Prospective study of physical activity and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women

Background: Although many studies support an inverse association between physical activity (PA) and depressive symptoms, prospective relationships between these variables have been confounded by pre-existing psychological and physical health problems. Methods: This study examined the dose-response relationships between self-reported PA and depressive symptoms, using cross-sectional and prospective data from a population-based cohort of middle-aged women who participated in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) between 1996 and 2001. Participants completed three mailed surveys (SI, 1996; S2, 1998; S3, 2001), which included questions about time spent in walking, moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA, and measures of psychological health (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale [CESD-10], and Mental health [MH] subscale of the Short Form 36 survey). Relationships between previous (SI, S2), current (S3), and habitual (S1, S2, S3) PA and depressive symptoms were examined, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related variables (n = 9207). Results: Mean CESD-10 scores decreased, and MH scores increased with increasing levels of previous, current, and habitual activity. Odds ratios for CESD-10 scores >= 10 or MH scores = 60 minutes of moderate-intensity PA per week, compared with those who reported less PA than this. Women who were in the lowest PA category at SI, but who subsequently reported >= 240 metabolic equivalent minutes (MET.mins) per week had lower odds of CESD-10 scores of >= 10 or MH scores

Identifying the energy gap: Magnitude and determinants of 5-year weight gain in midage women

Objective: The aims of this study were to estimate average yearly weight gain in midage women and to identify the determinants of weight gain and gaining weight at double the average rate. Research Methods and Procedures: The study sample comprised 8071 participants (45 to 55 years old) in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health who completed mailed surveys in 1996, 1998, and 2001. Results: On average, the women gained almost 0.5 kg per year [average 2.42 kg (95% confidence interval, 2.29 to 2.54) over 5 years]. In multivariate analyses, variables associated with energy balance (physical activity, sitting time, and energy intake), as well as quitting smoking, menopause/hysterectomy, and baseline BMI category were significantly associated with weight gain, but other behavioral and demographic characteristics were not. After adjustment for all of the other biological and behavioral variables, the odds of gaining weight at about twice the average rate (> 5 kg over 5 years) were highest for women who quit smoking (odds ratio = 2.94; 95% confidence interval, 2.17, 3.96). There were also independent relationships between the odds of gaining > 5 kg and lower levels of habitual physical activity, more time spent sitting, energy intake (but only in women with BMI > 25 at baseline), menopause transition, and hysterectomy. Discussion: The average weight gain equates with an energy imbalance of only about 10 kcal or 40 kJ per day, which suggests that small sustained changes in the modifiable behavioral variables could prevent further weight gain.

Residents' perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods: a pilot study

Physical attributes of local environments may influence walking. We used a modified version of the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale to compare residents' perceptions of the attributes of two neighbourhoods that differed on measures derived from Geographic Information System databases. Residents of the high-walkable neighbourhood rated relevant attributes of residential density, land-use mix (access and diversity) and street connectivity, consistently higher than did residents of the low-walkable neighbourhood. Traffic safety and safety from crime attributes did not differ. Perceived neighbourhood environment characteristics had moderate to high test retest reliabilities. Neighbourhood environment attribute ratings may be used in population surveys and other studies. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The development of a short scale measuring aggressiveness and anger in competitive athletes

Objectives: The study of aggression and anger in competitive sport relies on accurate and economical measurement via observation, interview and questionnaire. Unfortunately, extant questionnaires have been criticised for having poor validity, are not sport specific, or reflect mood states rather than trait qualities. Therefore, a measure of trait anger and aggressiveness in competitive athletes was developed. Method: A list of statements representing aggressiveness and anger was generated and distributed to competitive athletes from diverse sports. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses were used to verify the theoretically predicted factor structure. Correlations with an extant measure of aggression and anger were used to ascertain concurrent validity. Discriminant validity was tested by comparing males with females, and aggressive with non-aggressive footballers. Results: A 12-item scale (Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale, CAAS) consisting of two subscales was derived using principal component factor analysis with oblimin rotation. Confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modelling confirmed the overall structure. Test-retest correlation, construct and discriminant validities were good, supporting the utility of the scale as a measure of athlete trait aggressiveness and anger. Conclusions: The CAAS appears to be a useful measure of athletic anger and aggressiveness. Its brevity and ability to discriminate aggressive from non-aggressive athletes should prove useful for future research concerning aggressive behaviour in competitive athletes. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Data analysis methods in optometry. Part 5: correlation

1. Pearson's correlation coefficient only tests whether the data fit a linear model. With large numbers of observations, quite small values of r become significant and the X variable may only account for a minute proportion of the variance in Y. Hence, the value of r squared should always be calculated and included in a discussion of the significance of r. 2. The use of r assumes that a bivariate normal distribution is present and this assumption should be examined prior to the study. If Pearson's r is not appropriate, then a non-parametric correlation coefficient such as Spearman's rs may be used. 3. A significant correlation should not be interpreted as indicating causation especially in observational studies in which there is a high probability that the two variables are correlated because of their mutual correlations with other variables. 4. In studies of measurement error, there are problems in using r as a test of reliability and the ‘intra-class correlation coefficient’ should be used as an alternative. A correlation test provides only limited information as to the relationship between two variables. Fitting a regression line to the data using the method known as ‘least square’ provides much more information and the methods of regression and their application in optometry will be discussed in the next article.

Does core strength training influence kinetic efficiency, lower extremity stability, and 5000m performance in runners?

Context: Core strength training (CST) has been popular in the fitness industry for a decade. Although strong core muscles are believed to enhance athletic performance, only few scientific studies have been conducted to identify the effectiveness of CST on improving athletic performance. Objective: Identify the effects of a 6-wk CST on running kinetics, lower extremity stability, and running performance in recreational and competitive runners. Design and Setting: A test-retest, randomized control design was used to assess the effect of CST and no CST on ground reaction force (GRF), lower extremity stability scores, and running performance. Participants: Twenty-eight healthy adults (age, 36.9+9.4yrs, height, 168.4+9.6cm, mass, 70.1+15.3kg) were recruited and randomly divided into two groups. Main outcome Measures: GRF was determined by calculating peak impact vertical GRF (vGRF), peak active vGRF, duration of the breaking or horizontal GRF (hGRF), and duration of the propulsive hGRF as measured while running across a force plate. Lower extremity stability in three directions (anterior, posterior, lateral) was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Running performance was determined by 5000 meter run measured on selected outdoor tracks. Six 2 (time) X 2 (condition) mixed-design ANOVA were used to determine if CST influences on each dependent variable, p < .05. Results: No significant interactions were found for any kinetic variables and SEBT score, p>.05. But 5000m run time showed significant interaction, p < .05. SEBT scores improved in both groups, but more in the experimental group. Conclusion: CST did not significantly influence kinetic efficiency and lower extremity stability, but did influence running performance.

A content analysis of food and nutrition television advertisements

Television (TV) reaches more people than any other medium which makes it an important source of health information. Since TV ads often offer information obliquely, this study investigated implied health messages found in food and nutrition TV ads. The goals were to determine the proportion of food and nutrition ads among all TV advertising and to use content analysis to identify their implied messages and health claims. A randomly selected sample of TV ads were collected over a 28-day period beginning May 8, 1987. The sample contained 3547 ads; 725 (20%) were food-related. All were analyzed. About 10% of food-related TV ads contained a health claim. Twenty-five representative ads of the 725 food ads were also reviewed by 10 dietitians to test the reliability of the instrument. Although the dietitians agreed upon whether a health claim existed in a televised food ad, their agreement was poor when evaluating the accuracy of the claim. The number of food-related ads dropped significantly on Saturday, but the number of alcohol ads rose sharply on Saturday and Sunday. Snack ads were shown more often on Thursday, but snack commercials were also numerous on Saturday morning and afternoon, as were cereal ads. Ads for snack foods accounted for the greatest proportion of ads (20%) while fast food accounted for only 7%. Alcohol constituted about 9% of all food and nutrition ads.

Spitzer's contribution to the AGN population

Infrared selection is a potentially powerful way to identify heavily obscured AGNs missed in even the deepest X-ray surveys. Using a 24 μm-selected sample in GOODS-S, we test the reliability and completeness of three infrared AGN selection methods: (1) IRAC color-color selection, (2) IRAC power-law selection, and (3) IR-excess selection; we also evaluate a number of IR-excess approaches. We find that the vast majority of non-power-law IRAC color-selected AGN candidates in GOODS-S have colors consistent with those of star-forming galaxies. Contamination by star-forming galaxies is most prevalent at low 24 μm flux densities (~100 μJy) and high redshifts (z ~ 2), but the fraction of potential contaminants is still high (~50%) at 500 μJy, the highest flux density probed reliably by our survey. AGN candidates selected via a simple, physically motivated power-law criterion ("power-law galaxies," or PLGs), however, appear to be reliable. We confirm that the IR-excess methods successfully identify a number of AGNs, but we also find that such samples may be significantly contaminated by star-forming galaxies. Adding only the secure Spitzer-selected PLG, color-selected, IR-excess, and radio/IR-selected AGN candidates to the deepest X-ray-selected AGN samples directly increases the number of known X-ray AGNs (84) by 54%-77%, and implies an increase to the number of 24 μm-detected AGNs of 71%-94%. Finally, we show that the fraction of MIR sources dominated by an AGN decreases with decreasing MIR flux density, but only down to f_24 μ m = 300 μJy. Below this limit, the AGN fraction levels out, indicating that a nonnegligible fraction (~10%) of faint 24 μm sources (the majority of which are missed in the X-ray) are powered not by star formation, but by the central engine. The fraction of all AGNs (regardless of their MIR properties) exceeds 15% at all 24 μm flux densities.

Estabilidad del espectro de potencia en resting state: un estudio de fiabilidad con Magnetoencefalografía

La sincronización de las oscilaciones cerebrales se produce incluso en ausencia de tarea, por eso, el resting state está aportando interesantes vías de estudio de los procesos normales y patológicos. Dada la creciente necesidad por utilizar las medidas derivadas de las señales MEG en resting state como biomarcadores clínicos o en la evaluación de tratamientos, es necesario garantizar su fiabilidad. En este estudio se ha investigado por primera vez la fiabilidad de la las medidas espectrales derivadas de registros MEG explorando la estabilidad en resting state de la potencia de 10 sujetos sanos en tres sesiones con un intervalo test-retest de 7 días. A partir de las señales MEG de cada sujeto y sesión se calculó el espectro de potencia de 1 a 100Hz en cada sensor, y como medida de fiabilidad se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC). Para explorar cómo afecta la intensidad de la señal a la estabilidad, se registró la señal de la cámara vacía en cada sesión de registro y se calculó la relación señal/ruido (SNR). La potencia espectral en MEG es muy estable en las bandas de frecuencia α, β y θ, y menos estable en δ y γ-2. Con respecto a la distribución de la estabilidad, la señal capturada en la zona frontal del equipo MEG fue la menos estable a través de todas las bandas de frecuencia. La estabilidad mostró cierta tendencia a disminuir conforme disminuye la SNR; este efecto es parcial, ya que los ritmos cerebrales estables mostraron un alto ICC incluso con baja SNR. En conjunto, estos resultados sugieren que las medidas espectrales en resting state con MEG son suficientemente fiables para ser consideradas en futuros estudios longitudinales sobre cambios en la actividad cerebral.

Correlation between anxiety and academic self-concept in interpreter trainees

This paper focuses on two basic issues: the anxiety-generating nature of the interpreting task and the relevance of interpreter trainees’ academic self-concept. The first has already been acknowledged, although not extensively researched, in several papers, and the second has only been mentioned briefly in interpreting literature. This study seeks to examine the relationship between the anxiety and academic self-concept constructs among interpreter trainees. An adapted version of the Foreign Language Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986), the Academic Autoconcept Scale (Schmidt, Messoulam & Molina, 2008) and a background information questionnaire were used to collect data. Students’ t-Test analysis results indicated that female students reported experiencing significantly higher levels of anxiety than male students. No significant gender difference in self-concept levels was found. Correlation analysis results suggested, on the one hand, that younger would-be interpreters suffered from higher anxiety levels and students with higher marks tended to have lower anxiety levels; and, on the other hand, that younger students had lower self-concept levels and higher-ability students held higher self-concept levels. In addition, the results revealed that students with higher anxiety levels tended to have lower self-concept levels. Based on these findings, recommendations for interpreting pedagogy are discussed.

Propriedades Psicométricas do Teste Stroop numa Amostra de Adultos da População Portuguesa: estudo preliminar

Objetivos: O presente estudo insere-se no Projeto - Estudos Normativos de Instrumentos Neuropsicologicos (ENIN) e tem por objetivo analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Teste Stroop, fornecendo dados normativos de uma amostra da População Portuguesa. Métodos: Selecionámos e inquirimos 671 sujeitos. As variáveis independentes estudadas foram idade, sexo, escolaridade e profissão. Foram utilizados vários testes neste estudo, contribuindo para a obtenção de validade convergente: Bateria de Avaliação Frontal-FAB, Figura Complexa de Rey-Osterrieth e Teste do Relógio. Foram estudadas a consistência interna e a estabilidade temporal do Teste Stroop. Resultados: A nossa amostra ficou constituída por 310 sujeitos (46,2%) do sexo masculino e 361 (53,8%) do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 100 anos (M = 41,12; DP = 20,85). No que se refere ao nível de escolaridade (M = 5,71; DP = 1,45), este variou entre o 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e o Ensino Superior. As profissões, exercidas inseriram-se maioritariamente na categoria das profissões intelectuais (N = 281; 84,9%). Relativamente às variáveis sociodemográficas, verificámos que a idade, sexo, escolaridade e profissão influenciam nas provas de Leitura e Nomeação de Cor do Teste Stroop. No que diz respeito à validade convergente, observámos que a prova de Nomeação de Cor apresentou correlações positivas fracas com o FAB, Figura Complexa de Rey-Cópia (FCR-Cópia) e Teste do Relógio, e correlações positivas moderadas com a prova de Leitura. A consistência interna do Teste Stroop apresentou uma elevada confiabilidade (α = 0,99). A correlação teste-reteste apenas se mostrou significativa para a prova de Nomeação de Cor. Conclusão: Este estudo mostra que o Teste Stroop é promissoriamente confiável como instrumento de avaliação neuropsicológica, podendo potencialmente ser utilizado para qualquer faixa etária da população. Em estudos futuros são necessárias amostras com números mais elevados de participantes nas faixas etárias acima dos 30 anos, representativas dos níveis de escolaridade abaixo do 9ºano, a exercerem profissões manuais, e com residência noutras regiões geográficas para além do Centro. / Objectives: The present study is part of the Project - Estudos Normativos de Instrumentos Neuropsicologicos (ENIN) and aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the Stroop test. Methods: We have selected, and we also enquired 671 subjects. The independent variables studied were age, gender, education and profession. Several tests were used in this study for analysis of convergent validity: convergent validity: Frontal Assessment Battery-FAB, Complex Figure Rey-Osterrieth and the clock test. We also studied the internal consistency and the temporal stability of the Stroop test. Results: Our sample was composed of 310 subjects (46.2%) male and 361 (53.8%) females, with ages between 18 and 100 years (M = 41.12; SD = 20.85). The level of schooling (M = 5.71; SD = 1.45) ranged between the 1st cycle and the Higher Education. The professions were mainly intellectual ones (N = 281; 84.9%). On sociodemographic variables, we found that the age, sex, education and profession influenced reading and Color naming of Stroop test. Regarding convergent validity, Color naming showed weak positive correlations with the FAB, Complex Figure Rey-Copy, and the clock test. Color naming moderate positive correlations with the reading. The internal consistency of the Stroop test was high (α = 0.99). The test-retest correlation was significant only for Color naming. Conclusion: This study shows that the Stroop test is promissory reliable instrument of neuropsychological assessment and may potentially be used for any age range of the population. In future research, it is necessary to enroll samples with higher numbers of participants above 30 years, representative of the levels of schooling below the 9º grade, with more manual professions represented, and with residence in other geographic regions in addition to the Center region of Portugal.

Elaboración y validación de una Escala de Apoyo Profesional para cuidadores de pacientes con esquizofrenia

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar y validar una escala para evaluar el apoyo profesional que reciben los cuidadores de pacientes con esquizofrenia. Se conoce bastante acerca de los factores que afectan en la percepción de carga sin haberse explorado si el apoyo profesional que reciben los cuidadores puede también influir. Hasta donde conocemos, no existen instrumentos validados que evalúen esta variable. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, discusión de grupos focales y entrevistas individuales se elaboraron los ítems de la escala y se validó en una muestra de 100 cuidadores. La escala demostró una buena consistencia interna (α de Cronbach = 0,82) y adecuada estabilidad test-retest al cabo de 4 semanas (r = 0,91).

Utilisation du logiciel Copilote Insertion pour l'évaluation des gains en employabilité de sujets ayant participé à un Service d'Intégration Socioprofessionnelle.

La situation du marché de l'emploi a subi ces dernières années, des changements de structure en profondeur. Le résultat est qu'au Québec, le taux réel d'inactivité révèle que près d'un adulte sur quatre est sans emploi. Parmi les personnes les plus touchées par ces changements on retrouve celles qui sont sans formation spécifique, sans diplôme ou bien sans expérience de travail. Pour rendre apte au travail cette mam d'oeuvre inactive, le Ministère de l'éducation a mis sur pied au milieu des années 90, une mesure d'aide à l'insertion appelée Services d'Intégration Socioprofessionnelle ou S.I.S. Dans le présent essai, nous avons cherché à évaluer le développement de l'employabilité de participants aux S.I.S. Selon les objectifs visés par le Service, on suppose que chaque personne aura acquis certaines attitudes et aptitudes au travail, susceptible de l'aider à retrouver du travail et de le conserver. Nous avons utilisé la structure de recherche test-retest sur le même échantillon. En effet, chaque participant s'est vu administrer le même questionnaire, au début et à la fin des S.I.S. Nous avons ainsi pu suivre l'évolution des facteurs en causes dans une insertion professionnelle. À cela s'ajoutent des données recueillies dans un journal de bord par l'évaluateur/animateur. Celles-ci sont reprises pour donner un sens dans l'analyse des résultats. La mesure utilisée est le questionnaire informatisé Copilote Insertion version 2.20. Celui-ci fut administré une première fois, à seize personnes présentes en amorce des S.LS. Pour la mesure post, nous avions plus que 8 personnes toujours disponibles et respectant le devis de recherche. Pour ces sujets, nous avons comparé chacun des vingt facteurs de Copilote, ainsi que l'évolution des stratégies d'insertion. Pour chacun d'eux, nous avons pu déterminer lesquels des facteurs d'employabilité évalué par le logiciel, démontraient une progression. Il a été démontré que l'ensemble des participants s'accordait beaucoup de difficulté à surmonter l'image de dépendance et d'incapacité, intériorisé avec l'expérience du chômage. Comme quoi, cette clientèle a à faire face à un certain nombre de deuil non résolu. À ce niveau, la structure des S.I.S semble permettre ce nécessaire recadrage de l'expérience chômage. Nous avons aussi observé que la composition du groupe n'a pas été réalisée en respectant le développement de l'employabilité de chacun des participants. Par conséquent, les plus enthousiasmes ont eu à subir l'inconfort de devoir faire face aux discours démotivant des personnes non-prêtes à s'insérer en emploi. La difficulté de sélectionner des personnes dont les besoins en matière de développement de l'employabilité ne seraient pas homogènes pourrait être surmontée si des activités individuelles personnalisées, sont présentées en alternance avec le travail de groupe. Autre constat réalisé est que malgré le temps passé à l'intérieur des SIS, des participants s'accordent plus de difficultés à la fin qu'au début, pour des facteurs d'employabilités. C'est le cas des facteurs du thème Communication de Copilote. La difficulté de mettre en branle une campagne visant la mise en marché de son potentiel de travail, cela vient confirmer que le participant, bien qu'il ait réalisé un bout du trajet le séparant du monde du travail, qu'il n'est pas parvenu à destination.

Fiabilidad y validez de la versión mexicana del cuestionario Pro Children Project

Objetivo: Determinar la fiabilidad test-retest, la consistencia interna y la validez predictiva de los constructos de la versión mexicana del cuestionario Pro Children Project (PCHP), que evalúa factores psicosociales personales y ambientales asociados a el consumo de fruta y verdura en niños escolares de 10 a12 años. Métodos: Diseño test-retest con un intervalo de 14 días. Una muestra de 957 niños de ocho escuelas primarias completaron el cuestionario de 82 ítems en el 2012 en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. Resultados: La confiabilidad test-retest fue moderada (coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) > 0,60) en todos los constructos de fruta y de verdura en un rango de 0,60 a 0,68. El promedio de valores Alfa de Cronbach fueron de bajos a altos (rango: 0,54 a 0,92), comparables al estudio original. La validez predictiva fue de moderada a buena en un rango de correlaciones de Spearman de 0,23 a 0,60 en factores personales y de 0,14 a 0,40 en factores ambientales. Conclusión: Los resultados demuestran una fiabilidad y validez suficiente de la versión mexicana del cuestionario PCHP para la evaluación global de factores psicosociales personales y ambientales asociados a el consumo de fruta y verdura en niños escolares de 10 a 12 años. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones para la aplicación de este instrumento en contextos escolares y las pautas a seguir para futuras investigaciones.

Elaboración y validación de una Escala de Apoyo Profesional para cuidadores de pacientes con esquizofrenia

Introducción: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar y validar una escala para evaluar el apoyo profesional que reciben los cuidadores de pacientes con esquizofrenia. Se conoce bastante acerca de los factores que afectan en la percepción de carga sin haberse explorado si el apoyo profesional que reciben los cuidadores puede también influir. Hasta donde conocemos, no existen instrumentos validados que evalúen esta variable. Material y método: A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, discusión de grupos focales y entrevistas individuales se elaboraron los ítems de la escala y se validó en una muestra de 100 cuidadores. Resultados: La escala demostró una buena consistencia interna (α de Cronbach = 0,82) y adecuada estabilidad test-retest al cabo de 4 semanas (r = 0,91). Conclusiones: La Escala de Apoyo Profesional (EAP-C) es adecuada para evaluar el grado de apoyo profesional que perciben los cuidadores. Además, puede ser útil en la evaluación de la calidad asistencial que reciben los cuidadores de pacientes esquizofrénicos.