Savoirs d’expérience et savoirs professionnels : un projet expérimental dans le champ de la santé mentale

Cette thèse est une réflexion d’épistémologie sociale sur la construction des savoirs professionnels et expérientiels portant sur les problèmes de santé mentale ainsi qu’une exploration de leurs rapports à partir d’un projet de recherche montréalais. Ce projet fédéral de recherche et de démonstration visait à évaluer l’impact de l’approche Logement d’abord auprès de personnes avec des problèmes de santé mentale en situation d’itinérance. À Montréal, des pairs, avec une expérience vécue des réalités de la santé mentale et de l’itinérance, ont été impliqués dans le projet de recherche aux côtés d’intervenants, de gestionnaires et de chercheurs. Au fil des mois, leur présence a eu des effets contrastés, contribuant parfois à renforcer les barrières entre les savoirs et les hiérarchies professionnelles en présence dans le projet, et, à d’autres occasions, à les surmonter et entrer dans un processus de co-production de nouveaux savoirs et pratiques. L’analyse des rapports entre les savoirs en présence dans le projet souligne leur caractère complémentaire dans l’intervention publique dans le domaine des services sociaux et de la santé et les forces de l’approche expérimentale mise en oeuvre. La thèse offre également une contribution à la littérature sur la participation citoyenne en proposant une réflexion sur la capacité des citoyens à transformer les institutions publiques. Les données analysées sont issues d’un terrain de deux ans mêlant observations de la participation des pairs et une cinquantaine d’entretiens individuels et collectifs réalisés auprès de pairs aidants, intervenants, chefs d’équipe, psychiatres, gestionnaires et chercheurs.

Evaluating Greek primary school textbooks used to teach students with learning disabilities

Evaluaci??n de los libros de texto de Educaci??n Primaria griegos utilizados en la ense??anza de los estudiantes con dificultades de aprendizaje. La evaluaci??n de los libros de texto en cuanto a su cumplimiento de las normas basadas en la evidencia de dise??o instruccional, y en cuanto a su idoneidad para acomodar las diversas necesidades educativas de los diversos grupos de la poblaci??n escolar, se considera un medio importante de mejorar la calidad de los servicios educativos incluyendo a estudiantes con discapacidades de aprendizaje. En el presente trabajo, se explican los resultados de las evaluaciones de los libros de texto de Lengua y Matem??ticas que se utilizan en los tres primeros grados de la escuela griega primaria para ense??ar a los estudiantes con y sin dificultades de aprendizaje. La evaluaci??n se bas?? en los siguientes criterios: claridad de objetivos de instrucci??n, el examen de conocimientos previos, explicitaci??n de las explicaciones de instrucci??n, la suficiencia de los ejemplos de ense??anza, la introducci??n de conceptos adicionales y capacidades, la adecuaci??n de la pr??ctica guiada, la eficacia de la pr??ctica independiente, y la adecuaci??n de los conocimientos. Seg??n los resultados, los libros de texto no cumplen en cuatro de los ocho criterios revisados, en concreto los criterios de la claridad de los objetivos de instrucci??n, la explicitud de las explicaciones de instrucci??n, la introducci??n de conceptos adicionales y habilidades, y la conveniencia de revisar los conocimientos. Bas??ndose en estos resultados, el punto de vista puede considerarse que los libros de texto evaluados presentan considerables deficiencias e insuficiencias, lo que exige la aplicaci??n de modificaciones sustanciales en varios par??metros de dise??o de la instrucci??n cuando se utilizan para ense??ar a los estudiantes con dificultades de aprendizaje. Se discuten los efectos de estas deficiencias.

Resource dimensioning aspect of heterogeneous traffic with different service requirements: Integration versus segregation

In this paper, we consider the ATM networks in which the virtual path concept is implemented. The question of how to multiplex two or more diverse traffic classes while providing different quality of service requirements is a very complicated open problem. Two distinct options are available: integration and segregation. In an integration approach all the traffic from different connections are multiplexed onto one VP. This implies that the most restrictive QOS requirements must be applied to all services. Therefore, link utilization will be decreased because unnecessarily stringent QOS is provided to all connections. With the segregation approach the problem can be much simplified if different types of traffic are separated by assigning a VP with dedicated resources (buffers and links). Therefore, resources may not be efficiently utilized because no sharing of bandwidth can take place across the VP. The probability that the bandwidth required by the accepted connections exceeds the capacity of the link is evaluated with the probability of congestion (PC). Since the PC can be expressed as the CLP, we shall simply carry out bandwidth allocation using the PC. We first focus on the influence of some parameters (CLP, bit rate and burstiness) on the capacity required by a VP supporting a single traffic class using the new convolution approach. Numerical results are presented both to compare the required capacity and to observe which conditions under each approach are preferred

Social skills of children with different disabilities: Assessment and implications for interventions

This study characterizes the differences and similarities in the repertoire of social skills of children from 12 different categories of special educational needs: autism, hearing impairment, mild intellectual disabilities, moderate intellectual disabilities, visual impairment, phonological disorder, learning disabilities, giftedness and talent, externalizing behavior problems, internalizing behavior problems, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Teachers of 120 students in regular and special schools, aged between 6 and 14 years old, from four Brazilian states, responded to the Social Skills Rating System. Children with ADHD, autism, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and externalizing behavior problems presented comparatively lower frequency of social skills. The intervention needs of each evaluated category are discussed.

The biofeedback use in motor learning of people with spinal cord injury

The use of biofeedback in the spinal cord injuryperson rehabilitation has been increasing eventhough there are no data about the effi cacy of suchtechnique. The study aimed to evaluate the effi cacyof the technique in the motor rehabilitation ofspinal cord injured patients with different lesions.Using case studies, three participants, two paraplegicsand one quadriplegic, with different lesionlevels and degrees of defi ciency were exposed toelectromyography biofeedback training sessions.Data were obtained from the training sessions withbiofeedback, from three manual test examinationsof the muscles straight and from the reports of theparticipants after the training process. These sourcesof data were compared and the results of all thethree different sources showed improvement forall the participants. The study concluded that theelectromyography biofeedback technique can bean important tool in the rehabilitation process ofpatients with this kind of lesion.

Current status of knowledge about suicide in people with cancer

Aim: To review the current knowledge about suicide in cancer patients. Method: We searchedspecialized databases using keywords for articles published in the last two decades (1990-2010),and compiled and reviewed them in order to: indicate the prevalence of suicide in cancer patientsworldwide and in Colombia, differentiating the data by sex and age; establish the types of cancerthat are associated with suicide, identify risk factors for committing or considering suicide andpresent the strategies of professional and psychological intervention directed at cancer patientswith suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. The present article is a review of the information on thesubject. Results: We found that: in cancer patients, the suicide rate is two times higher thanin the general population; depression, suicidal ideation and location of cancer are some of therisk factors for suicide, and there is a lack of published guidelines for professional managementof the suicidal patient with cancer. Conclusion: The need to carry out research on the topic ofsuicide in cancer patients was established.

Effect of joint mobilization on the H Reflex amplitude in people with spasticity

Objective: To determine the effect of ankle joint mobilization on the H reflex amplitude of thesoleus muscle in people with spasticity. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study withcrossover design and simple masking was conducted in 24 randomized subjects to initiate thecontrol or experimental group. Traction and rhythmic oscillation were applied for five minutesto the ankle joint. H wave amplitude changes of Hoffmann reflex (electrical equivalent of themonosynaptic spinal reflex) was assessed, stimulating the tibial nerve at the level of the poplitealfossa and recording in the soleus muscle. In each subject 12 measurements were taken: basalrate, during and after mobilization. Changes in H reflex amplitude were calculated in relationto basal measurement. For each measurement a hypothesis test was performed (Student t test).Results: In groups of patients with brain injury and incomplete spinal cord injury, a significantdifference was found between measurements of both studies, concerning variation in H reflexamplitude during the application of joint mobilization techniques, with a decrease in the experimentalgroup and an increase in the control group. In contrast, no significant differences werefound after mobilization therapy. Patients with complete spinal cord injury showed no significantdifferences in any measurements. Conclusion: We demonstrate the effectiveness of jointmobilization in the decrease of H reflex amplitude in patients with brain injury or incompletespinal cord injury during the mobilization maneuver, but no residual effect after completion ofthe trial. This research showed no evidence regarding excitability reduction in complete spinalcord injury. We suggest that therapeutic interventions to decrease muscle tone based on the jointmobilization should be reconsidered.

'To get somewhere in life' : marginalized youth people with successful trajectories of education in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ''Llegar a algún lugar en la vida' : jóvenes marginados con éxito en sus trayectorias de educación en Río Grande del Sur, Brasil'.

Monográfico con el título: 'Desde la diversidad hacia la desigualdad: ¿destino inexorable de la globalización?'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Supporting Students with Learning Disabilities to Explore Linear Relationships using Online Learning Objects. 'Apoyando a estudiantes con problemas de aprendizaje para explorar relaciones lineales mediante el uso de objetos de aprendizaje en línea'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

A shift to randomness of brain oscillations in people with autism

BACKGROUND: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables investigation of the intrinsic functional organization of the brain. Fractal parameters such as the Hurst exponent, H, describe the complexity of endogenous low-frequency fMRI time series on a continuum from random (H = .5) to ordered (H = 1). Shifts in fractal scaling of physiological time series have been associated with neurological and cardiac conditions. METHODS: Resting-state fMRI time series were recorded in 30 male adults with an autism spectrum condition (ASC) and 33 age- and IQ-matched male volunteers. The Hurst exponent was estimated in the wavelet domain and between-group differences were investigated at global and voxel level and in regions known to be involved in autism. RESULTS: Complex fractal scaling of fMRI time series was found in both groups but globally there was a significant shift to randomness in the ASC (mean H = .758, SD = .045) compared with neurotypical volunteers (mean H = .788, SD = .047). Between-group differences in H, which was always reduced in the ASC group, were seen in most regions previously reported to be involved in autism, including cortical midline structures, medial temporal structures, lateral temporal and parietal structures, insula, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Severity of autistic symptoms was negatively correlated with H in retrosplenial and right anterior insular cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Autism is associated with a small but significant shift to randomness of endogenous brain oscillations. Complexity measures may provide physiological indicators for autism as they have done for other medical conditions.