Stable eusociality via maternal manipulation when resistance is costless.

In many eusocial species, queens use pheromones to influence offspring to express worker phenotypes. Although evidence suggests that queen pheromones are honest signals of the queen's reproductive health, here I show that queen's honest signalling can result from ancestral maternal manipulation. I develop a mathematical model to study the coevolution of maternal manipulation, offspring resistance to manipulation and maternal resource allocation. I assume that (i) maternal manipulation causes offspring to be workers against offspring's interests; (ii) offspring can resist at no direct cost, as is thought to be the case with pheromonal manipulation; and (iii) the mother chooses how much resource to allocate to fertility and maternal care. In the coevolution of these traits, I find that maternal care decreases, thereby increasing the benefit that offspring obtain from help, which in the long run eliminates selection for resistance. Consequently, ancestral maternal manipulation yields stable eusociality despite costless resistance. Additionally, ancestral manipulation in the long run becomes honest signalling that induces offspring to help. These results indicate that both eusociality and its commonly associated queen honest signalling can be likely to originate from ancestral manipulation.

Cost-effectiveness of Tenofovir / Emtricitabine / Efavirenz versus Zidovudine / Lamivudine / Efavirenz as fist-line regimens for the treatment of HIV-infected patients in low-income settings

The Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is the combination of at least three antiretroviral compounds. The combination purpose is to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. However in the long-term the resistance to the first-line combination occurs and leads to treatment failure. Thus, a second-line and even a third-line regimen are recommended in the long run. [...] [P. 5] The two treatment alternatives under comparison: Tenofovir (300 mg) CO-formulated with Emtricitabine (200 mg) and Efavirenz (600 mg) currently known under the brand name Atripla (R) was introduced in July 2006 in the United States market. The excellent safety profile and ease of use make this combination a perfect first-line regimen in low-income settings. Therefore, this treatment option was recommended in WHO 2006 reviewed guidelines. Unfortunately, Tenofovir and Emtricitabine compounds are still costly and not yet widely available. For a matter of simplification this regimen is referred in this report as "the recent" therapy. Initially, we had in mind to consider the most frequently used first-line regimen in low-income countries (Stavudine / Larnivudme / Nevirapine) as a comparator for this economic evaluation. Unfortunately, according to the literature review results (see Annex 3); there was no data available comparing head to head the effectiveness of this regimen with the recent one. Instead, we selected a less frequently but commonly used first-line regimen in low-income countries as a comparator: Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Efavirenz. This combination has extensive experience in durability, safety and toxicity and seems to be an optimal choice for a first-line regimen according to the clinical trial group 384 team. Furthermore, Zidovudine, one of the compounds of this combination is now recommended as one of the preferred NNRTI [Non Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors] options to be considered by countries instead of Stavudine (the most used NNRTI in limited-income countries). As this combination has been included in the WHO guidelines as a first-line therapy since 2003 when WHO launched the "3 by 5" scaling-up initiative, this combination of drugs is referred in this report as the "old" therapy. Objectives: The primary objective of this economic evaluation is to compare the two first-line HAARTs introduced above, in a low-income setting context. Both of these combinations are recommended by the 2006 WHO guidelines as potential first-line regimens. The secondary objective is to provide a simplified and comprehensible cost-effectiveness modeling tool in order to help policy makers, in resource-limited settings, make decisions about which first-line HAART to fund using the scarce resources available. [P. 6-7]

A missing spatial link in institutional quality

History tells that institutions evolve gradually over time, pushing new ideas across borders and cultures. Globalisation is argued to accelerate this process. We examine the spatial links of different political institutions across borders. Applying various tests for spatial proximity, we do not find evidence of contemporaneous spatial links. This result is robust to various measures of distance and of cultural proximity across countries. Instead, when we analyse long run dynamics diffusion of institutions seems to occur only gradually.

Technology Catching-up and the Role of Institutions

The aim of the paper is to investigate the role played by differences in Institutional Quality on the process of technology catch-up across countries. Empirical evidence shows how countries endowed with better institutions are those experiencing higher TFP growth rates, faster rates of technology adoption and hence being those more rapidly closing the gap with the frontier. Conversely, countries lacking some minimum institutional level are shown to diverge in the long run and not to catch-up. Some institutions, however, play an ambiguous role in the creation and adoption of technology. We find that the tightening of Intellectual Property Rights reduces the ability of followers to freely imitate technology slowing down their catchup rate. This negative effect is stronger the farther the countriesare found from the frontier. Other institutional categories such as openness to trade, instead, benefit both leaders and followers.

Human Capital Composition and Economic Growth at a Regional Level

With this paper we build a two-region model where both innovation and imitation are performed. In particular imitation takes the form of technological spillovers that lagging regions may exploit given certain human capital conditions. We show how the high skill content of each region’s workforce (rather than the average human capital stock) is crucial to determine convergence towards the income level of the leader region and to exploit the technological spillovers coming from the frontier. The same applies to bureaucratic/institutional quality which are conductive to higher growth in the long run. We test successfully our theoretical result over Spanish regions for the period between 1960 and 1997. We exploit system GMM estimators which allow us to correctly deal with endogeneity problems and small sample bias.

Appropriate IPRs, Human Capital Composition and Economic Growth

We generalize a standard technology diffusion model by allowing for IPRs regimes to be endogenously defined by the development level of each country. Also we insert differences in the composition of human capital between North (leader) and South (followers) which shape the relative costs of innovation and imitation. Results show how an optimal growth trajectory is found for the follower country which initially imitates and that, once a "threshold development stage" is reached, optimally switches to innovation by fully enforcing IPRs achieving a higher proximity with the technology frontier in the long-run. Other scenarios, such as a premature increase in the enforcement of IPRs or a switch from imitation to innovation at early stages of development of the followers are found to be sub-optimal.

A influência da Química nos saberes médicos acadêmicos e práticos do século XVIII em Portugal e no Brasil

At the dawn of the eighteenth century chemistry was establishing itself as a physical science on its own right, after a long ancillary relationship with medicine and pharmacy, which had began two centuries before. This association, and the many changes that came along the scientific revolution spread into many walks of life. The Luso-Brazilian world, apparently so removed from the new developments, could not help to be touched by them, as this study shows, in which two contemporary medical authors are analysed. Both were Portuguese who had long lived in Brazil; both practised and wrote extensively on Medicine; both felt the influence of the new times, albeit in quite different ways.

Kansainväliset yrityskaupat ja osakkeenomistajan hyvinvointi lyhyellä sekä pitkällä aikavälillä: Empiirinen tutkimus Suomen osakemarkkinoilta.

Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää luovatko kansainväliset yrityskaupat lisäarvoa osakkeenomistajille lyhyellä ja pitkällä aikavälillä. Lisäksi tarkastellaan onnistuneen kansainvälisen yrityskaupan taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä niin ostajan, kohdeyrityksen, markkina-alueen kuin yhdentymisprosessinkin näkökulmista. Tutkimusmenetelmänä lyhyen aikavälin lisäarvon mittaamisessa käytetään tapahtumatutkimusta ja pitkän aikavälin lisäarvon mittaamisessa buy and hold -menetelmää. Tutkimusaineiston muodostavat suomalaisten yritysten toteuttamat kansainväliset yrityskaupat vuosina 1993–2002. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan yritysjoukkoa, jossa yrityskaupat ovat suuntautuneet Suomen bruttokansantuotteen kannalta tärkeimpiin vientimaihin. Empiiristen tulosten perusteella kansainväliset yrityskaupat luovat osakkeenomistajille lisäarvoa lyhyellä aikavälillä, mutta pitkällä aikavälillä kansainväliset yrityskaupat vaikuttavat negatiivisesti osakkeenomistajien hyvinvointiin.

Mekaanisen kunnossapidon palvelutuotekehitys

Teollisuuden kunnossapitoa on Suomessa perinteisesti hoidettu tehtaiden omien kunnossapito-organisaatioiden toimesta. Globaalin kilpailutilanteen vuoksi tehtaat ovat pyrkineet vähentämään kustannuksiaan vastatakseen kilpailuun. Kunnossapidon osalta tämä on tarkoittanut muun muassa tehtaiden omien kunnossapito-organisaatioiden pienentämistä ja samalla tehtaiden ulkopuolisen työvoiman käytön lisäämistä. Kilpailu kunnossapitotöistä alihankkijoiden kesken on kiivasta. Perinteisellä tuntiperusteisella laskutusmenetelmällä toimittaessa erottautuminen kilpailijoista muulla, kuin hinnalla, on monesti vaikeaa. Lisäksi kiivas hintakilpailu ei ole pitkällä aikavälillä asiakkaidenkaan etu, sillä osa toimittajista voi kaatua jättäen suuremman markkinaosuuden ja täten suuremman neuvotteluvallan pienemmälle ryhmälle. Kunnossapitotöiden organisoimisessa päästään parempaan tulokseen tuotteistamalla kunnossapitopalveluja palvelupaketeiksi. Palvelupaketti sisältää ennalta sovitun palvelukokonaisuuden ennalta sovittuun hintaa sopimusajaksi.

Another Look at the Null of Stationary Real Exchange Rates: Panel Data with Structural Breaks and Cross-section Dependence

This paper re-examines the null of stationary of real exchange rate for a panel of seventeen OECD developed countries during the post-Bretton Woods era. Our analysis simultaneously considers both the presence of cross-section dependence and multiple structural breaks that have not received much attention in previous panel methods of long-run PPP. Empirical results indicate that there is little evidence in favor of PPP hypothesis when the analysis does not account for structural breaks. This conclusion is reversed when structural breaks are considered in computation of the panel statistics. We also compute point estimates of half-life separately for idiosyncratic and common factor components and find that it is always below one year.

Selecting Scientific Papers for Publication via Citation Auctions

The scientific community has been suffering from peer review for decades. This process (also called refereeing) subjects an author's scientific work or ideas to the scrutiny of one or more experts in the field. Publishers use it to select and screen manuscript submissions, and funding agencies use it to award research funds. The goal is to get authors to meet their discipline's standards and thus achieve scientific objectivity. Publications and awards that haven't undergone peer review are often regarded with suspicion by scholars and professionals in many fields. However, peer review, although universally used, has many drawbacks. We propose replacing peer review with an auction-based approach: the better the submitted paper, the more scientific currency the author likely bid to have it published. If the bid correctly reflects the paper's quality, the author is rewarded in this new scientific currency; otherwise, the author loses this currency. We argue that citations are an appropriate currency for all scientists. We believe that citation auctions encourage scientists to better control their submissions' quality. It also inspire them to prepare more exciting talks for accepted papers and to invite discussion of their results at congresses and conferences and among their colleagues. In the long run, citation auctions could have the power to greatly improve scientific research

Yritysjärjestelyiden vaikutus lyhyen aikavälin osaketuottoihin ja pitkän aikavälin kannattavuuteen Suomen markkinoilla

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää yritysjärjestelyiden vaikutuksia Suomen markkinoilla, sekä tutkia onko yritysjärjestelyiden eroavaisuuksilla vaikutusta menestymiseen. Yritysjärjestelyt ryhmitellään maksutavan, koon, kansainvälisyyden ja markkina-arvo/kirja-arvon perusteella. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu 31 yritysjärjestelystä, joissa ainakin toinen osapuoli on ilmoitushetkellä ollut listattuna Helsingin pörssiin. Tutkimukseen valitut yritysjärjestelyt ovat tapahtuneet vuosien 1999-2007 välillä. Tutkimus suoritetaan kahdella eri menetelmällä: markkinaperusteisia tuottoja ja yritysten taloudellista informaatiota analysoimalla. Markkinaperusteisia tuottoja tutkitaan epänormaaleiden tuottojen avulla. Taloudelliseen informaatioon perustuvaa kannattavuutta tutkitaan kassavirran ja operatiivisen tuloksen avulla, jotka suhteutetaan yritysten markkina-arvoon ja liikevaihtoon. Empiiristen tulosten mukaan yritysjärjestelyt tuottavat ostettavan yrityksen osakkeenomistajille epänormaaleita tuottoja ja ostavan yrityksen osakkeenomistajille nollatuottoja. Tulokset ovat samankaltaisia kuin kansainvälisellä aineistolla aiemmin saadut. Taloudelliseen informaatioon perustuvat tulokset ovat ristiriitaisia mutta niistä on havaittavissa heikohko menestyminen yhdistymisen jälkeen.

Esimiestyöllä työn imua

Yritys edistää menestymistään oikeanlaisen johtamisen sekä työn imua omaavan henkilöstön kautta. Johtajuus käsittää asioiden- ja henkilöiden johtamisen sekä valmentamisen. Tutkimus etenee johtamisen teemasta valmentamisen ja motivaation kautta työn imun kokemuksiin. Henkilöjohtaminen tarkoittaa lähes kokonaan esimiehen käyttäytymistä, mikä on koko ajan tarkkailun alla, halusi hän sitä tai ei. Leader -johtaja tekee organisaatiossa muutosta. Valmentaminen on erinomainen tapa päästä lähelle työntekijöitä ja aikaansaada oikeansuuntaista ja haluttua kehitystä. Valmentamisen yksi tärkeimmistä työkaluista on avoimet kysymykset, joiden avulla esimies pystyy auttamaan valmennettavaa löytämään omat vahvuutensa, kehittämiskohteensa sekä motivaationlähteensä. Työn imu on yksi työhyvinvoinnin käsitteistä. Työn imulla tarkoitetaan myönteistä tunne- ja motivaatiotäyttymyksen tilaa, jota luonnehtivat tarmokkuus (vigor), omistautuminen (dedication) ja uppoutuminen (absorption). Se on pitkäkestoinen ja kaikkialle levittyvä tila, joka ei kohdistu mihinkään yhteen tiettyyn asiaan, tapahtumaan, yksilöön tai käyttäytymiseen.

Innovations of ageing and societal transition : Dynamics of change of the socio-technical regime of ageing

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the dynamics of the socio-technical system in the field of ageing. The study stems from the notion that the ageing of the population as a powerful megatrend has wide societal effects, and is not just a matter for the social and health sector. The central topic in the study is change: not only the age structures and structures of society are changing, but also at the same time there is constant development, for instance, in technologies, infrastructures and cultural perceptions. The changing concept of innovation has widened the understanding of innovations related to ageing from medical and assistive technological innovations to service and social innovations, as well as systemic innovations at different levels, which means the intertwined and co-evolutionary change in technologies, structures, services and thinking models. By the same token, the perceptions of older people and old age are becoming more multi-faceted: old age is no longer equated to illnesses and decline, but visions of active ageing and a third age have emerged, which are framed by choices, opportunities, resources and consumption in later life. The research task in this study is to open up the processes and mechanisms of change in the field of ageing, which are studied as a complex, multi-level and interrelated socio-technical system. The question is about co-effective elements consisting of macro-level landscape changes, the existing socio-technical regime (the rule system, practices and structures) and bottom-up niche-innovations. Societal transitions do not account for the things inside the regime alone, or for the long-term changes in the landscape, nor for the radical innovations, but for the interplay between all these levels. The research problem is studied through five research articles, which offer micro-level case studies to macro-level phenomenon. Each of the articles focus on different aspects related to ageing and change, and utilise various datasets. The framework of this study leans on the studies of socio-technical systems and multi-level perspective on transitions mainly developed by Frank Geels. Essential factors in transition from one socio-technological regime to another are the co-evolutionary processes between landscape changes, regime level and experimental niches. Landscape level changes, like the ageing of the population, destabilise the regime in the forms of coming pressures. This destabilization offers windows for opportunity to niche-innovations outside or at fringe of the regime, which, through their breakthrough, accelerate the transition process. However, the change is not easy because of various kinds of lock-ins and inertia, which tend to maintain the stability of the regime. In this dissertation, a constructionist approach of society is applied leaning mainly to the ideas of Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration, with the dual nature of structures. The change is taking place in the interplay between actors and structures: structures shape people’s practices, but at the same time these practices constitute and reproduce social systems. Technology and other material aspects, as part of socio-technical systems, and the use of them, also take part in the structuration process. The findings of the study point out that co-evolutionary and co-effective relationships between economic, cultural, technological and institutional fields, as well as relationships between landscape changes, changes in the local and regime-level practices and rule systems, are a very complex and multi-level dynamic socio-technical phenomenon. At the landscape level of ageing, which creates the pressures and triggers to the regime change, there are three remarkable megatrends: demographic change, changes in the global economy and the development of technologies. These exert pressures to the socio-technical regime, which as a rule system is experiencing changes in the form of new markets and consumer habits, new ways of perceiving ageing, new models of organising the health care and other services and as new ways of considering innovation and innovativeness. There are also inner dynamics in the relationships between these aspects within the regime. These are interrelated and coconstructed: the prevailing perceptions of ageing and innovation, for instance, reflect the ageing policies, innovation policies, societal structures, organising models, technology and scientific discussion, and vice versa. Technology is part of the inner dynamics of the sociotechnological regime. Physical properties of the artefacts set limitations and opportunities with regard to their functions and uses. The use of and discussion about technology, contributes producing and reproducing the perceptions of old age. For societal transition, micro-level changes are also needed, in form of niche-innovations, for instance new services, organisational models or new technologies, Regimes, as stabilitystriven systems, tend to generate incremental innovations, but radically new innovations are generated in experimental niches protected from ‘normal’ market selection. The windows of opportunity for radical novelties may be opened if the circumstances are favourable for instance by tensions in the socio-technical regime affected by landscape level changes. This dissertation indicates that a change is taking place, firstly, in the dynamic interactionbetween levels, as a result of purposive action and governance to some extent. Breaking the inertia and using the window of opportunity for change and innovation offered by dynamics between levels, presupposes the actors’ special capabilities and actions such as dynamic capabilities and distance management. Secondly, the change is taking place the socio-technological negotiations inside the regime: interaction between technological and social, which is embodied in the use of technology. The use of technology includes small-level contextual scripts that also participate in forming broader societal scripts (for instance defining old age at the society level), which in their turn affect the formation of policies for innovation and ageing. Thirdly, the change is taking place by the means of active formation of the multi-actor innovation networks, where the role of distance management is crucial to facilitate the communication between actors coming from different backgrounds as well as to help the niches born outside the regime to utilise the window of opportunity offered by regime destabilisation. This dissertation has both theoretical and practical contributions. This study participates in the discussion of action-oriented view on transition by opening up of the socio-technological, coevolutionary processes of the multi-faceted phenomenon of ageing, which has lacked systematic analyses. The focus of this study, however, is not on the large-scale coordination and governance, but rather on opening up the incremental elements and structuration processes, which contribute to the transition little by little, and which can be affected to. This increases the practical importance of this dissertation, by highlighting the importance of very tiny, everyday elements in the change processes in the long run.

Complexity Optimization in Product Development with Modularization

A company’s competence to manage its product portfolio complexity is becoming critically important in the rapidly changing business environment. The continuous evolvement of customer needs, the competitive market environment and internal product development lead to increasing complexity in product portfolios. The companies that manage the complexity in product development are more profitable in the long run. The complexity derives from product development and management processes where the new product variant development is not managed efficiently. Complexity is managed with modularization which is a method that divides the product structure into modules. In modularization, it is essential to take into account the trade-off between the perceived customer value and the module or component commonality across the products. Another goal is to enable the product configuration to be more flexible. The benefits are achieved through optimizing complexity in module offering and deriving the new product variants more flexibly and accurately. The developed modularization process includes the process steps for preparation, mapping the current situation, the creation of a modular strategy and implementing the strategy. Also the organization and support systems have to be adapted to follow-up targets and to execute modularization in practice.