Portfolio-optimization models for small investors

Since 2010, the client base of online-trading service providers has grown significantly. Such companies enable small investors to access the stock market at advantageous rates. Because small investors buy and sell stocks in moderate amounts, they should consider fixed transaction costs, integral transaction units, and dividends when selecting their portfolio. In this paper, we consider the small investor’s problem of investing capital in stocks in a way that maximizes the expected portfolio return and guarantees that the portfolio risk does not exceed a prescribed risk level. Portfolio-optimization models known from the literature are in general designed for institutional investors and do not consider the specific constraints of small investors. We therefore extend four well-known portfolio-optimization models to make them applicable for small investors. We consider one nonlinear model that uses variance as a risk measure and three linear models that use the mean absolute deviation from the portfolio return, the maximum loss, and the conditional value-at-risk as risk measures. We extend all models to consider piecewise-constant transaction costs, integral transaction units, and dividends. In an out-of-sample experiment based on Swiss stock-market data and the cost structure of the online-trading service provider Swissquote, we apply both the basic models and the extended models; the former represent the perspective of an institutional investor, and the latter the perspective of a small investor. The basic models compute portfolios that yield on average a slightly higher return than the portfolios computed with the extended models. However, all generated portfolios yield on average a higher return than the Swiss performance index. There are considerable differences between the four risk measures with respect to the mean realized portfolio return and the standard deviation of the realized portfolio return.

The Effects of Credit Risk on Dynamic Portfolio Management: A New Computational Approach

The study investigates the role of credit risk in a continuous time stochastic asset allocation model, since the traditional dynamic framework does not provide credit risk flexibility. The general model of the study extends the traditional dynamic efficiency framework by explicitly deriving the optimal value function for the infinite horizon stochastic control problem via a weighted volatility measure of market and credit risk. The model's optimal strategy was then compared to that obtained from a benchmark Markowitz-type dynamic optimization framework to determine which specification adequately reflects the optimal terminal investment returns and strategy under credit and market risks. The paper shows that an investor's optimal terminal return is lower than typically indicated under the traditional mean-variance framework during periods of elevated credit risk. Hence I conclude that, while the traditional dynamic mean-variance approach may indicate the ideal, in the presence of credit-risk it does not accurately reflect the observed optimal returns, terminal wealth and portfolio selection strategies.

Monetary Policy in a Portfolio Balance Model with Endogenous Physical Capital

We develop a portfolio balance model with real capital accumulation. The introduction of real capital as an asset as well as a good produced and demanded by firms enriches extant portfolio balance models of exchange rate determination. We show that expansionary monetary policy causes exchange rate overshooting, not once, but twice; the secondary repercussion comes through the reaction of firms to changed asset prices and the firms' decisions to invest in real capital. The model sheds further light on the volatility of real and nominal exchange rates, and it suggests that changes in corporate sector profitability may affect exchange rates through portfolio diversification in corporate securities.

El Portfolio europeo de las lenguas y la evaluaciòn de comptencias lingüisticas

Entre las aportaciones importantes que se han producido en los últimos años en el campo de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras, hay dos que merece la pena destacar por su amplio impacto, por su incidencia en diseños curriculares y por su repercusión en las prácticas didácticas en el aula, entre otras razones. Una de ellas es la publicación del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas, y otra es el Portfolio Europeo de las Lenguas; estos documentos, a su vez, guardan estrecha relación entre sí. En primer lugar, analizaremos aquí el concepto de Portfolio en general como instrumento que contribuye a la evaluación de competencias lingüísticas en los distintos niveles educativos, desde la educación infantil hasta la universidad, fomentando así la valoración de procesos de aprendizaje de lenguas a lo largo de toda la vida. A continuación se describirá el Portfolio Europeo de las Lenguas y su vinculación con la evaluación de competencias lingüísticas que establece el Marco anteriormente citado. Finalmente, se aportarán unas conclusiones derivadas de la reflexión

El Portfolio europeo de las lenguas y la evaluaciòn de comptencias lingüisticas

Entre las aportaciones importantes que se han producido en los últimos años en el campo de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras, hay dos que merece la pena destacar por su amplio impacto, por su incidencia en diseños curriculares y por su repercusión en las prácticas didácticas en el aula, entre otras razones. Una de ellas es la publicación del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas, y otra es el Portfolio Europeo de las Lenguas; estos documentos, a su vez, guardan estrecha relación entre sí. En primer lugar, analizaremos aquí el concepto de Portfolio en general como instrumento que contribuye a la evaluación de competencias lingüísticas en los distintos niveles educativos, desde la educación infantil hasta la universidad, fomentando así la valoración de procesos de aprendizaje de lenguas a lo largo de toda la vida. A continuación se describirá el Portfolio Europeo de las Lenguas y su vinculación con la evaluación de competencias lingüísticas que establece el Marco anteriormente citado. Finalmente, se aportarán unas conclusiones derivadas de la reflexión

El Portfolio europeo de las lenguas y la evaluaciòn de comptencias lingüisticas

Entre las aportaciones importantes que se han producido en los últimos años en el campo de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras, hay dos que merece la pena destacar por su amplio impacto, por su incidencia en diseños curriculares y por su repercusión en las prácticas didácticas en el aula, entre otras razones. Una de ellas es la publicación del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas, y otra es el Portfolio Europeo de las Lenguas; estos documentos, a su vez, guardan estrecha relación entre sí. En primer lugar, analizaremos aquí el concepto de Portfolio en general como instrumento que contribuye a la evaluación de competencias lingüísticas en los distintos niveles educativos, desde la educación infantil hasta la universidad, fomentando así la valoración de procesos de aprendizaje de lenguas a lo largo de toda la vida. A continuación se describirá el Portfolio Europeo de las Lenguas y su vinculación con la evaluación de competencias lingüísticas que establece el Marco anteriormente citado. Finalmente, se aportarán unas conclusiones derivadas de la reflexión

Foreign Direct Investment Relations between Myanmar and ASEAN

Myanmar highly appreciates foreign direct investment (FDI) as a key solution reducing the development gap with leading ASEAN countries. Accordingly, it is welcomed by the government. Myanmar's Foreign Investment Law was enacted in 1988 soon after the adoption of a market-oriented economic system to boost the flow of FDI into the country. Foreign investors positively responded to these measures in the early years and FDI inflow into Myanmar gradually increased during the period from 1989 to 1996. However, after 1997, FDI inflow was dramatically reduced and markedly declined until 2004. In 2005, FDI inflow increased at an unprecedented rate and reached the highest level in the country's history. However, this growth was not sustainable in the subsequent years, as it declined again and turned stagnant at the previous level. In terms of source regions, ASEAN is a major investor in Myanmar, which investment is significantly exceeds the combined investment of other regions of the world. Among top ten countries, Thailand's investment alone is significantly more than combined total investments of the other nine countries. Next to Thailand in terms of investments in Myanmar are Singapore and Malaysia among ASEAN, at second and third places, respectively. The combined total FDI inflows into the power and oil and gas sector represent about 65 percent of the total investment. There are many opportunities for foreign investment in other sectors, which are not, yet exploited. ASEAN countries will certainly be source countries of Myanmar FDI in the future, and Myanmar should expand to other Asian countries like Japan, India, China, Korea, and Hong Kong where its FDI portfolio is concerned. To effectively attract FDI into the country, Myanmar needs to minimize the effect of policy while opening and encouraging other potential sectors of FDI to foreign investors in ASEAN and Asian countries.

Tax differentials and inflow of foreign direct investments : evidence from foreign operations of U.S. multinational companies

This paper concerns the measurement of the impact of tax differentials across countries on inflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by using comprehensive data on the foreign operations of U.S. multinational corporations that has been collected by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), the U.S. Department of Commerce. In particular, this research focuses on examining: (1) how responsive FDI locations are to tax differentials across countries, (2) how different the tax effect on FDI inflow is between developed and developing countries, and (3) whether investment location decisions have become more or less sensitive to tax differences between countries over time ranging from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. Estimation results suggest that high rates of corporate income taxation are associated with reduced foreign assets of U.S. multinational firms in all industries by decreasing the return to foreign asset investment. Further, foreign assets of U.S. multinationals in all industries have become more responsive to non-income tax differentials across countries than to income tax differences from 1999 to 2004. Empirical estimates also indicate that foreign investment by American firms is associated with higher tax sensitivity more in developed countries than in those that are developing.