999 resultados para índices de produção e reprodução


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Este artigo pretende apresentar a configuração da produção artesanal de queijos por meio de estudos de casos nos países: Brasil, México, Costa Rica, Peru e Argentina.Esse sistema está fundamentado nas relações de proximidade e de reciprocidade entre atores como os produtores de queijo, os comerciantes e os consumidores e em um forte sentimento de pertencimento dos atores ao seu território. Os queijos artesanais estão enraizados na história da vida de homens e mulheres que compartilham a mesma identidade cultural. Nossa abordagem se apóia nos conceitos de identidade cultural, território e Sistema Agroalimentar Localizado – SYAL. Tem como objetivo refletir a produção de queijos como uma identidade cultural arraigada em territórios latinos e constitui uma estratégia para geração de renda e postos de trabalho com vistas à reprodução social e a continuidade no meio rural de grupos familiares. Essa produção tinha como objetivo o valor de uso, destinava-se ao consumo familiar diário. A partir dos anos 1970/1980 com o crescimento do movimento migratório da população rural com destino aos espaços urbanos, os queijos artesanais passam a serem demandados pelos migrantes. Os consumidores buscam nesses produtos identitários uma proximidade do seu território de origem. A metodologia utilizada constituiu-se no trabalho de campo em territórios queijeiros da América Latina e revisão bibliográfica

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A partir da década de 1970, a maior difusão do agronegócio no cerrado goiano e, por conseguinte, do conjunto de meios técnico-científicos inerentes à engenharia genética, transformou profundamente as relações Sociedade-Natureza. Esse processo converteu parte da Região Centro-Oeste num meio Técnico-Científico-Informacional, porém sem suprimir por completo as territorialidades dos povos tradicionais do cerrados que vivem do agroextrativismo, entre os quais prevalece a simbiose harmônica entre Sociedade e Natureza. Propondo contribuir para desvendar a trama social inerente à tecnificação do Cerrado e superar os problemas socioambientais dela decorrente, o presente trabalho busca problematizar as possibilidades e limites das táticas de reprodução social, econômica e cultural adotadas a partir do potencial natural do Cerrado, com agregação de saber à produção, pela comunidade de agroextrativistas do Povoado de São João Evangelista, situado na Reserva Extrativista de Recanto das Araras de Terra Ronca no Município de São Domingos – GO, constituída de Povos Tradicionais do Cerrado. 

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Este artigo focaliza a pesquisa realizada no território do Alto Jequitinhonha, nos municípios de Minas Novas Chapada do Norte e Capelinha –Minas Gerais/Brasil.Os objetivos buscam discussões recentes de conformações sociais, culturais e econômicas resultantes de produções alternativas artesanais e tradicionais de agricultores familiares e territórios camponesas quilombolas que, por meios associativos de produção de alimentos buscam melhoria de qualidade de vida do agricultor camponês. O estudo possui como base teórica principal, os processos de Desenvolvimento Rural Local e territorialização do capital social, analisados por meio da interconexão com a Geografia Cultural, que têm levado ao entendimento de relações socioeconômicas, culturais e ambientais em espaços rurais de comunidades camponesas. A territorialidade camponesa é aqui considerada como uma componente geográfica chave para a compreensão das conexões existentes entre espaço e sociedade. As noções de território e de sustentabilidade englobam os aspectos ambientais, os fatores sociais, econômicos e culturais buscando qualidade de vida da população das comunidades rurais. Os resultados indicam a diversidade de produção agrícola, do campesinato afrodescendente e de agricultores familiares modernos com produção cafeeira.

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Este artigo visa fazer uma reflexão sobre a produção alimentar de base agroecológica como alternativa de desenvolvimento e reprodução da agricultura familiar no Brasil. Para alcançar este objetivo partimos do principio que a alimentação é condição primaria para a reprodução do homem enquanto espécie animal. Na história da evolução humana, o homem condicionou a reprodução da vida à produção de alimentos. Assim podemos entender que a agricultura familiar é uma forma de organização e reprodução social secular, que mantém uma estrutura e uma forma de vivência peculiar. Consideramos também que a agricultura é uma das atividades produtivas em que a relação homem-natureza aparece com mais clareza. 

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A reprodução social campesina tem sido cada vez mais dificultada pela falta de acesso a terra. Os detentores do capital expropriam os camponeses separando-os dos seus meios de produção e submetendo-os à exploração capitalista do trabalho. Dessa forma o camponês deixa de trabalhar para si, e trabalha para o capital, não vende mais sua produção e sim sua força de trabalho, fragilizando assim a reprodução do campesinato, levando em consideração que para reproduzir-se é fundamental o acesso a terra. Seja pela manutenção do latifúndio como reserva de valor, seja pela expansão das pastagens ou pela modernização no campo, a tendência é uma crescente expropriação seguida de exploração da força de trabalho camponesa. Sendo assim, nesse trabalho tem-se como objetivo compreender as estratégias utilizadas pelos camponeses para garantir a sua reprodução e de sua família no município de Itabaiana (SE). Em busca de um maior embasamento teórico fizemos um levantamento bibliográfico de autores tais como: Kautsky (1980), Shanin (1980), Santos (1978), Martins (1986, 1991), Oliveira (2004), dentre outros. Foram feitas entrevistas junto à comunidade camponesa do município, com o intuito de analisar as questões que se referem às estratégias de reprodução campesina.

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The production of ethyl esters by alcoholysis is an alternative for splitting triacylglycerols due to the possibility of using low temperatures, which results in oxidative protection of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ethyl esters produced under mild conditions of temperature could be used as substrate for obtaining structured lipids. The reaction parameters of production of ethyl esters from fish oil with high content of omega-3 fatty acids by alcoholysis were optimized using response surface methodology. An experimental design (2³) (with levels +1 and -1, six axial points with levels -alpha and +alpha and three central points) was applied. The variables investigated were concentration of catalyst, amount of ethyl alcohol and temperature. Ethyl ester conversion was monitored by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and the best result obtained was 95% conversion rate. The optimal conditions were 40 °C, 1% of NaOH and 36% of ethanol.

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Isomaltulose, a functional isomer of sucrose, is a non-cariogenic reducing disaccharide; has a low glycemic index; selectively promotes growth of beneficial bifidobacteria in the human intestinal microflora; and has greater stability than sucrose in some foods and beverages. Isomaltulose is a nutritional sugar that is digested more slowly than sucrose, and has health advantages for diabetics and nondiabetics. Immobilization techniques, especially entrapment of the cells, are widely used for conversion of sucrose into isomaltulose. Immobilization offers advantages such as minimum downstream processing, continuous operation and reusability of cells. Isomaltulose is currently considered to be a promising sugar substitute.

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Alginate microparticles were prepared by an emulsion method aiming oral controlled release of antigens to fish. The effects of emulsification temperature and impeller type on particle morphology, average diameter, and size distribution were evaluated. Microparticles contaning formalin-killed Flavobacterium columnare cells (a model antigen) were prepared and characterized regarding bacterial release and particle stability when exposed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) typical gastrointestinal conditions. This methodology allowed the production of microparticles containing up to 14.3 g/L of bacterin, stable at a pH range from 2.0 to 9.0 for 12 h and smaller than 35 μm.

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Poorly soluble drugs have low bioavailability, representing a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Processing drugs into the nanosized range changes their physical properties, and these are being used in pharmaceutics to develop innovative formulations known as Nanocrystals. Use of nanocrystals to overcome the problem of low bioavailability, and their production using different techniques such as microfluidization or high pressure homogenization, was reviewed in this paper. Examples of drugs, cosmetics and nutraceutical ingredients were also discussed. These technologies are well established in the pharmaceutical industry and are approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

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In Brazil the adoption of several models of cattle confinement leads to special conditions for management methods in dairy production, which can be improved by the use of technology that assures better herd management. Indexes relating environmental variables to production are applied for the prediction of milk production. The values of temperature and relative humidity, rain index, solar radiation and pasture soil temperature are generally considered potential stress agents for cows. The objective of this research was to develop an index for predicting milk production for high productivity Jersey milking cows lodged in semi confinement in tropical conditions. The experiment considered two treatments: A - the cows waited for 30 minutes prior to milking in a room with a shower associated to a fan; B - the cows did not have access to this room (control). Other than the waiting period, the cows had access to pasture. Differences in the effect of average production were not statistically significant. The analysis for studying the effect of the variables and designing the model led to a statistical model relating the variables milk production and rain index, as well as the maximum soil temperature of pasture, and milk production.

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This work reports an economic evaluation of the dried banana production from an agroindustry located in Guaraqueçaba - PR State, Brazil. The conventional and the organic banana processings were evaluated by comparing the economic viability pointers. The dried organic banana is exported to the Europe and the dried conventional banana is commercialized in the region of Curitiba - PR. Both processings presented positive economic viability, however the dried organic banana presented better indices (TIR 94%, VPL R$ 486,009.39 and benefit cost relation of 2.11) than the conventional dried banana (TIR 14%, VPL R$ 34,668.00 and benefit cost relation of 1.17). The dried organic banana presented a cost of production of R$ 3.64, being 50.1% relative to the expense with insumos and 27% with labour. The dried conventional banana presented a cost of R$ 3.21, being 45.3% for insumos and 31.2% for labour.

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Livestock facilities, where animals carry their productive cycle, must have as main characteristic, the control of influence over climatic factors on animals. The environment variations can be controlled through the use of different ventilation systems. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of different environment conditioning systems on swine nursery. Three treatments have been tested: natural ventilation, cooled ventilation and forced ventilation. The climatic parameters evaluated were: air temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature. The physiological parameters analyzed were: respiratory frequency and back fat thickness. Number of born alive piglets, average weight at weaning and number of weaned piglets were also evaluated parameters. The use of cooled ventilation systems were able to decreased animal's air temperature and respiratory frequency, and the black globe temperature and humidity index (WBGT) and the radiating thermal load (RTL).

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Brazil is an important poultry meat export country, and large parts of its destination are countries with specific rearing restrictions related to broiler s welfare. One of the aerial pollutants mostly found in high concentrations in closed poultry housing environment is ammonia. There are evidences that broilers welfare may be compromised by the continuous exposition to this pollutant in rearing housing. This research aimed to estimate broilers welfare reared under specific thermal environmental attributes and bird s density, as function of the ammonia concentration and light intensity inside the housing environment using the Fuzzy Theory. Results showed that the best welfare value (0.89 in the scale: 0-1) approximately 90% of the ideal was found in the conditions that associated the ideal thermal environment, with bird s density between 13-15 birds m-2, with values of the ammonia concentration in the environment below 5 ppm, and light intensity near 1 lx. Using the predictive method it was possible to estimate broilers welfare with relation to the ammonia concentration and light intensity in the housing.

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Fresh-cut sliced fruits and vegetables are ready to eat immediately and their sensorial characteristics should be similar to fresh product. Although most of the studies in this area are focused on vegetables, there is a great market potential for fresh-cut sliced fruits, mainly for those which exhibit some commercialization or preparation difficulties such as pineapple. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of 1% and 3% concentrations of calcium salts (chloride, sulphate and lactate) on pH, total soluble solids and firmness values of minimally processed pineapple slices. Two types of indenters and three firmness indexes were investigated aiming to identify the best index. Results showed that calcium sulphate 3% kept average firmness index up to 44.45% higher than the index value of the control. Even though both indenters exhibited similar variability the cylindrical one was able to point out more differences between control and treatments than the cylindrical borer indenter.

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It was proposed to evaluate the hydroponic lettuce production, variety Vera, on inclined benches with channels of 100 mm, and Nutrient Film Technique, as answer to carbon dioxide application and evaporative cooling. There were five cycles of cultivation from March, 20th to April, 17th (C1); from May, 25th to June, 29th (C2); from July, 13th to August, 20th (C3); from August, 27th to October, 10th (C4); from December, 12th to January, 10th (C5). In three greenhouses were tested the following systems: (A1) without evaporative cooling air CO2 aerial injection, (A2) with CO2 aerial injection and without evaporative cooling and (A3) with CO2 aerial injection and pad-fan evaporative cooling system. The fresh and dry mass of leaves in grams, number of leaves and leaf area in square millimeter were evaluated. The completely randomized statistical analysis was used. The cycle C1 were used 48 replications, for cycles C2, C3 and C5 were used 64 replications and C5 were used 24 replications. The results showed that greenhouse with evaporative cooling system and CO2 allow better development and greater lettuce yield. It was possible to conclude that the aerial injection of CO2, in the absence of evaporative cooling system, did not lead increasing the lettuce productivity to most cycles. Bigger lettuce leaf areas were found in periods with higher temperatures.