983 resultados para Massenspektrometrie, CE-ICP-MS, Actiniden
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Distributions of elements especially hazard trace elements in coals and their wastes from a coal fired power plant have been studied in detail using knowledge of Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Environmental chemistry. The key work is on the small particle sizes of fly ashes which escaped from electric precipitator and discharged into atmosphere. By means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), the characteristics of minerals and morphologies were studied. Different types of fly ash were formed in different stages and processes. More than 50% of small fly ashes belonged to inhalable particles (PM10). The very fine fly ashes preferred to attach on surface of bigger fly ash or conglutinate with each other and this decreased the environmental impact of tiny fly ashes. The trace elements in coal, fly ashes, slags and small particle sizes of fly ashes had been analysed by means of Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). As particle sizes decreasing, distributions of most elements increased, but in contrary to most studies, this increasing trend was not very obviously because of the tendency of attachment of tiny fly ashes. The occurrence of 30 elements including hazard trace elements of Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, As, Se, Cu, V was studied by means of sequential chemical extract. The annual discharge of hazard trace elements of slag, fly ash, small fly ash (PM10), tiny fly ash (PM2.5) and air was calculated by mass balance. S, V, Cu, Pb, Se, Mo, Cd from power plant had potential impacts on environment. Hazard trace elements from the power plant had little effect on soil and aerosol comparing to those from other industrial sources and the effects were mostly on downwind direction. Both the high performance electric precipitator and high chimney made the hazard trace elements from power plant being transported far away but little environmental impacts.
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The platinum-group elements (PGE), including Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt and Pd, axe strongly siderophile and chalcophile. On the basis of melting temperature, the PGE may be divided into two groups: the Ir group (IPGE, >2000°C) consisting of Os, Ir and Ru, and the Pd group (PPGE, <20GO°C) consisting of Rh, Pt and Pd. Because of their unique geochemical properties, PGE provide critical information on global-scale differentiation processes, such as core-mantle segregation, late accretionary history, and core-mantle exchange. In addition, they may be used to identify magma source regions and unravel complex petrogenetic processes including partial melting, melt percolation and metasomatism in the mantle, magma mixing and crustal contamination in magma chambers and melt crystallization.Compared with other rocks, (ultra)mafic rocks have lower REE content but higher PGE content, so PGE have advantages in studying the petrogeneses and evolution of them. In this study, we selected (ultra)mafic rocks collected in Dabie Orogen and volcanic rocks from Fuxin Region. Based on the distribution and behaviour of platinum-group elements, combined with other elements, we speculate the magma evolution and source mantle of these (ultra)mafic rocks and volcanic rocks.Many (ultra)mafic rocks are widely distributed in Dabie Region. According to their deformation and metamorphism, we classed them into three types. One is intrusive (ultra)mafic rocks, which are generally undeformed and show no or little sign of metamorphism, such as (ultra)mafic intrusions in Shacun, zhujiapu, Banzhufan, qingshan, Xiaohekou, Jiaoziyan, Renjiawan and Daoshichong. The other one is ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (ultra)mafic rocks, some of them appeared as eelogites, such as complex in Bixiling and adjacent Maowu. Another one is intense deformed and metamorphic, termed as tectonic slice, alpine-type (ultra)mafic rocks. The most representative is Raobazhai and Dahuapin. However, there are many controversies about the formation of those (ultra)mafic rocks. Here, we select typical rocks of the three types. The PGE were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ater NiS fire-assay and tellurium co-precipitation.The PGE tracing shows that three components are needed in the source of the cretaceous (uitra)mafic intrusions. They could be old enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle, lower crust and depleted asthenospheric mantle. The pattern of PGE also shows the primitive magma of these intrusions underwent S saturation. According to palladium, we can conclude that the mantle enrich in PGE. Distribution of PGE in Bixiiing and Maowu (ultra)mafic rocks display they are products of magmas fractional crystallization. The (ultra)mafic rocks in Bixiiing and Maowu are controlled by various magmatic processes and the source mantle is depleted in PGE. Of interest is that the mantle produced UHP (ultra)mafic rocks are PGE-depleted, whereas the mantle of cretaceous (ultra)mafic intrusions are enrich in PGE. This couldindicate that the mantle change from PGE-enriched to PGE-depleted during120-OOMa, which in accord with the time of tectonic system change in the East China. At the same time, (ultra)mafic intrusions in cretaceous took information of deep mantle, which means the processes in deep mantle arose structural movement in the crust The character of PGE in alpine-type (ultra)mafic rocks declared that the rocks had experienced two types of metasomatic processes - hydrous melt derived from slab and silicate melt. In addition, we analyze the platinum-group elements in volcanic rocks on the northern margin of the North China Craton, Fuxin. The volcanic rocks characterized by negative anomalies of platinum. This indicates that platinum alloys, which may host some Pt resided in the mantle. The PGE patterns also show that Jianguo alkali basalts derived from asthenospheric mantle source, but wulahada high-Mg andesites derived from lithospheric mantle.
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新疆阿尔泰可可托海3号伟晶岩脉磷灰石矿物中稀土元素(REE)和其他微量元素的ICP-MS分析结果表明,Y/Ho,Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta明显偏离球粒陨石中对应的比值,并存在显著的REE“四分组效应”,REE“四分组效应”量化特征参数TE3,4主要与Y/Ho,Nb/Ta分异程度有关,与δEu负异常演化程度相一致,锰铝榴石也呈现REE“四分组效应”和Y/Ho,Nb/Ta显著分异,指示REE“四分组效应”是形成伟晶岩熔体的一个基本特征,并不是由富LREE矿物(如独居石)和富HREE矿物(如四榴子石)结晶引起的残余熔体REE含量的异常变化,其机制可能是富F,B和P的过铝质窝本与含水流体间相互作用,REE在流体相/熔体相的分配受温度,压力和流体相组成复合控制的综合结果。
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近年来,随着多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱 (MC-ICP-MS)逐渐应用,过渡族金属(Cu,Zn 和Fe 等)同位素测试方法逐渐成熟,测定精度可达0.04‰,使得铜锌铁等同位素地球化学研究成为近年来国际地学研究领域的热点。本文对铜锌同位素的测试方法、分馏机理及其在环境地球化学研究领域的应用进行了较系统综述。
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采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-Ms)对喀斯特高原湖泊红枫湖、阿哈湖水体及其主要支流水体悬浮物和一些生物样品中的锌同位素进行了测定,测试精度小于0.11%。(2SD)。结果显示,红枫湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围分别为-0.29‰~0.26‰和-0.04‰~0.48‰,阿哈湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围分别为-0.18‰~0.27‰和-0.17‰~0.46‰,均表现出支流中的锌同位素组成较重的特点。两湖生物样品中的δ^66Zn变化范围较大,为-0.35‰~0.57‰,说明湖泊生态系统中各端员的锌同位素组成存在一定差异。根据同位素组成分析,湖泊主要入湖河流及所携带的陆源物质是阿哈湖?白水体中锌的主要来源,锌同位素是一种较好的物源示踪工具。红枫湖夏季δ^66Zn与Chla(叶绿素)呈显著的正相关(R=0. 97),主要是藻类对锌的有机吸附和吸收过程导致锌同位素组成发生变化。此外,湖泊水体悬浮物中的锌同位素组成均在夏季较轻,表明大气的干湿沉降可能是一个较负的锌同位素源。水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围小于生物样品中的δ^66Zn变化范围,说明由于生物作用过程导致的锌同位素分馏大于非生物过程.
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由于同位素分析方法的改进和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的使用,近年来Fe同位素地球化学研究有了很大进展,成为国际地学领域的一个热点研究方向。Fe在自然界广泛存在,分布于各类矿物、岩石、流体和生物体中,并广泛参与成岩成矿作用、热液活动和生命活动过程。自然界中各类无机过程(从高温到低温)、生物及有机过程均能使Fe同位素发生分馏,δ56Fe值约为-1.62‰~+0.91‰。文章系统介绍了Fe同位素研究的最新进展,包括Fe同位素测试方法简介、样品前处理、质谱测定、Fe同位素分馏机理和应用前景展望等,着重对该技术在环境地球化学、生物示踪、古海洋学研究等领域中的应用及前景做了阐述。
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以锂元素标准样品和K、Na、Ca、Mg元素标准样品的混合溶液为主要研究对象,采用阳离子交换树脂AG-50W X8(0.032~0.098 mm粒径)来分离富集Li,探索不同淋洗介质(包括盐酸、硝酸以及与甲醇、乙醇的混合)对Li分离纯化的最佳效果.在对比研究的基础上,建立了一种有效分离提纯天然样品中Li的方法.用本方法分离了水体、土壤、岩石等天然样品中的Li,并用MC-ICP-MS准确测定了Li同位素组成.研究结果表明,该方法的精度在0.1‰~1.0‰,与目前文献报道的分析方法具有相似的精度.经过流程前后单元素标准Li同位素比值(δ^7Li)的比较,发现化学处理过程所产生的同位素分馏约为0.3‰,化学处理的流程空白可以忽略不计.该方法测定海水δ^7Li值为(31.6±1.0)‰,与前人的分析结果吻合.因此,本方法可用于测定天然样品中的Li同位素组成.
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最近二十年来,有关表生水体稀土元素地球化学的研究成为热点研究方向之一,研究范围涉及陆地水体系统和海洋水体系统等各个方面.但是目前为止,SCI期刊发表的有关水体稀土元素的研究数据依然非常少,关键是亟需建立超低含量稀土的分析方法.为此,我们根据自己近几年的工作实践,总结了水体稀土元素的测试方法、常用手段,以及各种测试手段的优劣和应该注意的问题,以期为我国在表生水体稀土元素地球化学领域的研究提供一些基本信息.
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为了探讨地下水性质与台湾乌脚病区相似的内蒙古砷中毒病区今后是否会出现乌脚病。方法:用AAS(原子吸收光谱),ICP-MS(等离子体发射光谱-质谱),红外,荧光和TLS(Total luminescence spectroscopy)光谱分析了两地水样的理化特征,元素组成,荧光强度和各种谱学特征,还对两病区水样中提取的腐植酸样品进行了Ames试验和脂质过氧化反应的试验。结果:发病内蒙砷中毒病区地下水属于HCO3-Na和HCO3-Cl-Na型,平均pH值为7.91,为弱碱性还原环境,两地水样中的砷浓度和腐植酸的荧光强度均较高,荧光强度与砷浓度,pH值和总溶解固体(TDS)呈正相关关系,且两地水中腐植酸的荧光光谱性质也相似,但是它们的红外光谱和TLS光谱有差异,这些差异在生物学效应上表现为:内蒙腐植酸具有较强的引发脂质过氧化反应的能力,而台湾腐植酸对TA98(±S9)菌株具有致突变作用。结论:内蒙砷病区5年内不太可能出现乌脚病。
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近年来多接收杯电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的广泛应用,大大提高了Mo同位素分析方法的精度和效率,使Mo同位素地球化学成为当前地学研究领域中的一个前沿方向。本文综述了Mo稳定同位素的最新研究进展及其地质应用。自然界中的Mo同位素(δ^98/^95 Mo)的一般变化范围是-1.35‰~2.60‰。Mo同位素分馏在充氧环境下取决于Mn氧化物的吸附或共沉淀,贫氧-缺氧环境下受控于水溶液中的[H2S]。沉积物中的Mo同位素既能指示古沉积环境的氧化还原条件,也能够指示与之相关的古海洋地理环境,因此,Mo同位素是了解局域至区域沉积环境的氧化还原条件、硫和碳地球化学循环及古海洋化学演化等的强有力工具。随着其分馏机理的进一步阐明和应用范围的拓展,Mo同位素将在地球与环境科学研究中得到广泛的应用。
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采用化学连续提取和等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定法,对安徽巢湖悬浮颗粒物中稀土元素的含量、赋存形态和配分模式进行了研究,结果表明:巢湖悬浮物中稀土总量在19,20-174,82mg/kg之间,东西两个湖区含量差异明显,东半湖区高于西半湖区,巢湖东西湖区悬浮物残渣态稀土元素具有截然不同的页岩标准化配分模式,东半湖区为轻稀土富集型,西半湖区为重稀土富集型,说明巢湖东西湖区具有明显不同的物质来源,巢湖东半湖区和西半湖区悬浮物稀土元素赋存形态比例也不同,东半湖区为残渣态〉铁锰氧化物结合态》有机结合态、AEC态;西半湖区为铁锰氧化物结合态〉残渣态》有机结合态、AEC态,这是由于巢湖水体从西到东受到的污染强度减轻造成的,稀土元素赋存形态可以作为判别湖泊污染程度的新依据.
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根据以往研究 ,选取了 2个砷含量差异较大的样品 ,利用连续浸取实验 ,结合仪器中子活化分析 (INAA)、等离子原子吸收光谱 (ICP -AES)、等离子质谱 (ICP -MS)测定及X射线吸收精细结构 (XAFS)分析 ,经低温灰化 (LTA)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM -EDX)对黔西南高砷煤中砷的赋存状态进行了研究 ,发现 5 0 %以上的砷不能被NH4 Ac、HCl、HF和HNO3 等无机试剂提取出来 ,结合以往的研究认为砷主要以高价有机砷的形式存在
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使用浓HNO,+HF混合液和浓HNO,液分别在高压密闭罐中消解土壤、沉积物、岩石和植物样品,6mol/LHCL加热还原样品后用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定样品中的硒。使用该法对土壤标准参考物质GSS-4、GSS-5、GSS-6、GSS-7和植物标准GSV-1、GSV-3进行了分析,硒的测定结果与推荐值一致。加标回收实验的回收率在98.0%~101.4%,平均为99.8%。实测样品中的硒与中子活化分析(NAA)和氢化物-多接受杯质谱计(HG-MC-ICP-Ms)的分析结果基本一致,表明该法平行样的重现性好,分析速度快,提高了硒分析的准确度和分析精度。
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通过ICP-MS等分析方法对贵州小山坝铝土矿中伴生元素的研究,发现该矿床TiO2、Ga、Ge、Sc、Nb、Li和REE等有用伴生元素在铝土矿矿体中均有较高富集,其含量大多接近或超过了工业综合利用标准,具有较大的经济价值,特别是矿区富铁铝土矿石中Ga和Sc等含量异常高。贵州铝土矿资源丰富,其伴生元素在铝土矿冶炼过程中所产生的赤泥中更为富集,因此,贵州铝土矿综合利用前景十分巨大,这些元素潜在的经济价值,在某种程度上,甚至会超过主导产品氧化铝的价值。开展铝土矿中镓等伴生有用元素的分布及赋存状态的研究,对于镓等稀散元素在特殊地质地球化学环境中超常富集机制、矿产资源综合价值的重新认识评估和矿产资源的综合利用将十分重要,不仅可为铝工业注入新的活力,增加新的经济增长点,而且还可以解决大量赤泥堆放和利用问题,同时获得较大的社会效益与环境效益。
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前人已经积累了大量贵州铝土矿的研究成果,但关于铝土矿与其中稀土元素的关系至今不清。本研究以修文小山坝铝土矿为例,通过ICP-MS分析测试,研究了矿石和围岩的稀土元素组成。结果表明,矿石中稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集向右倾斜型,具明显Eu负异常,与下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩稀土特征参数和配分模式相似,指出该矿床成矿物质来源以下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩为主,在相对氧化环境下经风化作用成矿。矿床中稀土元素主要富集于矿体及其周围,与Al2O3含量具正相关关系。矿石中稀土元素含量大多达到或超过综合利用标准,具有巨大的潜在经济价值。