Frequency of metabolic syndrome and the food intake patterns in adults living in a rural area of Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, is related to an inadequate food intake pattern. Its incidence is increasing among Brazilian adults, including those living in rural areas. Our aim was not only to describe the frequency of MetS in adults with or without MetS but also to compare their food intake pattern as assessed by the healthy eating index (HEI) and serum albumin and C reactive protein (CRP) levels. METHODS: Men and women (n = 246) living in a small village in Brazil were included. MetS was characterized according to the adult treatment panel (ATP III) criteria. Groups were compared by chi-square, student t or Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: MetS was diagnosed in 15.4% of the cases. The MetS group showed higher CRP (1.8±1.2 vs. 1.0±0.9 mg/dl) and lower albumin (4.3±0.3 vs. 4.4±0.3 g/dl) serum levels compared to the control group. Additionally, the MetS group showed lower scores (median[range]) in the HEI compared to the control group (53.5[31.2-78.1] vs 58[29.7-89.5], respectively). The MetS group also had decreased scores for total fat and daily variety of food intake. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that adults with MetS displayed chronic mild inflammation and a poorer food intake pattern than the control group.

Analysis of metabolic flux distributions in relation to the extracellular environment in Avian cells

Continuous cell lines that proliferate in chemically defined and simple media have been highly regarded as suitable alternatives for vaccine production. One such cell line is the AG1.CR.pIX avian cell line developed by PROBIOGEN. This cell line can be cultivated in a fully scalable suspension culture and adapted to grow in chemically defined, calf serum free, medium [1]–[5]. The medium composition and cultivation strategy are important factors for reaching high virus titers. In this project, a series of computational methods was used to simulate the cell’s response to different environments. The study is based on the metabolic model of the central metabolism proposed in [1]. In a first step, Metabolic Flux Analysis (MFA) was used along with measured uptake and secretion fluxes to estimate intracellular flux values. The network and data were found to be consistent. In a second step, Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) was performed to access the cell’s biological objective. The objective that resulted in the best predicted results fit to the experimental data was the minimization of oxidative phosphorylation. Employing this objective, in the next step Flux Variability Analysis (FVA) was used to characterize the flux solution space. Furthermore, various scenarios, where a reaction deletion (elimination of the compound from the media) was simulated, were performed and the flux solution space for each scenario was calculated. Growth restrictions caused by essential and non-essential amino acids were accurately predicted. Fluxes related to the essential amino acids uptake and catabolism, the lipid synthesis and ATP production via TCA were found to be essential to exponential growth. Finally, the data gathered during the previous steps were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), in order to assess potential changes in the physiological state of the cell. Three metabolic states were found, which correspond to zero, partial and maximum biomass growth rate. Elimination of non-essential amino acids or pyruvate from the media showed no impact on the cell’s assumed normal metabolic state.

Historical trajectories of currently shrinking Portuguese cities: A typology of urban shrinkage

Cities develop according to different patterns, undergoing population growth during some periods and decline (shrinkage) during others. Theories attempting to understand these behaviours include: 1) shrinkage is a natural process in the life cycle of a city, alternating with periods of growth, or 2) shrinkage is an extreme event that places cities into a continuous decline process with no return to population growth. We use retrospective data over a period of 130 years to study 25 Portuguese cities currently facing population decline, and show that both theories coexist in time and space. Five types of shrinking city are revealed: “Persistent Early Shrinkage” due to exodus fromthe rural periphery, “Metropolitan Shrinkage” due to the challenges of urban sprawl, “Recent Shrinkage” in de-industrialisation hotspots, “Cyclic Shrinkage” occurring in political transformation cores, and “Mild Shrinkage” due to life-style disamenity. As diversity of city population trajectories appears to be the norm in both Portugal and other Western European countries, the incorporation of this range into the management of urban transitions is recommended in order to reinforce city resilience.

Respiratory characteristics of Hoplostenum littorale (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae)

Hematological parameters, intraerythrocytic phosphates, hemoglobin, and whole blood Bohr effect of the South American armored catfish Hoplostenum littorale were studied during different seasons of the year. In addition, the degree of dependence on air breathing was determined for this species. The hematological parameters presented seasonal variations, which were not correlated to oxygen, temperature, and water level oscillations. Five anodic hemoglobin fractions were detected in starch gel electrophoresis. In addition to ATP, GTP and Fe-GTP being detected, 2,3-DPG was also detected in red blood cells of H. littorale. The latter is an intraerythrocytic phosphate characteristic to red blood cells of mammalians. The increased production of 2,3-DPG could be associated with decreasing Hb-O2 affinity and both features could be related to environmental temperature increase. Whole blood Bohr effect was influenced by water temperature. This study confirms H. littorale to be continuous and not obligate air breather, under all dissolved oxygen level conditions.

Evaluation of seismic vulnerability assessment parameters for portuguese vernacular constructions with nonlinear numerical analysis

Considering that vernacular architecture may bear important lessons on hazard mitigation and that well-constructed examples showing traditional seismic resistant features can present far less vulnerability than expected, this study aims at understanding the resisting mechanisms and seismic behavior of vernacular buildings through detailed finite element modeling and nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. This paper focuses specifically on a type of vernacular rammed earth constructions found in the Portuguese region of Alentejo. Several rammed earth constructions found in the region were selected and studied in terms of dimensions, architectural layout, structural solutions, construction materials and detailing and, as a result, a reference model was built, which intends to be a simplified representative example of these constructions, gathering the most common characteristics. Different parameters that may affect the seismic response of this type of vernacular constructions have been identified and a numerical parametric study was defined aiming at evaluating and quantifying their influence in the seismic behavior of this type of vernacular buildings. This paper is part of an ongoing research which includes the development of a simplified methodology for assessing the seismic vulnerability of vernacular buildings, based on vulnerability index evaluation methods.

Seismic behaviour assessment of vernacular isolated buildings

This paper presents the numerical seismic analysis of isolated vernacular buildings characteristic of the Alentejo region, which is considered a medium seismic hazard region in Portugal.A representative isolated building was selected from a database, and a geometric model was defined for the numerical pushover analysis. Subsequently, a parametric analysis was carried out to assess the influence of distinct parameters on the seismic behaviour of such buildings.

Local seismic cultures: the use of timber frame structures in the south of Portugal

Given the fact that using timber frame structures has proven to improve the seismic behavior of vernacular architecture, as has been reported in past earthquakes in many countries, its preservation as a traditional earthquake resistant practice is important. This paper firstly intends to evaluate whether the use of timber frames as a traditional seismic resistant technique for vernacular architecture in the South of Portugal, traditionally a seismic region, is still active. Secondly, the city of Vila Real de Santo António was selected as a case study because it also followed a Pombaline development contemporary to the reconstruction of Lisbon. The plan included the provision of timber frame partition walls for some of the buildings and, thus, an overview of the type of constructions originally conceived is provided. Finally, the alterations done in the original constructions and the current state of the city center are described and the effect of these changes on the seismic vulnerability of the city is discussed.

Seasonality, parity rates and transmission indices of Mansonella ozzardi (Manson) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) by Cerqueirellum argentiscutum (Shelley & Luna Dias) (Diptera: Simulidae) in a lower Solimões River community, Amazonas, Brazil

Mansonella ozzardi is transmitted by two dipterian families, Ceratopogonidae (midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). In Brazil, black flies are vectors for this filariasis until now. In this paper, we determined the seasonality, parity capacity and parasitic infection rate of Cerqueirellum argentiscutum. The work was carried out in the Porto Japão community, Lower Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil. Results show that the black flies were more abundant during the rainy season (from December to May). The number of parous flies was higher in every sampling during the course of year. Monthly Biting Rate (MBR1 123742.00, MBR2 86701.50) was high, although Parasitic Infection Rate (PIR1 0.06, PIR2 0.08) and Annual Transmission Potential (ATP 7.25) were low in numbers.

The role of Pep4p, the vacuolar yeast protease ortholog of human cathepsin D, in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis

Doctoral Thesis (PhD Programm on Molecular and Environmental Biology)

The synthesis of new 6-hydrazinopurines as potential anticancer agents

[Excerpt] Purines, such as adenine, are one of the most important naturally occurring nitrogen heterocycles and they are frequently used as bioactive agents.[1,2] The increasing number of synthetic purines reveals the great potential of these compounds as enzyme inhibitors. Protein Kinases have an important regulatory role in cell proliferation, differentiation and signalling processes. Abnormal signal transduction is responsible for devastating diseases such as cancer. All of the protein kinases identified have in common the cofactor ATP indicating that the adenine nucleus is a very important scaffold for discovery of new anti-cancer agents.[3,4] Previous work identified a modest anticancer activity in a family of 6-arylaminopurines. In the view of these results, it seemed reasonable to assume that some interesting anticancer agents might result by replacement of the phenyl group by a secondary amino group linked to the N-6 atom of the adenine moiety. (...)

Fluorescence-based approaches towards the assessment of structural and functional alterations in lysosomes and vacuoles induced by lactoferrin and acetic acid

Dissertação de mestrado em Biofísica e Bionanossistemas

The role of monocarboxylate transporters in 3-bromopyruvate effect in cancer cells

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (área de especialização em Biologia Molecular e Saúde).

Efecto de las Fenotiazinas sobre la vitalidad del Trypanosoma cruzi

La Enfermedad de Chagas, causada por el Tripanosoma cruzi es una parasitosis ampliamente difundida en los países latinoamericanos, constituyendo una patología con un intrincado problema bioecológico y político social. Dado que existen sólo dos drogas tripanocidas aprobadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) efectivas durante la fase aguda de la enfermedad (Nifrutimox, Benznidasol) y con un alto nivel de toxicidad, es que resulta de imperiosa necesidad la búsqueda de nuevos agentes terapéuticos que presenten menores riesgos y mayores beneficios para el paciente, así como para la quimioprofilaxis de la sangre a transfundir en zonas alejadas de centros de salud de complejidad. Hemos demostrado que algunas fenotiazinas, derivados tricíclicos y usados en la clínica psiquiátrica resultan letales sobre tripomastigotes y epimastigotes de T. cruzi, cepa Tulahuen, produciendo disrupción de membrana celular con liberación del contenido citoplasmático o disrupción de la mitocondria del parásito con la consiguiente alteración en la producción de ATP y la posterior muerte del mismo. Los ensayos "in vivo" han revelado ausencia o disminución de la parasitemia con importante sobrevida de los ratones infectados. El presente plan de trabajo tiene como objetivos: Continuar con los estudios de los efectos de derivados fenotiazínicos (Tioridazina) e iniciar el de otros compuestos (Propanolol), sobre la vitalidad del T. cruzi en diseños "in vitro" e "in vivo". El conocimiento de los mecanismos de acción de los compuestos señalados sobre la biología y composición química del parásito, así como sobre el huésped facilitará el hallazgo de potenciales agentes terapéuticos para la Enfermedad de Chagas experimental.

Genética Molecular de S-adenosilmetionina sintetasa en Neurospora crassa

S-adenosilmetionina (S-Adomet) es el principal dador de grupos metilo en un gran número de caminos metabólicos siendo, luego del ATP, el co-factor más abundante en reacciones metabólicas. S-Adomet es producido a partir de L-metionina y ATP por la enzima S-adenosil-L-metionina sintetasa. El estudio del metabolismo de S-Adomet en células eucariotas ha tomado un interés creciente en años recientes considerando la íntima relación existente entre niveles celulares alternativos de S-Adomet y procesos normales o patológicos asociados a metilación del DNA. En particular, recientemente se ha propuesto que niveles celulares anormales de S-Adomet y/o actividad anormal de la enzima DNA metiltransferasa pueden afectar la expresión de fenómenos epigenéticos tales como "imprinting" de genes y/o aumentar la frecuencia de aparición de transiciones C --> T afectando así marcadamente las tasas de mutación en el DNA. Esta hipótesis ha sido apoyada por estudios realizados con DNA metiltransferasas procarióticas y por estudios realizados con ratones mutantes en el gen de la principal DNA metiltransferasa de mamíferos. (...) El proyecto está dirigido a conocer la relación existente entre la disponibilidad celular de S-adenosilmetionina y fenómenos de mutación y metilación del DNA en el hongo filamentoso Neurospora crassa. En este contexto, se realiza el clonado y caracterización molecular y estructural del gen de la enzima S-adenosilmetionina sintetasa de este organismo. Se estudia la consecuencia de la expresión aberrante de variantes normales y mutantes de este gen in vivo. Se analizará la influencia de niveles celulares alternativos de S-adenosilmetionina sobre dos fenómenos epigenéticos vinculados a metilación del DNA denominados quelling y RIP.

Regulación del transporte de iones a través de membranas biológicas: El transporte activo Na/K y el contratransporte Na/Ca

El contra-transporte Na-Ca presente en células excitables es un sistema que, reversiblemente, puede introducir Ca de las células en intercambio por Na. La energía requerida para el transporte de Ca en contra de su gradiente electroquímico es provista por el gradiente de Na generado por la actividad de la Na+, K+- ATPasa. Por ello, aunque estos dos mecanismos funcionan independientemente uno del otro, están íntimamente ligados en la gestión integradora de la homeostasis iónica celular. (...) El presente plan consiste en dos subproyectos que estudiarán dos sistemas de transporte de cationes a través de la membrana celular estrechamente ligados entre sí. Estos son el contratransporte Na/Ca y el transporte activo Na/K que a su vez provee de energías (el gradiente de Na) para el funcionamiento del primero. Los estudios enfatizarán la regulación metabólica, su relevancia en la maduración y diferenciación celular y los intermediarios en los ciclos de reacción. (I) Subproyecto de Intercambio Na/Ca: Los objetivos que se persiguen son: (i) avanzar en la propiedades del sitio activador externo para cationes monovalentes (SAECM); (ii) analizar el ciclo de reacción en base a las propiedades del ciclo único tratando de establecer la cinética del sistema de unión de ligandos transportados (secuencial o ping pong); (iii) analizar el/los mecanismos asociados a la estimulación por MgATP. Si la fosforilación por ATP es requerida, identificar las reacciones y estructuras involucradas. Las preparaciones a utilizar incluyen células nerviosas en cultivo, vesículas de esas células y vesículas de cerebro total y de miocardio. (II) Transporte activo Na/K: el propósito es proveer información relevante al debate respecto del mecanismo por el cual K estimula la reacción de intercambio fosforil entre ATP y ADP y revierte la inhibición por Na exterior de la actividad Na-ATPasa, de la deforilación de E2P y del intercambio ATP-ADP. La preparación a utilizar será la Na+, K+- ATPasa purificada; la ubicación topográfica de sitios de interacción se efectuará utilizando la enzima incorporada en liposomas.