Collective excitations in coupled quantum wells

The dielectric response of a modulated three-dimensional electron system composed of a periodic array of quantum wells with weak coupling and strong coupling are studied, and the dispersions of the collective excitations and the single particle excitations as functions of wave vectors are given. It is found that for the nearly isolated multiple-quantum-well case with several subbands occupation, there is a three-dimensional-like plasmon when q(z)=0 (q(z) is the wave-vector component in the superlattice axis). There also exist intersubband collective excitations in addition to one intra-subband mode when q(z) not equal 0. The intra-subband mode has a linear dispersion relation with q(//) (the wave-vector component perpendicular to the superlattice axis) when q(//) is small. The inter-subband modes cover wider ranges in q(//) with increasing values of q(z). The energies of inter-subband collective excitations are close by the corresponding inter-subband single-particle excitation spectra. The collective excitation dispersions show obvious anisotropy in the 2D quantum limit. The calculated results agree with the experiment. The coupling between quantum wells affects markedly both the collective excitations and the single particle excitations spectra. The system shows gradually a near-three-dimensional electron gas character with increasing coupling. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd

Structures of an asymmetrically coupled double-well superlattice by double-crystal X-ray diffraction

An asymmetrically coupled (GaAs/AlAs/GaAs/AlAs)/GaAs (001) double-well supperlattice is studied by HRDCD (high resolution double-crystal X-ray diffractometry). The intensity of satellite peaks is modulated by wave packet of different sublayers. In the course of simulation, the satellite peaks in the vicinity of the node points of wave packet are very informative for precise determination of sublayer thickness and for improving accuracy.

Intraband optical absorption in semiconductor coupled quantum dots

In the framework of effective mass envelope function theory, absorption coefficients are calculated for intraband (intersubband in the conduction band) optical transition in InAs/GaAs coupled quantum dots. In our calculation the microscpic distributon of the strain is taken into account. The absorption in coupled quantum dots is quite different from that of superlattices. In superlattices, the absorption does not exist when the electric vector of light is parallel to the superlattice plane (perpendicular incident). This introduces somewhat of a difficulty in fabricating the infrared detector. In quantum dots, the absorption exists when light incident along any direction, which may be good for fabricating infrared detectors.

A novel quantum directional coupler based on Pi-shaped coupled electron waveguides

We explore the possibility of a quantum directional coupler based on Pi-shaped coupled electron waveguides with smooth boundaries. By calculating the transmission spectra, we propose an optimized coupler structure with a high directivity and fine uniformity. The coupler specifications, directivity, uniformity, and coupling coefficient are evaluated.

Coupling coefficients of gain-coupled distributed feedback lasers with absorptive grating

An effective coupling efficient is introduced for gain-coupled distributed feedback lasers with absorptive grating. When radiation and other partial wave coupling effects are considered, the effective coupling coefficient will change significantly. In some cases, it will become real, although both loss and index coupling are presented.

808-nm fiber coupled module with a CW output power up to 130 W

A fiber coupled module is fabricated with integrating the emitting light from four laser diode bars into multimode fiber bundle. The continuous wave (CW) output power of the module is about 130 W with a coupling efficiency of around 80%. The output power is very stable after the temperature cycling and vibration test. No apparent power decrease has been observed as the device working continuously for 500 h.

An investigation on fiber coupled polymer waveguide for electro-optic modulator

A novel crosslinkable polyurethane is used as the core layer of the electro-optic(E-O) modulator. The refractive index and dispersion of this material have been detected by analyzing the F-P oscillation in transmission spectra. Calculated results from the effective index method are given to design the Mach-Zehnder and straight 5-layer ridge wave-guide device (including the metal electrodes). With light at 1.31 mum being fiber coupled into waveguide, the mode properties of these devices have been demonstrated in a micron control system. The guided mode is accordant with the theoretical analysis.

Mode theory and analysis of planar array waveguides

Bloch modes can be excited in planar array due to its periodic lateral refractive index. The power coupled into each eigenmode of the array waveguides is calculated through the overlap integrals of the input field with the eigenmode fields of the coupled infinite array waveguides projected onto the x-axis. Low losses can be obtained if the transition from the array to the free propagation region is adiabatic. Due to the finite resolution of lithographic process the gap between the waveguides will stop abruptly, however, when the waveguides come into too close together. Calculation results show that losses will occur at this discontinuity, which are dependent on the ratio of the gap between the waveguides and grating pitch and on the confinement of field in the array waveguides. Tapered waveguides and low index contrast between the core and cladding layers can lower the transmitted losses.

High power continuous-wave operation of self-organized In(Ga)As/GaAs quantum dot lasers

Quantum dot (QD) lasers are expected to have superior properties over conventional quantum well lasers due to a delta-function like density of states resulting from three dimensional quantum confinements. QD lasers can only be realized till significant improvements in uniformity of QDs with free of defects and increasing QD density as well in recent years. In this paper, we first briefly give a review on the techniques for preparing QDs, and emphasis on strain induced self-organized quantum dot growth. Secondly, self-organized In(Ga)As/GaAs, InAlAs/GaAlAs and InAs/InAlAs Qds grown on both GaAs and InP substrates with different orientations by using MBE and the Stranski-Krastanow (SK) growth mode at our labs are presented. Under optimizing the growth conditions such as growth temperature, V/III ratio, the amount of InAs, InxGa1-xAs, InxAl1-xAs coverage, the composition x etc., controlling the thickness of the strained layers, for example, just slightly larger than the critical thickness and choosing the substrate orientation or patterned substrates as well, the sheet density of ODs can reach as high as 10(11) cm(-2), and the dot size distribution is controlled to be less than 10% (see Fig. 1). Those are very important to obtain the lower threshold current density (J(th)) of the QD Laser. How to improve the dot lateral ordering and the dot vertical alignment for realizing lasing from the ground states of the QDs and further reducing the Jth Of the QD lasers are also described in detail. Thirdly based on the optimization of the band engineering design for QD laser and the structure geometry and growth conditions of QDs, a 1W continuous-wave (cw) laser operation of a single composite sheet or vertically coupled In(Ga)As quantum dots in a GaAs matrix (see Fig. 2) and a larger than 10W semiconductor laser module consisted nineteen QD laser diodes are demonstrated. The lifetime of the QD laser with an emitting wavelength around 960nm and 0.613W cw operation at room temperature is over than 3000 hrs, at this point the output power was only reduced to 0.83db. This is the best result as we know at moment. Finally the future trends and perspectives of the QD laser are also discussed.

Knotted wave dislocation with the hopf invariant

We study the wave dislocations with an induced gauge potential. The topological current characterized the wave dislocations is constructed with the dual of Abelian gauge field. And the topological charges and locations of the wave dislocations are determined by the phi-mapping topological current theory. Furthermore, it is shown that the knotted wave dislocations can be described with a Hopf invariant in the wave field. At last we discussed the evolution of the knotted wave dislocations.

Improved BCS-type pairing for the relativistic mean-field theory

A density-dependent delta interaction (DDDI) is proposed in the formalism of BCS-type pairing correlations for exotic nuclei whose Fermi surfaces are close to the threshold of the unbound state. It provides the possibility to pick up those states whose wave functions are concentrated in the nuclear region by making the pairing matrix elements state dependent. On this basis, the energy level distributions, occupations, and ground-state properties are self-consistently studied in the RMF theory with deformation. Calculations are performed for the Sr isotopic chain. A good description of the total energy per nucleon, deformations, two-neutron separation energies and isotope shift from the proton drip line to the neutron drip line is found. Especially, by comparing the single-particle structure from the DDDI pairing interaction with that from the constant pairing interaction for a very neutron-rich nucleus it is demonstrated that the DDDI pairing method improves the treatment of the pairing in the continuum.

X(3915) and X(4350) as New Members in the P-Wave Charmonium Family

The analysis of the mass spectrum and the calculation of the strong decay of P-wave charmonium states strongly purport to explain the newly observed X(3915) and X(4350) as new members in the P-wave charmonium family, i.e., chi'(c0) for X(3915) and chi ''(c2) for X(4350). Under the P-wave charmonium assignment to X(3915) and X(4350), the J(PC) quantum numbers of X(3915) and X(4350) must be 0(++) and 2(++) respectively, which provide important criteria to test the P-wave charmonium explanation for X(3915) and X(4350) proposed by this Letter. The decay behavior of the remaining two P-wave charmonium states with the second radial excitation is predicted, and an experimental search for them is suggested.

Electron affinities and ionization potentials of 4d and 5d transition metal atoms by CCSD(T), MP2 and density functional theory

The electron affinities and ionization potentials of 4d and 5d transition metal atoms were studied by CCSD(T), MP2 and density functional methods. The calculated results indicate that density functional method B3LYP has the best overall performance in predicting both electron affinity and ionization potential. SVWN gives largest IP and EA for 4d and 5d atoms. For the two basis sets used in this study, LANL2DZ and SDD, the performance of B3LYP/SDD combination is better than B3LYP/LANL2DZ, in particular for electron affinity calculation.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MULTICYLINDER MICROELECTRODE COUPLED WITH A CONVENTIONAL GLASSY-CARBON ELECTRODE AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DETECTION OF DOPAMINE

A multi-cylinder microelectrode coupled with a conventional glassy carbon disc electrode (MCM/GC) was prepared and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. It was demonstrated that in the same way as one observed a steady-state current at closely spaced microelectrodes when redox recycling takes place, the same effect can be obtained with the MCM/GC device. The experimental results obtained with K3Fe(CN)6 solutions were compared with a previously developed theory. Further, it was demonstrated that with a carbon fibre MCM/GC device, the voltammetric behaviour of dopamine is greatly improved by virtue of redox recycling, hence giving high sensitivity. The steady-state collection current was linearly related to dopamine concentration in the range 1 X 10(-4) to 5 x 10(-7) Mol l-1, and the detection limit was 2 x 10(-7) mol l-1. The influence of coexisting ascorbic acid was also investigated. This device was applied successfully in the determination of dopamine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations.

Effect of low-frequency Rossby wave on thermal structure of the upper southwestern tropical Indian Ocean

We investigate the influence of low-frequency Rossby waves on the thermal structure of the upper southwestern tropical Indian Ocean (SWTIO) using Argo profiles, satellite altimetric data, sea surface temperature, wind field data and the theory of linear vertical normal mode decomposition. Our results show that the SWTIO is generally dominated by the first baroclinic mode motion. As strong downwelling Rossby waves reach the SWTIO, the contribution of the second baroclinic mode motion in this region can be increased mainly because of the reduction in the vertical stratification of the upper layer above thermocline, and the enhancement in the vertical stratification of the lower layer under thermocline also contributes to it. The vertical displacement of each isothermal is enlarged and the thermal structure of the upper level is modulated, which is indicative of strong vertical mixing. However, the cold Rossby waves increase the vertical stratification of the upper level, restricting the variability related to the second baroclinic mode. On the other hand, during decaying phase of warm Rossby waves, Ekman upwelling and advection processes associated with the surface cyclonic wind circulation can restrain the downwelling processes, carrying the relatively colder water to the near-surface, which results in an out-of-phase phenomenon between sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) in the SWTIO.