Fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn silages inoculated with different levels of Lactobacillus buchneri

Fermentation and aerobic stability were evaluated in high-moisture corn (HMC) silage inoculated with different levels of Lactobacillus buchneri. The HMC composed of 654 g/kg dry matter (DM) was ensiled in quadruplicate laboratory silos (7 L) per treatment. L. buchneri 40788 was applied at 5 × 10(4); 1 × 10(5); 5 × 10(5); and 1 × 10(6) cfu/g to the ground corn. Silages with no additive were used as controls. After 140 d of ensiling, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability evaluation for 12 days in which the chemical parameters, microbiological parameters and silage temperature were measured to determine the aerobic deterioration. The lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations did not differ between silages. The fermentation parameters of HMC were not affected by L. buchneri. The HMC containing L. buchneri had a low number of yeast and mould colonies and a more stable pH until in the eighth measurement, which improved the aerobic stability without affecting gas loss. Doses of L. buchneri greater than or equal to 5 × 10(5) cfu/g applied to the HMC were the most efficient in control of aerobic deterioration.

Fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri

The characteristics of fermentation and aerobic stability were evaluated in corn silage inoculated with different doses of Lactobacillus buchneri. The whole corn plant (300 g/kg DM) was ensiled in quadruplicate laboratory silos (7L). L. buchneri 40788 was applied at 5×10(4), 1×10(5), 5×10(5) and 1×10(6) cfu/g of fresh forage. Silages with no additive were used as controls. After 130 d of ensiling, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability evaluation for 12 days, in which chemical and microbiological parameters as well as the temperature of the silage were measured to determine the aerobic deterioration. The addition of L. buchneri resulted in increased acetic acid concentrations. The number of yeast colonies was low in all treated silages. The pH, lactic and propionic acid concentrations did not differ between silages. Under aerobic conditions, all the treated silages showed a low number of yeasts and a great aerobic stability. Therefore, L. buchneri is effective against yeasts and improves the aerobic stability of corn silage in laboratory silos. However, doses equal or superior to 1×10(5) cfu/g of fresh forage were more efficient in the control of aerobic spoilage.

Degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, da fração fibrosa e da proteína bruta de forrageiras

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, da fibra em detergente neutro, da fibra em detergente ácido e da proteína bruta da alfafa (Medicago sativa), aveia-preta (Avena strigosa), leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) e guandu (Cajanus cajan). Amostras de 3 g das forragens foram incubadas no rúmen de três novilhos por períodos de 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 e 72 horas. As degradabilidades efetivas da matéria seca da alfafa e da aveia, para a taxa de passagem de 5% por hora, foram elevadas (acima de 60%). A leucena e o guandu apresentaram valores inferiores, 50,9 e 56,0%, respectivamente. A partir de 24 horas de incubação, a aveia se destacou com maior desaparecimento da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido, e ainda apresentou as mais elevadas taxas de degradação efetiva destas frações. A aveia foi a forragem que apresentou maior degradabilidade da matéria seca, da fibra em detergente neutro, da fibra em detergente ácido e da proteína bruta no rúmen. O guandu, entretanto, foi a forragem com as piores taxas de degradação.

Effects of Aspergillus spp. exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro fermentation of tropical forages

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso da cana-de-açúcar na alimentação de ruminantes

Objetiva-se com essa revisão abordar os aspectos relevantes à utilização da cana-de-açúcar na alimentação de ruminantes. A cana-de-açúcar é uma forrageira que apresenta elevada produtividade de massa por área, o que representa a principal vantagem de sua utilização. Entretanto, o corte diário é um empecilho para sua adoção em muitas propriedades. Opções como o tratamento químico da cana-de-açúcar in natura ou a ensilagem são válidas, mas possuem limitações. A cana-de-açúcar sempre foi considerada uma forrageira de baixa qualidade nutricional. Nesta revisão serão tecidas considerações para interpretar essas limitações nutricionais com um novo aspecto. E por fim serão apresentados trabalhos científicos que mostram o potencial de uso da cana-de-açúcar como volumoso para ruminantes.

Associação entre aditivos químicos e bacterianos na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar

Objetivou-se avaliar a ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar tratada com três aditivos químicos (uréia 1,5%, benzoato de sódio 0,1% e hidróxido de sódio 1%) mais o grupo controle e duas inoculações (Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum e Lactobacillus buchneri), em um esquema fatorial 4 x 3 com três repetições para cada tratamento. Avaliou-se o valor nutritivo da forragem antes da ensilagem, após a abertura dos silos e após a exposição aeróbia. As associações de P. acidipropionici ou L. buchneri com NaOH, em comparação ao grupo controle, possibilitaram melhor preservação dos teores de MS (32,2 e 33,5 vs 27,4%, respectivamente), FDN ( 53,4; 55,7 vs 75,3%), FDA (39,5; 44,3 vs 48,7%), lignina (6,6; 7,1 vs 8,1%) e CNF (33,8; 31,7 vs 14,9%) e, conseqüentemente, propiciaram os maiores valores de DIVMS (60,3; 63,2 vs 35,1%). Esses valores podem ser atribuídos ao controle das leveduras pelos efeitos da associação dos aditivos. A ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar requer de forma contundente a inclusão de aditivo.

Óxido de cálcio como aditivo na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar

Foram avaliados os efeitos do óxido de cálcio aplicado no momento da ensilagem nas doses de 0,5; 1 e 2% sobre a composição química de silagens de cana-de-açúcar durante a fermentação e pós-abertura. Antes da ensilagem, doses crescentes de óxido promoveram redução dos teores de FDN, FDA e lignina e aumento da hemicelulose e da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). No momento da abertura dos silos, os teores de FDN e FDA foram superiores aos observados antes da ensilagem e menores nas silagens com doses mais altas de aditivo. Nesta mesma fase, quanto maior o nível do aditivo maior a DIVMS. do momento da abertura ao 3º dia, não houve alteração significativa nos teores de PB, FDN, FDA, lignina e hemicelulose ou na DIVMS. O teor de FDN das silagens controle e com 0,5% de aditivo aumentou do 3º ao 6º dia. Silagens com 0,5% de cal tiveram aumento do teor de FDN também do 6c ao 9ºdia, enquanto, nas silagens com 1% de cal, esse aumento ocorreu do 3º ao 9º dia e, nas silagens com 2%, não houve alteração após abertura. Na silagem com 2% de óxido de cálcio, a maior recuperação de matéria seca digestível verdadeira e de CNF ocorreu na ensilagem e, naquelas com 1 e 2% de aditivo, após a abertura do silo. A adição de cal virgem reduziu o teor de FDN das silagens em todos os momentos e manteve o teor de FDN mais estável após abertura.

Perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-marandu ensilado com aditivos

Com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas em silagem de capim-marandu produzidas com aditivos foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. No experimento 1, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil de fermentação e a estabilidade aeróbia de quatro silagens: 1) forragem não tratada (Controle); 2) tratada com Lactobacillus plantarum e Propionibacterium; 3) tratada com Lactobacillus buchneri; e 4) tratada com 0,1% de benzoato de sódio. No experimento 2, foram utilizados nove novilhos castrados Nelore (PC de 350 ± 38,9 kg), alocados em três quadrados latinos 3 x 3 para avaliação do consumo e da digestibilidade das rações contendo 85,4% das seguintes silagens de capim-marandu: 1) controle; 2) controle com L. plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici + enzimas fibrolíticas; e 3) tratamento 2 + L. buchneri. No experimento 1, as silagens apresentaram baixas recuperações de MS durante a fermentação (média de 86%) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca reduziram de 65,5% (momento da ensilagem) para 50,0% no 60º dia após o fechamento dos silos. No experimento 2, o valor médio de consumo das rações foi de 5,7 kg MS/dia (1,6% PC) e a digestibilidade de 51,6% e não diferiram entre as rações. As silagens apresentaram perdas acentuadas na fase fermentativa e o uso de aditivos não alterou essas perdas. A inoculação com bactérias não influenciou o consumo ou a digestibilidade das rações.

Supplementation of Nellore young bulls on Marandu grass pastures in the dry period of the year

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and daytime ingestive behavior of 84 Nellore young bulls in the post-weaning phase kept on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the dry season. Treatments were protein mineral supplementation (1 g/kg body weight) and protein+energy mineral supplementation (3 g/kg body weight). The experimental area comprised 12 paddocks in a total area of 27.36 ha, divided in two blocks of six paddocks each, having three replications per treatment in each block, with 42 animals/treatment. The data were subjected to variance analysis with repeated measures over time via procedure PROCMIXED of SAS (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.0) and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The initial average weight of animals was 204.8 kg; final weights were 260.9 and 276.9 kg for animals that received protein and protein+energy supplement, respectively. The forage availability, sward height and stocking rate values did not differ with supplementation, but they showed difference between the experimental periods. The average time spent grazing during daylight of animals fed protein+energy supplement was shorter as compared with those which consumed protein supplement. Animals kept under the same pasture conditions during the dry season show better performance when they receive protein+energy supplement than protein supplement.

Autoria no gênero resenha acadêmica

This work researches about the authorship marks in academic reviews of graduating students, besides the author discursive points of view. We detect the voices presented in the text, that is, the expressions of the discourse from the I and from the others, trying to explicitate the forms of the author review insertion. It is oriented by the conception that the author is the subject of his/her discourse, creating a position in relation to the discourse of the other(s) with which he/she maintains a dialogue. Our corpus is constituted of ten (10) academic reviews, produced by students from the Course of Letras, from Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte UERN, do Campus Avançado Prof.ª Maria Elisa de Albuquerque Maia CAMEAM. The data signalize to the perception that the subject constitutes author, when he/she gives voice to the other; showing his/her point of view; pointing to the discourse of the other; and/or getting far from the text. That way, it is observed that the genre academic review can be considered as text that reconfigures the original text, that is, as a text that comments, criticizes, confirms the text that is object of its analyses. The theoretical background that influences the research comes from the dialogical language conception, from discursive genres and from Volochinov/Bakhtin (1997, 2003) authorship. To the discussion and the analyses of the discursive genre academic review , it is mentioned the MOTTA-ROTH and MEURER (2002); POSSENTI (2001, 2002) conceptions.

A Novel Diagnostic Target in the Hepatitis C Virus Genome

BackgroundDetection and quantification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA is integral to diagnostic and therapeutic regimens. All molecular assays target the viral 5'-noncoding region (59-NCR), and all show genotype-dependent variation of sensitivities and viral load results. Non-western HCV genotypes have been under-represented in evaluation studies. An alternative diagnostic target region within the HCV genome could facilitate a new generation of assays.Methods and FindingsIn this study we determined by de novo sequencing that the 3'-X-tail element, characterized significantly later than the rest of the genome, is highly conserved across genotypes. To prove its clinical utility as a molecular diagnostic target, a prototype qualitative and quantitative test was developed and evaluated multicentrically on a large and complete panel of 725 clinical plasma samples, covering HCV genotypes 1-6, from four continents (Germany, UK, Brazil, South Africa, Singapore). To our knowledge, this is the most diversified and comprehensive panel of clinical and genotype specimens used in HCV nucleic acid testing (NAT) validation to date. The lower limit of detection (LOD) was 18.4 IU/ml (95% confidence interval, 15.3-24.1 IU/ml), suggesting applicability in donor blood screening. The upper LOD exceeded 10(-9) IU/ml, facilitating viral load monitoring within a wide dynamic range. In 598 genotyped samples, quantified by Bayer VERSANT 3.0 branched DNA (bDNA), X-tail-based viral loads were highly concordant with bDNA for all genotypes. Correlation coefficients between bDNA and X-tail NAT, for genotypes 1-6, were: 0.92, 0.85, 0.95, 0.91, 0.95, and 0.96, respectively; X-tail-based viral loads deviated by more than 0.5 log10 from 5'-NCR-based viral loads in only 12% of samples (maximum deviation, 0.85 log10). The successful introduction of X-tail NAT in a Brazilian laboratory confirmed the practical stability and robustness of the X-tail-based protocol. The assay was implemented at low reaction costs (US$8.70 per sample), short turnover times (2.5 h for up to 96 samples), and without technical difficulties.ConclusionThis study indicates a way to fundamentally improve HCV viral load monitoring and infection screening. Our prototype assay can serve as a template for a new generation of viral load assays. Additionally, to our knowledge this study provides the first open protocol to permit industry-grade HCV detection and quantification in resource-limited settings.

The HUman MicroNucleus project on eXfoLiated buccal cells (HUMNXL): The role of life-style, host factors, occupational exposures, health status, and assay protocol

The human buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) is one of the most widely used techniques to measure genetic damage in human population studies. Reducing protocol variability, assessing the role of confounders, and estimating a range of reference values are research priorities that will be addressed by the HUMNXL, collaborative study. The HUMNXL, project evaluates the impact of host factors, occupation, life-style, disease status, and protocol features on the occurrence of MN in exfoliated buccal cells. In addition, the study will provide a range of reference values for all cytome endpoints. A database of 5424 subjects with buccal MN values obtained from 30 laboratories worldwide was compiled and analyzed to investigate the influence of several conditions affecting MN frequency. Random effects models were mostly used to investigate MN predictors. The estimated spontaneous MN frequency was 0.74 parts per thousand (95% CI 0.52-1.05). Only staining among technical features influenced MN frequency, with an abnormal increase for non-DNA-specific stains. No effect of gender was evident, while the trend for age was highly significant (p < 0.001). Most occupational exposures and a diagnosis of cancer significantly increased MN and other endpoints frequencies. MN frequency increased in heavy smoking (>= 40 cig/day. FR = 1.37:95% CI 1.03-.82) and decreased with daily fruit consumption (FR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.50-0.91). The results of the HUMNXL, project identified priorities for validation studies, increased the basic knowledge of the assay, and contributed to the creation of a laboratory network which in perspective may allow the evaluation of disease risk associated with MN frequency. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Prototheca zopfii in a dog with enteric signs

This is a case report of enteric protothecosis caused by Prototheca zopfii in an eight-year-old male mixed breed dog with a history of chronic bloody diarrhea, loss of appetite and weight loss. Algae were isolated from rectal scrapings in defibrinated sheep blood agar and dextrose Sabouraud agar. Cytological evaluation showed the presence of globular and cylindrical organisms with a defined capsule and variable number of endospores, characteristic of the genus Prototheca, in the rectum of the animal. Scanning electron microscopy of P. zopfii strains at different development stages confirmed the diagnosis of algal infection. Molecular identification using a conserved 18S rDNA gene sequence determined that the strain belonged to genotype 2. This report describes success on treatment of canine protothecosis, diagnosed based on clinical, cytological, microbiological, scanning electron microscopy and genotypical findings. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Healing process of dog teeth after post space preparation and exposition of the filling material to the oral environment

Foi propósito deste estudo analisar a influência da infiltração marginal coronária no comportamento dos tecidos periapicais de dentes de cães após obturação de canal e preparo para pino. Quarenta canais de dentes de cães foram instrumentados e obturados pela técnica da condensação lateral com cones de guta percha e os cimentos Roth e Sealer 26. Após preparo para pino, o remanescente da obturação foi protegido ou não com um plug do cimento temporário Lumicon. Após exposição ao meio oral por 90 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e as peças preparadas para análise histomorfológica. A técnica de Brown e Brenn mostrou 70% de casos com infiltração de microrganismos para o cimento Roth e 20% com o Sealer 26. Quando um plug de Lumicon foi empregado ocorreu 30% de casos de infiltração de microrganismos com o cimento Roth e 0,0% com o cimento Sealer 26. Reação inflamatória crônica foi mais freqüentemente observada com o cimento Roth do que com o Sealer 26. Foi concluído que o plug de Lumicon é eficiente no controle da infiltração coronária (p=0.05) e que o Sealer 26 foi mais biocompatível e selou melhor os canais radiculares do que o cimento Roth (p=0.01).

Short-term successional dynamics of a macroalgal community in a stream from northwestern São Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)