薄膜辐射热探测器

<正> 薄膜辐射热探测器是一种结构简单,灵敏度高,响应快速的辐射热测量元件,特别适用于短时间超声速设备中的辐射测量,也可以在辐射能的标定中使用。这种探测器是在通常薄膜电阻温度计的表面上覆盖一层碳黑类物质,以增加它的吸收率和扩大吸收谱的宽度,且减少吸收率随波长的变化。

关于水輪的一些問題——答黃明忠同志

<正> 我們和其他两位作者,根据对我国小型农村水电站和水力站的一些考察和了解,提出水輪对我国农村仍有独特的优点,也提出了一些改进办法和計算。黄明忠同志对水輪提出了另一些看法与本文作者們討論,我們觉得很好,現在也把我們的主要观点再簡单闡述一下。

同位非结构和结构网格摄动有限体积法(PFV)求解二维Navier-Stokes方程组

根据NS方程组的一阶迎风和二阶中心有限体积(UFV和CFV)格式,导出NS方程组迎风和中心摄动有限体积(UPFV和CPFV)格式.该格式通过把控制体界面质量通量摄动展开成网格间距的幂级数,并由守恒方程本身求得幂级数系数而获得.迎风和中心摄动有限体积格式使用了与一阶迎风和二阶中心格式相同的基点数和相同的表达形式,宜于计算机编程.顶盖驱动方腔流和驻点流标量输运的数值实验证明,迎风PFV格式比一阶UFV、二阶CFV格式有更高的精度,更高的分辨率.尤其是良好的鲁棒特性.对顶盖驱动方腔流,在Re数从102到104范围内,亚松弛系数可在0.3～0.8任取,收敛性能良好.

冲击载荷下饱和砂土渗流和破坏的实验研究

对饱和砂土在冲击载荷下发现的变形和流动效应进行了落锤模拟实验研究，发现砂土骨架出现纵向排水通道和横向断裂等现象，对可能影响这些现象的主要因素进行了对比的实验，对上述实验现象进行了初步的解释。

Legislação da mulher

Atualizada em 18/1/2016.

Formation of dendritic nanostructures in Pyrex glass anodically bonded to silicon coated with an aluminum thin film

Anodic bonding with thin films of metal or alloy as an intermediate layer, finds increasing applications in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems. At the bonding temperature of 350 degrees C, voltage of 400 V, and 30 min duration, the anodic bonding is completed between Pyrex glass and crystalline silicon coated with an aluminum thin film with a thickness comprised between 50 and 230 nm. Sodium-depleted layers and dendritic nanostructures were observed in Pyrex 7740 glass adjacent to the bonding interface. The sodium depletion width does not increase remarkably with the thickness of aluminum film. The dendritic nanostructures result from aluminum diffusion into the Pyrex glass. This experimental research is expected to enhance the understanding of how the depletion layer and dendritic nanostructures affect the quality of anodic bonding. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quebec's "écriture au féminin" and translation politicized

Eguíluz, Federico; Merino, Raquel; Olsen, Vickie; Pajares, Eterio; Santamaría, José Miguel (eds.)

Adiabatic shear localization: occurrence, theories, and applications

理性力学基础

《理性力学基础》为《中国科学院研究生教学丛书》之一。
    《理性力学基础》系统地介绍了理性力学的主要科学体系和基本理论。《理性力学基础》由四部分，共十五章组成。第一部分综合介绍了理性力学的科学意义、方法和特点，从理性力学角度概括论述变形几何学与运动学、力学基本定律与场方程以及本构方程的一般原理。着重阐明张量和场方程的时空无差异原理，以及本构方程所应遵循的客观性原理。第二部分着重介绍简单物质的理论体系。作为典型范例进一步阐明弹性物质和简单流体的本构方程以及弹性体有限变形边值问题的分析方法。第三部分详细介绍黏弹性物质、弹塑性物质及晶体塑性的基本理论。第四部分主要介绍含缺陷物质的本构理论。
    《理性力学基础》可作为力学、应用数学、理论物理等专业的研究生教材，也可供力学工作者及高等院校力学专业教师参考。

目录 

第一章 绪论
1·1 理性力学目的和意义
1·2 理性力学的特点与体系
1·3 理性力学的方法
1·4 符号
第二章 变形几何学和运动学
2·1 直角坐标系的张量
2·2 物体的构形与运动
2·3 变形梯度
2·4 应变度量和面元、体元变形
2·5 应变率
第三章 基本定律与场方程
3·1 质量守恒定律
3·2 应力原理与动量守恒定律
3·3 能量守恒定律和熵定律
3·4 功共轭与应力度量
3·5 场方程
3·6 随体坐标系
第四章 本构方程的一般原理
4·1 时空系的变换
4·2 基本定律的客观性
4·3 本构方程的一般原理
第五章 简单物质
5·1 张量函数
5·2 张量函数表示定理
5·3 简单物质的本构方程
5·4 本构方程的简化形式
5·5 各向同性物质
5·6 简单固体
5·7 简单流体和流晶
5·8 内部约束
5·9 特殊类型物质
5·10 衰退记忆
第六章 弹性物质
6·1 弹性物质的本构方程
6·2 物质对称性
6·3 各向同性弹性固体
6·4 超弹性物质
6·5 各向同性超弹性物质
6·6 主轴表示
6·7 储能函数表示式
6·8 二次弹性
6·9 均匀变形场
6·10 储能函数的实验确定
第七章 弹性体有限变形边值问题
7·1 边值问题的提法
7·2 若干典型问题
7·3 平面应变问题
7·4 不可压缩各向同性弹性体
第八章 简单流体
8·1 直线流动
8·2 曲线流动
8·3 伸长历史恒定运动
8·4 定常测黏流动
8·5 Poiseuille流动
8·6 Couette流动
8·7 圆锥-平板流动
8·8 端部正应力效应
8·9 Stokes流体测黏流动
8·10 定常拉伸流动
第九章 黏弹性物质
9·1 线性黏弹性理论
9·2 非线性黏弹性固体
9·3 本构泛函展开
9·4 非线性黏弹性流体
第十章 弹塑性物质
10·1 微小变形塑性理论
10·2 张量的时间导数
10·3 有限塑性变形的本构方程
10·4 塑性大变形基本方程
10·5 Drucker公设与有限塑性变形
第十一章 晶体塑性理论
11·1 晶体塑性变形运动学
11·2 硬化规律
11·3 硬化系数表示式
11·4 晶体塑性本构关系
11·5 滑移剪切率γ(α)的存在性与惟一性
11·6 率相关流动规律
第十二章 缺陷连续统的线性理论
12·1 张量场的微分运算
12·2 协调条件
12·3 缺陷的几何意义
12·4 位错弹性理论
12·5 位错塑性理论
12·6 一般缺陷塑性理论
12·7 晶体塑性位错理论
12·8 Nye张量及缺陷塑性理论小结
12·9 位错塑性理论二维公式及算例
第十三章 非黎曼几何及流形简介
13·1 Euler空间张量场的绝对微分
13·2 曲率张量
13·3 线性空间
13·4 仿射联络空间
13·5 非完整变换
13·6 拓扑空间
13·7 微分流形
第十四章 缺陷连续统的非线性理论
14·1 非Niemann物质流形的构造
14·2 缺陷的几何意义
14·3 缺陷连续统的弹性理论
14·4 缺陷连续统的塑性理论
14·5 晶体塑性位错理论
第十五章 理性力学若干应用
15·1 有限变形的精确描述
15·2 曲线坐标的相应公式
15·3 本构方程的客观性原理
15·4 物质对称性
15·5 主轴法
15·6 客观应力率
附录 曲线坐标
1 基向量与度量张量
2 逆变导数
3 应力张
4 运动方程

 

The Effects of Salinity, Temperature, and Food on the Growth and Reproductive Output of Polydora nuchalis Woodick, 1953

Polydora nuchalis Woodwick, 1953 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) is a protandric hermaphrodite commonly inhabiting intertidal mud flats in southern California. The species exhibits lecithotrophic larval development and adelphophagia. Reproduction of P. nuchalis was monitored for a year at four sites: Catalina Harbor, San Gabriel River, Huntington Harbour, and Malibu Lagoon. Females deposited from 11 to 31 egg capsules in their tubes, with up to 230 eggs per capsule. An average of 3% of the eggs developed into larvae: the remaining were nurse eggs serving as food for the developing larvae. Reproductive output was quantified by determining the number and size of larvae and nurse eggs for individual capsules. Significant differences among the four populations were found for all the quantified variables. In addition, two size classes of nurse eggs were found to exist in capsules from all of the sites. Egg capsules were found throughout the year at San Gabriel River, but none were found during the winter months at the remaining three sites. Size/frequency data for juveniles and adults of the Catalina Harbor population indicate an annual cycle of recruitment. The laboratory experiment consisted of a 3 x 3 x 2 £actor1al design with replication testing the effects of temperature, salinity, and food supply on growth and reproduction of P. nuchalis. Increasing temperature resulted in significantly increased survivorship, growth rates, and percentage reproduction. It also produced a significant decrease in the size of the nurse eggs and the volume of food per larva. The number of egg capsules was maximum at the intermediate temperature. Increasing the salinity resulted in significant increases in survivorship and Class I nurse egg size. Increaaing food availability produced a significant increase in the percentage of worms reproducing. The interactive effect of salinity and £ood level produced significant changes in the number of larvae per capsule and the number of nurse eggs per capsule. However, the number of nurse eggs per larva did not differ significantly among the experimental treatment groups. (PDF contains 129 pages)

Breeding programs on Atlantic salmon in Norway: lessons learned

An early establishment of selective breeding programs on Atlantic salmon has been crucial for the success of developing efficient and sustainable salmon farming in Norway. A national selective breeding program was initiated by AKVAFORSK at the beginning of the 1970s, by collecting fertilized eggs from more than 40 Norwegian river populations. Several private selective breeding programs were also initiated in the 1970s and 1980s. While these private programs were initiated using individual selection (i.e. massselection) to genetically improve growth, the national program was designed to gradually include all economically important traits in the breeding objective (i.e. growth, age at sexual maturation, disease resistance and quality traits) using a combined family and within-family selection strategy. Independent of which selection strategy and program design used, it is important to secure and maintain a broad genetic variation in the breeding populations to maximize selection response. It has been documented that genetically improved salmon from the national selective breeding program grow twice as fast as wild Atlantic salmon and require 25 per cent less feed, while salmon representing the private breeding programs all show an intermediate growth performance. As a result of efficient dissemination of genetically improved Atlantic salmon, the Norwegian salmon farming industry has reduced its feed costs by more than US$ 230 million per year! The national selective breeding program on Atlantic salmon was commercialized into a breeding company (AquaGen) in 1992. Five years later, several private companies and the AKVAFORSK Genetics Center (AFGC) established a second breeding company (SalmoBreed) using breeding candidates from one of the private breeding programs. These two breeding companies have similar products, but different strategies on how to organize the breeding program and to disseminate the genetically improved seed to the Norwegian salmon industry. Greater competition has increased the necessity to document the genetic gain obtained from the different programs and to market the economic benefits of farming the genetically improved breeds. Both breeding companies have organized their dissemination to get a sufficient share of the economic benefits in order to sustain and improve their breeding programs.

Novel mechanisms for regulation of cell survival and migration by ceramide 1-phosphate

201 p. : gráf.