Molecular mechanisms mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of [Arg4]tigerinin-1R in mice with diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance

The frog skin host-defense peptide tigerinin-1R stimulates insulin release in vitro and improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in animal models of type 2 diabetes. This study extends these observation by investigating the molecular mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial metabolic effects of the analogue [Arg4]tigerinin-1R in mice with diet induced obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The study also investigates the electrophysiological effects of the peptide on KATP and L-type Ca2+ channels in BRINBD11 clonal β cells. Non-fasting plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) decreased and plasma insulin increased by twice daily treatment with [Arg4]tigerinin-1R (75 nmol.kg-1 body weight) for 28 days. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance were significantly (P < 0.05) improved accompanied by enhanced secretion and action of insulin. The peptide blocked KATP channels and, consistent with this, improved beta cell responses of isolated islets to a range of secretagogues. Peptide administration resulted in up-regulation of key functional genes in islets involved insulin secretion (Abcc8, Kcnj11, Cacna1c and Slc2a2) and in skeletal muscle involved with insulin action (Insr, Irs1, Pdk1, Pik3ca, and Slc2a4). These observations encourage further development of tigerinin-1R analogues for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.

A Democratic Opening? The AKP and the Kurdish Left

Since its foundation, militant democratic arguments have underpinned an enforced secularism in Turkey. The 2002 election of the AKP, described as a “moderate Islamist party”, has challenged Turkey’s secular identity. In the more than twelve years since the AKP has been in power, Turkey’s political landscape has experienced significant changes, with periods of extensive democratic reforms punctuated by regression in certain areas, notably freedom of expression and the right to protest. State repressive measures coupled with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s reluctance to exit the political stage have been the focus of much commentary and analysis. This article argues, however, that under AKP rule the Kurdish issue – critical to ensuring the normalization of politics and democratization in Turkey – has been brought in from the political cold and assesses the creation and role of the HDP (Halkların Demokratik Partisi), a Kurdish political party that is endeavoring to situate itself in the mainstream of Turkey’s political landscape. We posit that the HDP can be viewed as the offspring of this “democratic opening,” a project that was meant to ensure a radical transformation of the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Through analysing the historical trajectory of both AKP and HDP and the militant democratic arguments that led to their predecessors’ exclusion from the public sphere, this article engages with the key question of the extent to which the AKP’s treatment of the Kurdish issue has provided a vehicle for broader democratisation and facilitated a reconsideration of the Kurdish question in Turkey.

A Slow March from Social Evil to Harm Reduction: Drugs and Drug Policy in Vietnam

The suppression of drug consumption and trade is high on the Government of Vietnam’s agenda. To accomplish this goal, Vietnam employs repressive policies that often contravene international human rights law. Among the most detrimental and problematic policies are the incarceration of drug users in compulsory treatment centers, and the stigmatization and abuse of consumers by the police. That said, Vietnamese drug policy is slowly changing in the face of one of Asia’s worst ongoing HIV epidemics. While the Communist Government of the early-1990s designated illicit drugs as a “social evil” to be eradicated through punitive and often repressive means, the recent implementation of harm reduction approaches have reduced the level of needle sharing, and thus HIV transmission. This briefing will explore the current trends in drug consumption, production, and trafficking before looking at the key harms and threats associated with drugs in Vietnam. This will be followed by a summary of Vietnam’s drug policies, including the country’s approach to drug treatment, harm reduction, and illicit opium suppression—Vietnam is one of a small number of states to have suppressed illicit opium production, an intervention that centred upon coercive negotiations with limited alternative development. The briefing will conclude with some tentative recommendations for reform and thoughts on what could be expected from Vietnam during the Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the World Drug Problem (UNGASS 2016).

Travailler ensemble à l'école primaire qu'en pensent des acteurs de l'ÉPS du milieu scolaire et de la formation à l'enseignement?

Au Québec, les réformes du système scolaire implantées depuis 2001 au primaire appellent à modifier considérablement la tâche des personnes enseignantes. L'appel au professionnalisme collectif s'oppose à une conception plus traditionnelle du travail de l'enseignant"seul devant ses élèves". Cette dimension du travail enseignant est également présente à l'intérieur de la formation initiale à l'enseignement (Gouvernement du Québec, 200 lb). Parmi les douze compétences professionnelles, deux d'entre elles se réfèrent au travail entre les personnes impliquées dans les apprentissages des élèves. Dans le domaine de l'éducation physique et à la santé (EPS) au primaire, un certain nombre de transformations observées depuis quelques années sont susceptibles d'influencer le travail entre personnes enseignantes. En effet, plusieurs spécialistes en éducation physique et à la santé sont de plus en plus fréquemment appelés à enseigner dans un contexte de co-enseignement (team teaching). Le programme de formation de l'école québécoise (Gouvernement du Québec, 200la) invite également les spécialistes d'éducation physique et à la santé à travailler à l'intérieur des équipes-cycles. Finalement, les spécialistes de l'ÉPS se sont vus attribuer la responsabilité du volet éducation à la santé à l'école par le biais de la compétence disciplinaire Adopter un mode de vie sain et actif . Depuis ces récentes transformations, les spécialistes en ÉPS sont davantage appelés à travailler avec des acteurs du milieu scolaire qu'auparavant. L'objectif général de cette étude est de comprendre comment des acteurs oeuvrant dans le domaine de l'ÉPS au primaire voient le"travailler ensemble" comme dimension du travail enseignant et comme objet de formation. Plus précisément, les questions de recherche sont liées aux thèmes suivants : 1) le sens que les acteurs du milieu scolaire donnent au concept du"travailler ensemble"; 2) les conditions et les obstacles à la mise en place et à l'accomplissement dû"travailler ensemble"; 3) la place qu'occupe la formation au"travailler ensemble" à l'intérieur du programme de formation à l'enseignement ciblé dans cette étude. Sur le plan conceptuel, cette étude est confrontée à la polysémie des terminologies des concepts qui font référence au"travailler ensemble". Dans cette optique, nous chercherons à définir les différents concepts qui s'y rapportent. Nous présenterons un modèle conceptuel du"travailler ensemble" à partir d'autres référents traitant du même thème. Le modèle conceptuel s'opérationnalisera selon deux concepts, soit celui d'intensité et celui d'interdépendance. Cette étude emprunte une approche de recherche qualitative de type interprétative, elle est menée auprès de onze (n = 11) acteurs du milieu scolaire (personnes enseignantes associées en EPS (n = 4), directions d'école (n = 2) et auprès d'acteurs issus d'un programme de formation à l'enseignement de l'ÉPS (stagiaires en EPS (n = 3), formateurs universitaires à l'enseignement (n = 2)). Il s'agit d'un échantillon non probabiliste de type critérié (Patton, 1990). Les résultats ont été recueillis par le biais de questionnaires sociodémographiques et d'entrevues semi-dirigées. La présence d'acteurs provenant de quatre catégories différentes nous permettra d'effectuer une triangulation par les sources d'informations (Savoie-Zajc et Karsenti, 2000). Les entrevues nous révèlent que les acteurs rencontrés ont diverses occasions de travailler avec leurs collègues à l'école et que les conditions varient selon le rôle occupé par les personnes (enseignantes d'une même discipline, enseignantes d'une discipline différente ou non enseignantes). Chez les spécialistes en EPS que nous avons rencontrés, nous observons que le travail entre collègues d'une même discipline dépasse les limites de l'école. Ce contexte s'avère propice au renforcement d'une identité professionnelle commune. Les acteurs rencontrés identifient des conditions favorables et défavorables au"travailler ensemble". Celles-ci prennent diverses formes. Elles sont tantôt de nature affective, organisationnelle ou identitaire. En ce qui concerne la place occupée par la formation au"travailler ensemble" à l'intérieur du programme d'ÉPS participant, il semble que les occasions de développer cette compétence soient plus pertinentes à l'intérieur des stages qu'à l'intérieur des cours donnés à l'université. Par contre, les occasions de"travailler ensemble" en stage varient en fonction du contexte d'intervention de la personne enseignante associée. Cette situation soulève un certain nombre d'interrogations se rapportant tant à la capacité de la personne enseignante à s'adapter aux récentes transformations de l'école québécoise qu'aux programmes actuels de formation à l'enseignement pour former les futures personnes enseignantes au"travailler ensemble". Cette étude contribuera de façon significative à l'accroissement des connaissances au regard du"travailler ensemble" à l'école et en formation à l'enseignement dans le contexte de l'ÉPS. Cette perspective n'a pas ou très peu été documentée par d'autres auteurs. Bien qu'elle ne conduise pas à une série de recommandations à l'intention des acteurs impliqués dans la formation à l'enseignement, cette étude contribue, à clarifier des concepts liés au"travailler ensemble" et à les articuler."--Résumé abrégé par UMI.

Conception d’un nouveau type de concentrateur solaire réduisant le besoin de suivi du soleil

Depuis longtemps, le Soleil est vu comme une source renouvelable d’intérêt pour combler nos besoins en énergie. Or, le coût prohibitif de l’énergie solaire a jusqu’à maintenant rendu celle-ci peu utilisée. Pour accroître son adoption, il faut absolument rendre son coût concurrentiel avec celui des énergies fossiles. Pour cela, plusieurs possibilités existent. L’une d’elles est l’utilisation d’un système optique pour concentrer la lumière. Cette thèse présente donc une solution basée sur la conception d’un nouveau type de concentrateur solaire de basse-moyenne concentration fait de polymère dans le but de réduire son coût de fabrication. Les performances de ce système compact utilisant des microlentilles ont ensuite été améliorées par l’ajout d’un gradient d’indice de réfraction dans la matrice polymérique. Une analyse sommaire du coût de l’énergie produite par de tels dispositifs permet ensuite de conclure que les systèmes développés dans le cadre de ce projet de recherche ont un potentiel commercial. Pour cette raison, le concept le plus prometteur basé sur l’utilisation d’un gradient d’indice afin d’accroître les performances a fait état du dépôt d’une demande de brevet.

Sob os auspícios do Concílio de Trento: Pombal entre a prevaricação e o disciplinamento (1564-1822)

Tese de doutoramento, História (História Moderna), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014

O tempo das reformas : o papel da companhia de Jesus no enfrentamento com ideais protestantes na Europa do Sul : uma proposta pedagógica

Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino da História e da Geografia no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

A study of Aldred's multiple glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels

Aldred, the glossator of the Lindisfarne Gospels, presents himself as carefully rendering the Latin lemmata in front of him, in terms of both their internal structure and meaning. His work includes a very high number of multiple glosses, which often attempt to clarify the polysemous character of a lemma or to provide additional information. This paper explores the multiple glosses including different lexemes which Aldred added to lexical lemmata in Mark’s Gospel in an attempt to establish whether there is any correlation between Aldred’s ordering practices and the frequency with which he used the interpretamenta to render those lemmata. The results of the study show some preference for placing the interpretamentum which most commonly renders the Latin lemma in first position, although Aldred’s practice is not fully consistent.

From syntagmatic to paradigmatic spatial zeroes: the loss of the preposition se in inner Asia Minor Greek

We trace the diachronic development of the preposition se in inner Asia Minor Greek from its use to mark a range of spatial functions to its ultimate loss and replacement by zero. We propose that, before spreading to all syntactic and semantic contexts, zero marking was contextually-dependent on the presence/absence of a prenominal genitive modifying the head noun of Ground-encoding NPs and on the presence/absence of Region-encoding postpositions. We attribute these developments to an informational load relief strategy aimed at producing more economical utterances as well as to language contact with Turkish, which favoured structural convergence on the adpositional level between the two languages.

An efficient method for optimal location and sizing of fixed and switched shunt capacitors in large distribution systems

This paper proposes a computationally efficient methodology for the optimal location and sizing of static and switched shunt capacitors in large distribution systems. The problem is formulated as the maximization of the savings produced by the reduction in energy losses and the avoided costs due to investment deferral in the expansion of the network. The proposed method selects the nodes to be compensated, as well as the optimal capacitor ratings and their operational characteristics, i.e. fixed or switched. After an appropriate linearization, the optimization problem was formulated as a large-scale mixed-integer linear problem, suitable for being solved by means of a widespread commercial package. Results of the proposed optimizing method are compared with another recent methodology reported in the literature using two test cases: a 15-bus and a 33-bus distribution network. For the both cases tested, the proposed methodology delivers better solutions indicated by higher loss savings, which are achieved with lower amounts of capacitive compensation. The proposed method has also been applied for compensating to an actual large distribution network served by AES-Venezuela in the metropolitan area of Caracas. A convergence time of about 4 seconds after 22298 iterations demonstrates the ability of the proposed methodology for efficiently handling large-scale compensation problems.

Ancillary service market simulation

Power systems operation in a liberalized environment requires that market players have access to adequate decision support tool, allowing them to consider all the business opportunities and take strategic decisions. Ancillary services represent a good negotiation opportunity that must be considered by market players. For this, decision support tools must include ancillary market simulation. This paper deals with ancillary services negotiation in electricity markets. The proposed concepts and methodologies are implemented in MASCEM, a multi-agent based electricity market simulator. A test case concerning the dispatch of ancillary services using two different methods (Linear Programming and Genetic Algorithm approaches) is included in the paper.

Analysis of Forest Fires by means of Pseudo Phase Plane and Multidimensional Scaling Methods

Forest fires dynamics is often characterized by the absence of a characteristic length-scale, long range correlations in space and time, and long memory, which are features also associated with fractional order systems. In this paper a public domain forest fires catalogue, containing information of events for Portugal, covering the period from 1980 up to 2012, is tackled. The events are modelled as time series of Dirac impulses with amplitude proportional to the burnt area. The time series are viewed as the system output and are interpreted as a manifestation of the system dynamics. In the first phase we use the pseudo phase plane (PPP) technique to describe forest fires dynamics. In the second phase we use multidimensional scaling (MDS) visualization tools. The PPP allows the representation of forest fires dynamics in two-dimensional space, by taking time series representative of the phenomena. The MDS approach generates maps where objects that are perceived to be similar to each other are placed on the map forming clusters. The results are analysed in order to extract relationships among the data and to better understand forest fires behaviour.

Metabolic and morphogenetic engineering of Bacillus subtilis: biotechnology for industry

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D. degree in “Biology” at the Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology of the New University of Lisbon

Historic and recent occurrences of pinnipeds in the Archipelago of the Azores

The Archipelago of the Azores (Portugal) is located between 378 and 418N and 258 and 318W and crosses the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is the most isolated archipelago in the Atlantic, situated 1600 km west of mainland Portugal and 3500 km from the eastern coast of the United States of America. At present, the only population of seals occurring in the Portuguese territory is found on Desertas Islands, Archipelago of Madeira, where a colony of 24 Mediterranean monk seals, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779), still persists (Pires and Neves 2001). Nonetheless, historical accounts reported by Frutuoso (1983) dating from the early to late 1500s mention sightings of ‘‘sea wolves’’ (the old Portuguese folk term for the Mediterranean monk seal) at several sites along the Azorean Island of Santa Maria. Little is known about the occurrence of monk seals in this area over the past five centuries, but the species certainly did not escape deliberate killing by the first settlers. While the early monk seal reports by Frutuoso (1983) are the only reports referring to the presence of colonies of seals in the Azores, more recently several sightings and strandings of vagrant seals of other species have been noted.