Mamografia digital: perspectiva atual e aplicações futuras

Na mamografia digital, os processos de aquisição da imagem, demonstração e armazenamento são separados, o que leva à otimização de cada uma dessas etapas. A radiação transmitida através da mama é absorvida por um detector eletrônico, em resposta fiel a uma ampla variedade de intensidades. Uma vez que esta informação é armazenada, ela pode ser demonstrada usando técnicas computadorizadas de imagem, permitindo variações de brilho e contraste e ampliação, sem a necessidade de exposições radiológicas adicionais para a paciente. Neste artigo, o estado atual da tecnologia em mamografia digital e dados sobre testes clínicos que dão suporte ao uso dessa tecnologia são revistos. Além disso, algumas aplicações potencialmente utilizáveis que estão sendo desenvolvidas com a mamografia digital são descritas.

Avaliação dos insulinomas pela ultra-sonografia intra-operatória: estado atual do tema

Os autores fazem uma revisão da literatura sobre a utilização da ultra-sonografia intra-operatória para a avaliação dos insulinomas pancreáticos. São referidos os resultados da ultra-sonografia intra-operatória, ultra-sonografia e tomografia computadorizada realizadas no pré-operatório, e os resultados da inspeção e palpação do pâncreas realizadas durante procedimentos cirúrgicos referidos na literatura.

Aplicações da ultra-sonografia tridimensional na avaliação do cerebelo fetal

Nos últimos anos a ultra-sonografia tridimensional tem-se tornado um método de imagem de grande importância no diagnóstico em obstetrícia. Um de seus benefícios seria a maior sensibilidade, em relação ao ultra-som bidimensional, no diagnóstico de algumas malformações fetais. As potenciais aplicações desse novo método seriam uma maior acurácia na medida do volume de órgãos fetais, a possibilidade de rever volumes na ausência da paciente, a possibilidade de utilizar diferentes planos para avaliar determinada estrutura anatômica e a capacidade de transmissão de volumes para centros de referência. A avaliação ultra-sonográfica do cerebelo fetal é de extrema importância, pois, comprovadamente, alterações no seu desenvolvimento estão correlacionadas com alterações do crescimento fetal e anomalias congênitas. O objetivo desta atualização é demonstrar os métodos VOCAL™ e 3D XI™ na avaliação do cerebelo fetal, seus potenciais benefícios e o que há de mais atual na literatura a respeito deste assunto.

A atual situação da braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose em colo do útero realizada no Brasil

Objetivo: Avaliar a situação atual da braquiterapia de alta taxa dose (BATD) realizada no Brasil para neoplasias do colo uterino, no que diz respeito aos aparelhos, métodos de planejamento, prescrições, fracionamentos e avaliações de dose nos órgãos de risco. Materiais e Métodos: Foi elaborado um questionário contendo questões de múltipla escolha, o qual, entre os meses de março de 2012 e maio de 2013, foi enviado a 89 instituições hospitalares de todo o Brasil que possuem equipamento de BATD. Resultados: Sessenta e um serviços responderam o questionário. Todas as regiões do País experimentaram aumento acentuado no número de serviços que oferecem BATD entre os anos de 2001 e 2013. Quanto aos planejamentos, apesar de 91% dos centros afirmarem que possuem softwares capazes de suportar planejamento tridimensional, o aparelho de raios X convencional foi apontado por 92% dos entrevistados como ferramenta de aquisição de imagens na rotina. Aproximadamente 35% dos entrevistados afirmaram que as sessões de braquiterapia são realizadas após a teleterapia. O esquema de quatro inserções de 7 Gy foi apontado como o mais praticado. Conclusão: Neste estudo percebeu-se que há dificuldade dos profissionais ao acesso às ferramentas de aquisição de imagens adjuvantes aos planejamentos tridimensionais, como tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética.

Caracterização química e física de vermicomposto e avaliação de sua capacidade em adsorver cobre e zinco

The physical and chemical characterization of vermicompost from bovine manure has been studied. It was examined the pH and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), organic matter content, electric conductivity and elementary and XRD analyses, among other characteristics. The vermicompost was then applied to the retention and competition of metal micronutrients and pollutants (Cu and Zn) from metal nitrate solutions. The retention was affected by both the pH and adsorption time, while the competitive character of these metals for the substrate was relevant to each pH examined.

Métodos para avaliação do grau de oxidação lipídica e da capacidade antioxidante

In this work several methods for evaluation of the degree of lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity are reviewed. Some aspects related to the recent advances mentioned in the literature are also reported.

Avaliação da capacidade tamponante - um experimento participativo

The aim of this work is to show an experiment from which students can learn some of the main characteristics of buffer solutions. A mixture of some acid-base indicators, named as Yamada's indicator, can be used to estimate pH values in an acid-base titration of a buffer, with good approximation. In the experiment it is also possible to verify the relationship between the buffer capacity and the concentrations and the molar ratio of the components of a NH3 / NH4+ buffer solution. The shortage of experiments associated with the relative small importance given to many aspects of buffer solutions, is now explored with simplicity. In the proposed experiments, students prepare buffer solutions by themselves, calculate the pH, understand how acid-base indicators act and learn how buffer solutions work through graph constructed by sharing experimental data.

Química analítica brasileira durante os 25 anos da SBQ: contexto atual e senso comum

This work presents an overview of the development of analytical chemistry in Brazil in the last 25 years under the influence of Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ). It is shown that the common sense that analytical chemistry is still an under-developed area is not true. Data from specialized literature show a significant contribution of Brazilian analytical chemists in high impact periodicals and for several areas there is a good adherence among works carried out in Brazil and abroad according to a comparison of studies presented in the 11th Brazilian Meeting on Analytical Chemistry (Campinas, September, 2001) and the XI European Conference on Analytical Chemistry (Lisboa, September, 2000). According to the opinion of investigators in this area, there are some topics that require a focused attention for proper evolution. However, there is an absolute consensus about the evolution of graduate programs and the need to improve and extend strategies to absorb newcomers in the area. Some suggestions are presented considering possible pathways of analytical chemistry in Brazil.

Um panorama atual da química e da farmacologia de naftoquinonas, com ênfase na beta-lapachona e derivados

Naphthoquinones have been extensively studied due to their activity as topoisomerase inhibitors. These enzymes are critical to DNA replication in cells. In addition, naphthoquinones have been shown to induce what are known as "reactive oxygen species" that can cause damage to cells. beta-Lapachone is a very important pyranaphthoquinone obtained from the heartwood of the lapacho tree, Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex. Griseb. (Bignoniaceae), and other Tabebuia trees native to Central and South America and chemically from lapachol. beta-Lapachone has a diversity of useful biological activities against various cancer cell lines such as human ovarian and prostate tumors and, at lower doses is a radiosensitizer of several human cancer cell lines. It gives rise to a variety of effects in vitro including the inhibition or activation of topoisomerase I an II in a distinct manner from that of other topoisomerase inhibitors. This review intend to discuss some details of the mechanisms of quinone-induced cell damage and death, and we also summarize results of the literature indicating that b-Lapachone may take part in quinone-elicited apoptosis despite the fact that its mechanism of action in vivo and its targets are still unknown.

Determinação eletroquímica da capacidade antioxidante para avaliação do exercício físico

Physical training can adapt or cause injury to skeletal muscles implicating metabolic alterations, which can be detected by biochemical analysis. Apparently the increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in both processes. Enzymatic and low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) minimize ROS's deleterious action through redox reactions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has been suggested as a tool to quantify the antioxidant capacity conferred by LMWA. The use of CV to evaluate the modulation of the antioxidant capacity conferred by LMWA in response to physical exercise is discussed here.

Adsorção de As, Cu, Pb e Cr na avaliação da capacidade de fixação de metais por resíduo de mineradoras de ferro

Two samples of residues from iron mining plants have been investigated for their retention capacity of As, Cu, Cr, and Pb. The sample with the higher content of iron oxides showed the highest capacity to retain metals. The adsorption affinity series changes from Pb>Cu>Cr~As to As>Pb>Cu>Cr or As>Cu>Cr>Pb, depending on the material and the concentration of the initial solution. In the competitive environment, the Pb adsorption decreases and the As, Cu and Cr adsorption increases. Sequential extraction procedures, carried out after adsorption batch experiments, showed that the most important adsorption process occurs in the oxide fraction and that the major part of the absorbed metal is remobilized from exchangeable and oxide fractions.

Estudo da capacidade de complexação e sua relação com algumas variáveis ambientais em cinco represas do Rio Tietê/Brasil

The copper and cadmium complexation properties in natural sediment suspensions of reservoirs of the Tietê River were studied using the solid membrane copper and cadmium ion-selective electrodes. The complexation and the average conditional stability constants were determined under equilibrium conditions at pH=6.00 ± 0.05 in a medium of 1.0 mol L-1 sodium nitrate, using the Scatchard method. The copper and cadmium electrodes presented Nernstian behavior from 1x10-6 to 1x10-3 mol L-1 of total metal concentration. Scatchard graphs suggest two classes of binding sites for both metals. A multivariate study was done to correlate the reservoirs and the variables: complexation properties, size, total organic carbon, volatile acid sulfide, E II and pH.

70º aniversário do biodiesel em 2007: evolução histórica e situação atual no brasil

Periodically, during petroleum shortages, vegetable oils and their derivatives have been proposed as alternatives to petroleum diesel fuel. Different approaches have been proposed, including the use of pure vegetable oils (or blends) or their derivatives. Indeed, the use of fatty-acid methyl or ethyl esters (usually known as "biodiesel") produced by alcoholysis of triacylglycerides or esterification of fatty acids was initially proposed in Belgium 70 years ago, when the first world patent was deposited. Recently, foreign dependence on diesel fuel and the petroleum crisis have increased the discussion in Brazil on starting to use alternatives to diesel fuel, being biodiesel the alternative of choice for a large petroleum diesel substitution program.

Desafios da escola atual: a educação pelo trabalho

This work aims at investigating and proposing strategies to improve the comprehension of Chemistry concepts by high school students. One of these strategies consists in workshops that emphasize the notion of work as a general educational principle, in the perspective of polytechnic education. Interviews (pre and post-workshops) were used to evaluate the results. In post-workshop interviews, a significant incorporation of scientific concepts was observed, as well as a considerable improvement in the interpretation of experiments.

Determinação eletroquímica da capacidade antioxidante de sucos de frutas industrializados usando o CRAC assay

Fruits juices are natural sources of several compounds that present antioxidant action. Together with the fruits, they contribute with almost 40% of the antioxidant capacity in a healthy diet avoiding and preventing diseases deriving from oxidative stress. The present study determined the antioxidant capacity of seven samples of industrialized fruits juices applying CRAC (Ceric Reducing/Antioxidant Capacity) assay, a new electrochemistry assay that evaluates, by means of chronoamperometric measurements, the ability of a sample in reducing species Ce4+ in acid media. At the end of the assay was obtained the following classification: cashew > guava > grape > mango > apple > orange > passion fruit.