiazem: 19.3±29.6min; placebo: 46.1±55.3min; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In elderly hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease, chlorthalidone reduced myocardial ischemia similarly to diltiazem. This result is consistent with epidemiological studies and suggests that reduction of arterial blood pressure with thiazide therapy plays an important role in decreasing myocardial ischemia.

Cross-sectional Study on Blood Pressure Control in the Department of Nephrology of the Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP

OBJECTIVE - To assess hypertension control rates in a specialized university-affiliated medical department, the influence of sex, diabetes, and obesity on that control, and the strategies for the treatment of hypertension. METHODS - We carried out a cross-sectional study with 1,210 patients followed up for at least 6 months. Information was gathered from medical and nursing records and comprised the following data: sex, age, weight, height, abdominal and hip circumferences, blood pressure, and class and number of the antihypertensive drugs prescribed. To assess obesity, we used body mass index and waist/hip ratio. Blood pressure was considered under control when its levels were below 140/90 mmHg. RESULTS - The study consisted of 73% females and 27% males. Most females (31.7%) were 50 to 59 years of age, and most males (28.3%) were 60 to 69 years. The blood pressure control rate found was 20.9% for the 1,210 patients and 23.4% for the hypertensive diabetic patients (n=290). Despite the low control rates found, 70% of the patients used 1 or 2 antihypertensive medications. A high prevalence of obesity (38%) was observed, and females had a greater abdominal obesity index than males did (90% vs 82%, p<0.05). Patients with a greater body mass index had less control of blood pressure. CONCLUSION - The percentage of hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure levels was low and was associated with a high prevalence of obesity. These data indicate the need for reviewing the strategies of global treatment for hypertension.

Relation between the behaviors of P-wave and QT dispersions in elderly patients with heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between P-wave and QT dispersions in elderly patients with heart failure. METHODS: Forty-seven elderly patients (75.6±6 years) with stable heart failure in NYHA functional classes II or III and with ejection fractions of 37±6% underwent body surface mapping to analyze P-wave and QT dispersions. The degree of correlation between P-wave and QT dispersions was assessed, and P-wave dispersion values in patients with QT dispersion greater than and smaller than 100 ms were compared. RESULTS: The mean values of P-wave and QT dispersions were 54±14 ms and 68±27 ms, respectively. The correlation between the 2 variables was R=0.41 (p=0.04). In patients with QT dispersion values > 100 ms, P-wave dispersion was significantly greater than in those with QT dispersion values < 100 ms (58±16 vs 53±12 ms, p=0.04 ). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that, in elderly patients with heart failure, a correlation between the values of P-wave and QT dispersions exists. These findings may have etiopathogenic, pathophysiologic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, which should be investigated in other studies.

Comparison of immediate results and follow-up of patients with single-vessel and multivessel coronary artery disease younger than 50 years of age undergoing coronary stent implantation

OBJECTIVE: To assess the in-hospital results and clinical follow-up of young patients (< 50 years) with multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing stent implantation in native coronary arteries and to compare their results with those of patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 462 patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group I (G-I) - 388 (84%) patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease; and group II (G-II) - 74 (16%) patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 45±4.9 years, and the clinical findings at presentation and demographic data were similar in both groups. The rate of clinical success was 95% in G-I and 95.8% in G-II (P=0.96), with no difference in regard to in-hospital evolution between the groups. Death, acute myocardial infarction, and the need for myocardial revascularization during clinical follow-up occurred in 10.1% and 11.2% (P=0.92) in G-I and G-II, respectively. By the end of 24 months, the actuarial analysis showed an event-free survival of 84.6 % in G-I and 81.1% in G-II (P=0.57). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous treatment with coronary stent implantation in young patients with multivessel disease may be safe with a high rate of clinical success, a low incidence of in-hospital complications, and a favorable evolution in clinical follow-up.

Estratégia para individualizar uma dose eficiente de betabloqueador em pacientes idosos com isquemia miocárdica e função ventricular esquerda preservada

OBJETIVO: Avaliar estratégia de titulação para prescrever uma dose de propranolol que seria eficiente em reduzir isquemia do miocárdio em idosos. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 14 homens idosos (73,6 ± 5,3 anos), portadores de doença coronariana estável, documentada pela cinecoronariografia, com resposta isquêmica ao teste ergométrico e função ventricular esquerda preservada. O propranolol foi titulado a fim de atingir redução de 15% na freqüência cardíaca, ao final da carga de 50 W (correspondente às atividades diárias normais de idosos), em testes ergométricos semanais e feito estudo cintilográfico sincronizado das câmaras cardíacas, em repouso e durante exercício, antes e após seu uso. RESULTADOS: As reduções da freqüência cardíaca na carga de 50 W e em repouso foram semelhantes (21% vs 20%; p=0,5100). O propranolol melhorou a duração do exercício (12,2 ± 2,0 min vs 13,1 ± 1,8 min; p=0,0313) e aboliu as alterações do segmento ST induzidas pelo exercício em 8 (57%) pacientes. Em repouso, a fração de ejeção não foi modificada pelo betabloqueador. Durante o exercício máximo, o propranolol reduziu o índice de volume sistólico final e aumentou a fração de ejeção. CONCLUSÃO: A estratégia de empregar betabloqueadores para reduzir a freqüência cardíaca em 15% na carga de 50 W é segura e benéfica nos idosos com isquemia miocárdica e função ventricular preservada. A dose utilizada reduziu a isquemia miocárdica e melhorou a tolerância ao exercício, sem prejudicar o desempenho ventricular durante exercício máximo.

Feocromocitoma em criança

Feocromocitoma é uma neoplasia de células cromafins que causa sintomas e sinais decorrentes da libertação de catecolminas e é muito rara em crianças. Relatamos um caso feocromocitoma em criança, com difícil manejo clínico, confirmado também pela anatomia-patológica e curado após a ressecção cirúrgica.