542 resultados para Depressão - Depression
Resumo:
RESUMO - Introduo: Os problemas do sono, designadamente a insnia, os sintomas de insnia, os padres de sono inadequados e a sonolncia diurna, so frequentes na adolescncia. Estes problemas esto frequentemente associados a mltiplos fatores, entre os quais estilos de vida e fatores ambientais, e apresentam consequncias significativas na vida do adolescente e posteriormente na idade adulta. O sono e as suas perturbaes deveriam constituir uma preocupao para os profissionais da sade e da educao com o objetivo de tornar os hbitos de sono saudveis num estilo de vida - com benefcios calculveis como os associados a outros estilos de vida saudveis (alimentao e exerccio fsico). Em Portugal, os estudos sobre problemas do sono em adolescentes so escassos, bem como as intervenes individuais e comunitrias no mbito da higiene do sono. Os objetivos desta investigao foram estimar a prevalncia de insnia e de sintomas de insnia em adolescentes, identificar fatores de risco e protetores dos sintomas de insnia, analisar as repercusses dos sintomas de insnia, caracterizar os padres de sono dos adolescentes do distrito de Viseu e elaborar uma proposta de interveno destinada promoo da higiene do sono adaptada s caractersticas dos adolescentes do distrito de Viseu. Mtodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal onde se avaliaram alunos de vinte e seis escolas pblicas do terceiro ciclo e secundrio do distrito de Viseu, durante ano letivo 2011/2012. A recolha dos dados foi efetuada atravs de um questionrio autoaplicado e respondido pelos alunos em sala de aula. Foram considerados elegveis para participar no estudo todos os alunos que frequentassem entre o 7. e o 12. ano de escolaridade e tivessem idades entre os 12 e os 18 anos. Dos 9237 questionrios distribudos recolheu-se 7581 (82,1%). Foram excludos da anlise os questionrios relativos a adolescentes com idade inferior a 12 ou superior a 18 anos e os questionrios devolvidos por preencher. A amostra global foi constituda por 6919 adolescentes, sendo 3668 (53,2%) do sexo feminino. A insnia foi definida com base na presena, no ms prvio, dos sintomas de insnia definidos nos critrios do DSM-IV (dificuldade em adormecer, dificuldade em manter o sono, acordar muito cedo e ter dificuldade em voltar a adormecer e sono no reparador) com uma frequncia de pelo menos trs vezes por semana e associados a consequncias no dia-a-dia. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada com recurso escala de qualidade de vida SF-36; a sintomatologia depressiva atravs do Inventrio de Depressão de Beck para adolescentes (BDI-II) e a sonolncia diurna utilizando a Escala de Sonolncia de Epworth (ESE). Para responder ao ltimo objetivo foi elaborada uma proposta de interveno individual e comunitria no mbito da higiene do sono. A proposta resulta da evidncia cientfica, dos resultados da presente investigao e de reunies com profissionais da sade e da educao. Resultados: No total da amostra, a prevalncia de insnia foi de 8,3% e de sintomas de insnia foi de 21,4%. A prevalncia de insnia foi superior no sexo feminino (10,1% vs. 5,9%; p<0,001) assim como a prevalncia de sintomas de insnia (25,6% vs. 15,8%; p<0,001). Individualmente, todos os sintomas foram mais prevalentes no sexo feminino, sendo a diferena estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001). Em mdia os adolescentes dormiam, durante a semana, 8:041:13 horas. A prevalncia de sono insuficiente (< 8 horas) foi de 29%. Apenas 6,4% dos adolescentes indicaram que se deitavam todas as noites mesma hora. A prevalncia de sintomatologia depressiva foi de 20,9% (26,0% nas raparigas e 15,1% nos rapazes, p<0,001). A prevalncia de sonolncia diurna foi de 33,1%, apresentando o sexo feminino um risco superior (OR=1,40; IC95%: 1,27-1,55). A prevalncia de sintomatologia depressiva e de sonolncia diurna foi superior entre os adolescentes com sintomas de insnia (48,2% vs. 18,8%, p<0,001 e 42,4% vs. 33,0%, p<0,001, respetivamente). Os adolescentes com sintomas de insnia apresentavam igualmente pior qualidade de vida. Em relao a outras repercusses no dia-a-dia, foram os adolescentes com sintomas de insnia que referiam mais vezes sentir dificuldade em levantar-se de manh, acordar com cefaleias, acordar cansado e recorrer a medicao para dormir. Nos rapazes os sintomas de insnia associaram-se com o IMC. Aps o ajustamento para o sexo e idade com recurso regresso logstica verificou-se uma associao entre sintomas de insnia e sexo feminino [OR ajustado(idade)= 1,82; IC95%: 1,56-2,13], idade 16 anos [OR ajustado(sexo)= 1,17; IC95%: 1,01-1,35], residncia urbana (OR ajustado= 1,30; IC95%: 1,04-1,63), consumo de caf (OR ajustado= 1,40; IC95%: 1,20-1,63), consumo de bebidas alcolicas (OR ajustado= 1,21; IC95%: 1,03-1,41) e sintomatologia depressiva (OR ajustado= 3,59; IC95%: 3,04-4,24). Quanto escolaridade dos pais, verificou-se uma reduo do risco com o aumento da escolaridade dos pais (5-6 ano OR ajustado= 0,82; IC95%: 0,64- 1,05; 7-12 ano OR ajustado= 0,77; IC95%: 0,61-0,97; >12 ano OR ajustado= 0,64; IC95%: 0,47-0,87). Aps uma anlise multivariada, o modelo preditivo para a ocorrncia de sintomas de insnia incluiu as variveis sexo feminino, viver em meio urbano, consumir caf e apresentar sintomatologia depressiva. Este modelo apresenta uma especificidade de 84,2% e uma sensibilidade de 63,6%. O sono insuficiente associou-se, aps ajuste para o sexo e idade, com o ano de escolaridade, estado civil dos pais, determinados estilos de vida (consumo de caf, tabagismo, consumo de lcool, consumo de outras drogas, sair noite, presena de TV no quarto e nmero de horas despendido a ver televiso e no computador), latncia do sono, sesta > 30 minutos, horrios de sono irregulares e com a toma de medicamentos para dormir. Os resultados deste estudo constituem um diagnstico de situao relativamente aos problemas de sono em adolescentes no distrito de Viseu. Tendo por base os princpios da Carta de Ottawa relativamente promoo da sade, a proposta elaborada visa a implementao de estratgias de preveno agrupadas em intervenes individuais, comunitrias e sobre os planos curriculares. As intervenes baseiam-se na utilizao das tecnologias da informao e comunicao, no contexto da nova arquitetura na esfera pblica da sade conducente aos sistemas personalizados de informao em sade (SPIS). Concluses: Registou-se uma elevada prevalncia de insnia e sintomas de insnia entre os adolescentes do distrito de Viseu, superior no sexo feminino. A presena de sintomas de insnia esteve associada, sobretudo, a determinados estilos de vida e ausncia de higiene do sono. Os problemas de sono em adolescentes, devido sua frequncia e repercusses, devem constituir uma preocupao em termos de sade pblica e constituir uma prioridade nas estratgias de educao para a sade. Os 9 princpios da interveno delineada visam uma abordagem preventiva de problemas de sono - atravs da ao conjunta de profissionais da sade e da educao, de elementos da comunidade e com o indispensvel envolvimento dos adolescentes e da famlia -, procurando instituir os hbitos de sono saudveis como um estilo de vida.
Resumo:
RESUMO: INTRODUO: A OMS (2001) revela que cerca de 450 milhes de pessoas sofrem de perturbaes mentais ou comportamentais em todo o mundo, mas apenas uma pequena minoria tem tratamento, ainda que elementar. Transformam-se em vtimas por causa da sua doena e convertem-se em alvos de estigma e discriminao. O suicdio considerado como um grande problema de sade pblica em todo o mundo, uma das principais causas de morte de jovens adultos e situa-se entre as trs maiores causas de morte na populao entre 15-34 anos (OMS, 2001). As perturbaes mentais aumentam o risco de suicdio. A depressão, esquizofrenia, e a utilizao de substncias incrementam o risco de suicdio. Estudos (Sartorius, 2002; Magliano et al., 2012) mostram que os profissionais de sade, tal como o pblico em geral, podem ter atitudes negativas e estigma em relao s pessoas com perturbaes mentais, podendo agir em conformidade, uma vez feito e conhecido o diagnstico psiquitrico. Os clnicos gerais so os receptores das perturbaes mentais e tentativas de suicdio nas principais portas de entrada no acesso a cuidados de sade. As crenas, conhecimentos e contacto com a doena mental e o suicdio, podem influenciar a ateno clnica. OBJECTIVOS: Avaliar o estigma e as percepes dos mdicos de clnica geral em relao s tentativas de suicdio, o suicdio e perturbaes mentais bem como os possveis factores associados a estes fenmenos. MATERIAIS E MTODOS: Estudo do tipo transversal, combinando mtodos quantitativos e qualitativos. A amostra constituda por 125 sujeitos, mdicos de clnica geral. Utilizaram-se as verses adaptadas dos seguintes instrumentos: Questionrio sobre Percepes e Estigma em Relao Sade Mental e ao Suicdio (Liz Macmin e SOQ, Domino, 2005) e a Escala de Atitudes sobre a Doena Mental (Amanha Hahn, 2002). Para o tratamento estatstico dos dados usou-se a estatstica 1) descritiva e 2) Anlise estatstica das hipteses formuladas (Qui Quadrado - 2) a correlao entre variveis (Spearman: , rho). Os dados conectados foram limpos de inconsistncias com base no pacote informtico e estatstico SPSS verso 20. Para a aferio da consistncia interna foi usado o teste de Alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Uma boa parte da amostra (46.4%) refere que no teve formao formal ou informal em sade mental e (69.35%) rejeitam a ideia de que grupos profissionais como mdicos, dentistas e psiclogos so mais susceptveis a cometer o suicdio. J (28.0%) tm uma perspectiva pessimista quanto a possibilidade de recuperao total dos sujeitos com perturbao mental. Sessenta e oito(54.4%) associa sujeitos com perturbao mental, a comportamentos estranhos e imprevisveis, 115 (92.0%) a um baixo QI e 35 (26.7%) a poderem ser violentas e e perigosas. Os dados mostram uma associao estatisticamente significativa (p0.001) entre as variveis: tempo de servio no SNS, recear estar perto de sujeitos com doena mental e achar que os sujeitos com doena mental so mais perigosos que outros. Em termos estatsticos, existe uma associao estatitisticamente significativa entre as duas variveis(X2=9,522; p0.05): percepo de que vergonhoso ter uma doena mental e os conhecimentos em relao doena mental. Existe uma correlao positiva, fraca e estatisticamente significativa entre os conhecimentos dos clnicos gerais(beneficiar-se de formao em sade mental) e a percepo sobre os factores de risco (0,187; P0,039). DISCUSSO E CONCLUSES: A falta de conhecimento sobre as causas e factores de risco para os comportamentos suicidrios, opes de interveno e tratamento, particularmente no mbito da doena mental, podem limitar a procura de ajuda individual ou dos prximos. Percepes negativas como o facto de no merecerem prioridade nos servios, mitos (frgeis e cobarde, sempre impulsivo, chamadas de ateno, problemas espirituais) podem constituir-se como um indicador de que os clnicos gerais podem sofrer do mesmo sistema de estigma e crenas, de que sofre o pblico em geral, podendo agir em conformidade (atitudes de afastamento ereceio). As atitudes so influenciadas por factores como a formao, cultura e sistema de crenas. Sujeitos com boa formao na rea da sade mental tm uma percepo positiva e optimista sobre os factores de risco e uma atitude positiva em relao aos sujeitos com doena mental e comportamentos suicidrios.-------------ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The WHO (2001) reveals that about 450 million people suffer from mental or behavioral disorders worldwide, but only a small minority have access to treatment, though elementary. They become victims because of their disease and they become the targets of stigma and discrimination. Suicide is seen as a major public health problem worldwide, is a leading cause of death for young adults and is included among the three major causes of death in the population aged 15-34 years (WHO, 2001). Mental disorders increase the risk of suicide. Depression, schizophrenia, and the substances misuse increase the risk of suicide. Studies (Sartorius, 2002; Magliano et al, 2012) show that health professionals, such as the general public, may have negative attitudes and stigma towards people with mental disorders, and can act accordingly after psychiatric diagnosis is known. General practitioners are the main entry points of mental disorders and suicide attempts in the health sistem. Beliefs, knowledge and contact with mental illness and suicide, may influence clinical care. OBJECTIVES: To assess stigma and perceptions of general practitioners in relation to suicide attempts, suicide and mental disorders as well as possible factors associated with these phenomena. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The sample consisted of 125 subjects, general practitioners. We used adapted versions of the following instruments: Questionnaire of Perceptions and Stigma in Relation to Mental Health and Suicide (Liz Macmin and SOQ, Domino, 2005) and the Scale of Attitudes on Mental Illness (Tomorrow Hahn, 2002). For the statistical treatment of the data we used: 1) descriptive (Data distribution by absolute and relative frequencies for each of the variables under study (including mean and standard deviation measures of central tendency and deviation), 2) statistical analysis of hypotheses using (Chi Square - 2, a hypothesis test that is intended to find a value of dispersion for two nominal variables, evaluating the association between qualitative variables) and the correlation between variables (Spearman , rho), a measure of non-parametric correlation, which evaluates an arbitrary monotonic function can be the description of the relationship between two variables, without making any assumptions about the frequency distribution of the variables). For statistical analysis of the correlations were eliminated subjects who did not respond to questions. The collected data were cleaned for inconsistencies based on computer and statistical package SPSS version 20. To measure the internal consistency was used the Cronbach's alpha test. RESULTS: A significant part of the sample 64 (46.4%) reported no formal or informal training in mental health and 86 (69.35%) reject the idea that "professional groups such as doctors, dentists and psychologists are more likely to commit suicide." On the other hand, 42 (28.0%) have a pessimistic view of the possibility of full recovery of individuals with mental disorder. Sixty-eight ( 54.4 % ) of them associates subjects with mental disorder to strange and unpredictable behavior, 115 ( 92.0 % ), to low IQ, 35 ( 26.7 % ) and even to violent and dangerous behavior, 78 ( 62.4 % ) The data show a statistically significant (p = 0.001) relationship between the following variables: length of service in the NHS, fear of being close to individuals with mental illness and considering individuals with mental illness more dangerous than others. In statistical terms, there is a dependency between the two variables (X2 = 9.522, p> 0.05): the perception that "it is shameful to have a mental illness" and knowledge regarding mental illness. There is a positive and statistically significant weak correlation between knowledge of general practitioners (benefit from mental health training) and the perception of the risk factors (0,187; P0,039). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The lack of knowledge about the causes and risk factors for suicidal behavior, intervention and treatment, particularly in the context of mental illness options, may decreaseseeking for help by individual and their relatives. Negative perceptions such as considering that they dont deserve priority in services, myths (weak and cowards, always impulsive, seeking for attentions, spirituals problems) may indicate that general practitioners, may suffer the same stigma and beliefs systems as the general public, and can act accordingly (withdrawal and fear attitudes). Attitudes are influenced by factors such as education, culture and belief system. Subjects with good training in mental health have a positive and optimistic perception of the risk factors and a positiveattitude towards individuals with mental illness and suicidal behaviour.
Resumo:
RATIONALE: A dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a well-documented neurobiological finding in major depression. Moreover, clinically effective therapy with antidepressant drugs may normalize the HPA axis activity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test whether citalopram (R/S-CIT) affects the function of the HPA axis in patients with major depression (DSM IV). METHODS: Twenty depressed patients (11 women and 9 men) were challenged with a combined dexamethasone (DEX) suppression and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test (DEX/CRH test) following a placebo week and after 2, 4, and 16 weeks of 40 mg/day R/S-CIT treatment. RESULTS: The results show a time-dependent reduction of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol response during the DEX/CRH test both in treatment responders and nonresponders within 16 weeks. There was a significant relationship between post-DEX baseline cortisol levels (measured before administration of CRH) and severity of depression at pretreatment baseline. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify the impact of psychopathology and hormonal stress responsiveness and R/S-CIT concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The magnitude of decrease in cortisol responsivity from pretreatment baseline to week 4 on drug [delta-area under the curve (AUC) cortisol] was a significant predictor (p<0.0001) of the degree of symptom improvement following 16 weeks on drug (i.e., decrease in HAM-D21 total score). The model demonstrated that the interaction of CSF S-CIT concentrations and clinical improvement was the most powerful predictor of AUC cortisol responsiveness. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that decreased AUC cortisol was highly associated with S-CIT concentrations in plasma and CSF. Therefore, our data suggest that the CSF or plasma S-CIT concentrations rather than the R/S-CIT dose should be considered as an indicator of the selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) effect on HPA axis responsiveness as measured by AUC cortisol response.
Resumo:
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between depression and substance use in adolescents and the concomitant courses of both disorders. METHODS: Four individual interviews were administered to 85 adolescent substance users aged 14-19 years (mean 17.1 years, SD 1.4) over a 3.5 year period using the Adolescent Drug Abuse Interview (ADAD) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13). RESULTS: No predictive effect was observed on one dimension over the other, but each dimension was predictive of its own course. A decrease in substance-use severity paralleled a decrease in depressive state. Similarly, stable substance-use rates, either at a low or a high level, tended to be associated with low or high levels of depression, respectively. However, an increase in substance use was not accompanied by an increase in depressive states. Moreover, depression varied greatly between adolescents, and according to gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive states and substance use in adolescents can vary considerably overtime, and are closely but rather synchronically related. Since most of the adolescents do not seek help for substance-related problems, substance use should be systematically assessed in adolescents presenting with a depressive state.
Resumo:
BACKGROUND: The presence of cognitive and structural deficits in euthymic elderly depressed patients remains a matter of debate. Integrative aetiological models assessing concomitantly these parameters as well as markers of psychological vulnerability such as persistent personality traits, are still lacking for this age group. METHODS: Cross-sectional comparisons of 38 elderly remitted patients with early-onset depression (EOD) and 62 healthy controls included detailed neuropsychological assessment, estimates of brain volumes in limbic areas and white matter hyperintensities, as well as evaluation of the Five-Factor personality dimensions. RESULTS: Both cognitive performances and brain volumes were preserved in euthymic EOD patients. No significant group differences were observed in white matter hyperintensity scores between the two groups. In contrast, EOD was associated with significant increase of Neuroticism and decrease of Extraversion facet scores. LIMITATIONS: Results concern the restricted portion of EOD patients without psychiatric and physical comorbidities. Future longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the temporal relationship between the occurrence of depression and personality dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: After remission from acute depressive symptoms, cognitive performances remain intact in elderly patients with EOD. In contrast to previous observations, these patients display neither significant brain volume loss in limbic areas nor increased vascular burden compared to healthy controls. Further clinical investigations on EOD patterns of vulnerability in old age will gain from focusing on psychological features such as personality traits rather than neurocognitive clues.
Resumo:
OBJECTIVE: Low-grade chronic inflammation is one potential mechanism underlying the well-established association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and increased cardiovascular morbidity. Both aspirin and statins have anti-inflammatory properties, which may contribute to their preventive effect on cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies on the potentially preventive effect of these drugs on depression have provided inconsistent results. The aim of the present paper was to assess the prospective association between regular aspirin or statin use and the incidence of MDD. METHOD: This prospective cohort study included 1631 subjects (43.6% women, mean age 51.7 years), randomly selected from the general population of an urban area. Subjects underwent a thorough physical evaluation as well as semi-structured interviews investigating DSM-IV mental disorders at baseline and follow-up (mean duration 5.2 years). Analyses were adjusted for a wide array of potential confounders. RESULTS: Our main finding was that regular aspirin or statin use at baseline did not reduce the incidence of MDD during follow-up, regardless of sex or age (hazard ratios, aspirin: 1.19; 95%CI, 0.68-2.08; and statins: 1.25; 95%CI, 0.73-2.14; respectively). LIMITATIONS: Our study is not a randomized clinical trial and could not adjust for all potential confounding factors, information on aspirin or statin use was collected only for the 6 months prior to the evaluations, and the sample was restricted to subjects between 35 and 66 years of age. CONCLUSION: Our data do not support a large scale preventive treatment of depression using aspirin or statins in subjects aged from 35 to 66 years from the community.
Resumo:
The present research was designed to examine Beck's (1983; 1987) cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression in a new context. Specifically, this cross-sectional study investigated whether Beck's cognitive-personality traits of sociotropy and autonomy interacted with a specific daily hassle/stressor, weightpreoccupation, in the prediction of depressed mood in women and men. Weightpreoccupation was chosen as the particular daily stressor, because, according to Kanner, Coyne, Schaeffer, and Lazarus (1981). concern about weight and physical appearance were two of the most troublesome daily hassles among university students. ContraIy to current stereotypes, men also express concerns with weight and appearance (Cash, Winstead, &, landi, 1986), in both the direction of weight loss and weight/muscle gain (Drewnowski &, Yee, 1987). Thus, unique to this study was the examination of weight-preoccupation in men, not only in the direction of weight loss, but also in the direction of weight and muscle gain. Two hundred and fifty-one undergraduates were administered the revised SociotropyAutonomy Scale (SAS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDij, the Hassles and Uplifts Scale, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and the Restraint Scale (RS). Through a process of model building, a final model was devised in which depression (ie., BDI total scores) was regressed on personality (Le., SAS Sociotropy) and weight-preoccupation (i.e., Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, and the Restraint Scale). Separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses, with BDI as the dependent variable, were carried out for each of the 2 3 weight-preoccupation variables. Results revealed a specific congruent interaction between weight,..preoccupation and personality. Specifically, drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction interacted with sociotropy to predict depressed mood in both women and men, but the interaction between sociotropy and the Restraint Scale was marginal. Findings suggested that weight-preoccupied women and men experienced depressed mood to the extent that they were characterized as more highly sociotropic. As predicted, personality (i.e., sociotropy), moderated the relationship between daily stress (i.e., weight-preoccupation) and depression. Thus, results revealed that the proposed diathesis-stress model seemed to operate in the same manner for women and men. Moreover, the examination of weightpreoccupation among men (i.e., in the direction of both weight loss and weight/muscle gain) further revealed that, when curvilinearity was taken into account, highly sociotropic men, who had a low desire to gain weight and muscle mass (i.e., most likely those who desired to lose weight), experienced higher levels of depressed mood than those who had a "medium" desire for weight and muscle gain. However, the highest levels of depressed mood was experienced by highly sociotropic men who were highly weight-preoccupied in the direction of wanting to gain weight and muscle mass. In addition, possible reasons for the present fmdings, as wen as iimitations and impiicalions for future research are discussed.
Resumo:
Past empirical literature has provided conflicted results regarding the association between adolescent coitus and depression. While some studies conclude that those youth who are sexually active may be at risk for depression, others provide contrary results, or findings that are only representative of high-risk sexual behaviors such as intercourse without a condom. Thus, the results are unclear as to whether depression results directly from coitus, or if this relationship is spurious; that is, there may be biological, psychological, or sociological variables that may predict both depression and early sexual intercourse. Using the Add Health restricted dataset, I analyzed the depressive symptomatology of adolescents over a seven-year time period. The final sample (n=6,51O) was comprised of 49.35% male (n=3,213) and 50.65% female (n=3,297) participants. Results indicated that the relationship between earlier adolescent sexual intercourse and later depressive symptomatology is spurious. Although an earlier age of first coitus is predictive of later depressive symptomatology, both variables appear to be concomitant outcomes of the biopsychosocial process. Thus, while one may be able to use early coitus as a marker for subsequent depressive symptomatology, it does not occur because of early coitus. Furthermore, the reverse relationship was not found to be significant in this study. That is, higher levels of depressive symptomatology do not predict an earlier age of first sexual intercourse in adolescents.
Resumo:
Background. This study examined whether experiences of and relationships between depressive symptoms and substance use differs for first year college and university students. Methods. A proportionate stratified random sample of 6,100 university students and a census sample of 7,300 college students were invited to anonymously complete the National College Health Assessment. The final sample included 444 young adult first year university (n = 298) and college (n = 146) students. Results. More college than university students used tobacco (26.7; 11.1%) and marijuana (26.7%; 20.8%). Similar proportions consumed alcohol (75.3%; 76.5%). Almost all students reported past-year depressive symptoms. Mean number of symptoms was 5.43. Tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use were each positively associated with depression after adjusting for age and gender. Educational setting moderated the relationship between depression and tobacco use, and depression and marijuana use, with the relationship being stronger for university students. Implications. University campus health professionals especially, need to assess depression among students using substances and vice versa. Differences between college and university students require further attention.
Resumo:
Client-directed long-term rehabilitative goals and life satisfaction following head injury emphasize the importance of social inclusion, rather than cognitive or physical, outcomes. However, very little research has explored the socio-emotional factors that pose as barriers to social reintegration following injury. This study investigates social barriers following head injury (i.e., decision-making - Iowa Gambling Task [IGT] and mood depression) and possible amelioration of those challenges (through treatment) in both highly functioning university students with and without mild head injury (MHI) and in individuals with moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). An arousal manipulation using emotionally evocative stimuli was introduced to manipulate the subjects physiological arousal state. Seventy-five university students (37.6% reporting a MHI) and 11 patients with documented moderate TBI were recruited to participate in this quasi-experimental study. Those with head injury were found to be physiologically underaroused (on measures of electrodermal activation [EDA] and pulse) and were less sensitive to the negative effects of punishment (i.e., losses) in the gambling task than those without head injury, with greater impairment being observed for the moderate TBI group. The arousal manipulation, while effective, was not able to maintain a higher state of arousal in the injury groups across trials (i.e., their arousal state returned to pre-manipulation levels more quickly than their non-injured cohort), and, subsequently, a performance improvement was not observed on the IGT. Lastly, head injury was found to contribute to the relationship between IGT performance and depressive symptom acknowledgment and mood status in persons with head injury. This study indicates the possible important role of physiological arousal on socio- emotional behaviours (decision-making, mood) in persons with even mild, non-complicated head injuries and across the injury severity continuum.
Resumo:
Mmoire numris par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Universit de Montral.
Resumo:
Mmoire numris par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Universit de Montral
