Comparison of two experimental models of pulmonary hypertension

Objective: To compare two models of pulmonary hypertension (monocrotaline and monocrotaline+pneumonectomy) regarding hemodynamic severity, structure of pulmonary arteries, inflammatory markers (IL-1 and PDGF), and 45-day survival. Methods: We used 80 Sprague-Dawley rats in two study protocols: structural analysis; and survival analysis. The rats were divided into four groups: control; monocrotaline (M), pneumonectomy (P), and monocrotaline+pneumonectomy (M+P). In the structural analysis protocol, 40 rats (10/group) were catheterized for the determination of hemodynamic variables, followed by euthanasia for the removal of heart and lung tissue. The right ventricle (RV) was dissected from the interventricular septum (IS), and the ratio between RV weight and the weight of the left ventricle (LV) plus IS (RV/LV+IS) was taken as the index of RV hypertrophy. In lung tissues, we performed histological analyses, as well as using ELISA to determine IL-1 and PDGF levels. In the survival protocol, 40 animals (10/group) were followed for 45 days. Results: The M and M+P rats developed pulmonary hypertension, whereas the control and P rats did not. The RV/LV+IS ratio was significantly higher in M+P rats than in M rats, as well as being significantly higher in M and M+P rats than in control and P rats. There were no significant differences between the M and M+P rats regarding the area of the medial layer of the pulmonary arteries; IL-1 and PDGF levels; or survival. Conclusions: On the basis of our results, we cannot conclude that the monocrotaline+pneumonectomy model is superior to the monocrotaline model.

Trypanosoma cruzi invades host cells through the activation of endothelin and bradykinin receptors: a converging pathway leading to chagasic vasculopathy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Independent studies in experimental models of Trypanosoma cruzi appointed different roles for endothelin-1 (ET-1) and bradykinin (BK) in the immunopathogenesis of Chagas disease. Here, we addressed the hypothesis that pathogenic outcome is influenced by functional interplay between endothelin receptors (ETAR and ETBR) and bradykinin B2 receptors (B2R). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Intravital microscopy was used to determine whether ETR/B2R drives the accumulation of rhodamine-labelled leucocytes in the hamster cheek pouch (HCP). Inflammatory oedema was measured in the infected BALB/c paw of mice. Parasite invasion was assessed in CHO over-expressing ETRs, mouse cardiomyocytes, endothelium (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) or smooth muscle cells (HSMCs), in the presence/absence of antagonists of B2R (HOE-140), ETAR (BQ-123) and ETBR (BQ-788), specific IgG antibodies to each GPCRs; cholesterol or calcium-depleting drugs. RNA interference (ETAR or ETBR genes) in parasite infectivity was investigated in HSMCs. KEY RESULTS BQ-123, BQ-788 and HOE-140 reduced leucocyte accumulation in HCP topically exposed to trypomastigotes and blocked inflammatory oedema in infected mice. Acting synergistically, ETAR and ETBR antagonists reduced parasite invasion of HSMCs to the same extent as HOE-140. Exogenous ET-1 potentiated T. cruzi uptake by HSMCs via ETRs/B2R, whereas RNA interference of ETAR and ETBR genes conversely reduced parasite internalization. ETRs/B2R-driven infection in HSMCs was reduced in HSMC pretreated with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, a cholesterol-depleting drug, or in thapsigargin-or verapamil-treated target cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that plasma leakage, a neutrophil-driven inflammatory response evoked by trypomastigotes via the kinin/endothelin pathways, may offer a window of opportunity for enhanced parasite invasion of cardiovascular cells.

Genomic and non genomic effects of elevated concentration of anabolic steroids in human neuronal cells

Nandrolone and other anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) at elevated concentration can alter the expression and function of neurotransmitter systems and contribute to neuronal cell death. This effect can explain the behavioural changes, drug dependence and neuro degeneration observed in steroid abuser. Nandrolone treatment (10-8M–10-5M) caused a time- and concentration-dependent downregulation of mu opioid receptor (MOPr) transcripts in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. This effect was prevented by the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist hydroxyflutamide. Receptor binding assays confirmed a decrease in MOPr of approximately 40% in nandrolonetreated cells. Treatment with actinomycin D (10-5M), a transcription inhibitor, revealed that nandrolone may regulate MOPr mRNA stability. In SH-SY5Y cells transfected with a human MOPr luciferase promoter/reporter construct, nandrolone did not alter the rate of gene transcription. These results suggest that nandrolone may regulate MOPr expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms requiring the AR. Cito-toxicity assays demonstrated a time- and concentration dependent decrease of cells viability in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to steroids (10-6M–10-4M). This toxic effects is independent of activation of AR and sigma-2 receptor. An increased of caspase-3 activity was observed in cells treated with Nandrolone 10-6M for 48h. Collectively, these data support the existence of two cellular mechanisms that might explain the neurological syndromes observed in steroids abuser.

Selezione e processazione di cellule Natural Killer da donatore aploidentico "KIR-ligand" incompatibile per l'immunoterapia adottiva di pazienti con Leucemia Acuta Mieloblastica ad alto rischio

The effector function of natural killer (NK) cells is regulated by activating and inhibitory receptors, termed killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). In haploidentical T-cell depleted transplantation the donor/recipient KIR mismatch significantly impacts on NK-mediated tumor cell killing, particularly in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Thirty-four high risk AML patients entered a phase I-II study of adoptive NK-cell based immunotherapy and were screened for the availability of one haploidentical KIR ligand mismatched donor. Thirteen of them resulted as having one suitable donor. NK cells were enriched from steady-state leukaphereses by using a double-step immunomagnetic separation system, consisting in depletion of CD3+ T cells followed by positive selection of CD56+ NK cells. CD56+ cells were enriched from 7,70% (1,26-11,70) to 93,50% (66,41-99,20) (median recovery 53,05% (30,97-72,85), median T-depletion 3,03 log (2,15-4,52) viability >92%) and their citotoxic activity was inalterate. All patients (4 progressions, 1 partial remission and 8 complete remissions) received NK cell infusion which was preceeded by immunosuppressive chemotherapy (fludarabine and cyclophosphamide) and followed by interleukin 2 injections. The median number of reinfused NK cells was 2,74x10(e)6/kg(1,11-5,00) and contamining CD3+ T cells were always less than 1x10(e)5/kg. The procedure was well-tolerated and no significant toxicity, including GvHD, related to NK cell infusion was observed. The donor NK cells were demonstrated in 5/10 patients. Among the 8 patients in complete remission 5 patients are stable after 18, 15, 4, 2 months of follow-up. Three other patients relapsed after 2 and 7 months. The patient in partial remission obtained a complete remission, which lasted for 6 months. The 4 patients with active/progressive disease showed the persistence of disease. This clinical observation may be correlated with in vitro studies, indicating that AML cells are capable to induce NK cell apoptosis in a dose-depend manner. In summery, a two-step enrichment of CD56+ NK cells allows the collection of a suitable number of target cells to be used as adoptive immunotherapy in AML patients. Infusion of NK cells is feasible and safe and adoptively transferred NK cells can be detected after infusion.

Studien zur physiologischen Funktion löslicher Zytokinrezeptoren und zur Wirkungsweise viral kodierter Zytokine

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) aktiviert Zielzellen durch Bindung an den Interleukin-6-Rezeptor (IL-6R) und anschließende Homodimerisierung von gp130. IL-6 alleine kann nur Zellen aktivieren, die IL-6R exprimieren, der Komplex aus IL-6 und löslichem IL-6R (sIL-6R) kann gp130 auf Zellen aktivieren, die keinen IL-6R exprimieren. Von gp130 gibt es eine lösliche Form (sgp130), die in Komplexen mit sIL-6R und IL-6 vorliegen kann.Es wurden rekombinante Versionen von sgp130 konstruiert, exprimiert und aufgereinigt. Die sgp130 Proteine inhibieren die sIL-6R-abhängige Stimulation von Zellen, nicht jedoch über membrangebundenen IL-6R vermittelte IL-6-Aktivitäten. sgp130 inhibiert also selektiv sIL-6R-abhängige Antworten und hat keinen Einfluß auf IL-6-Antworten über membrangebundenen IL-6R.Das Genom von Humanem Herpesvirus-8 kodiert für ein virales IL-6 (vIL-6). Um zu klären, ob vIL-6 direkt an IL-6R oder gp130 bindet, wurden Immunpräzipitationen mit radioaktiv markiertem vIL-6 durchgeführt. Dabei zeigte vIL-6 eine direkte Interaktion mit gp130, nicht jedoch mit IL-6R.Die biologische Aktivität von vIL-6 ist IL-6R-unabhängig. Es gibt keinen Unterschied in der Effektivität von vIL-6 bei der Stimulation von Zellen die nur gp130 oder gp130 und IL-6R exprimieren. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren, daß vIL-6 das erste bekannte Zytokin ist, welches direkt gp130 binden und aktivieren kann.

Molekulare Mechanismen der Kontrolle von T-Helferzellen durch natürlich vorkommende CD4 +CD25 + regulatorische T-Zellen

CD4+CD25+ regulatorische T-Zellen (CD4+CD25+ Tregs) sind in der Lage die Proliferation und Cytokin-Produktion konventioneller T-Zellen zu supprimieren. Obwohl ein entscheidender Mechanismus dieses Prozesses die Inhibition der Interleukin-2 Produktion ist, sind die beteiligten Moleküle weitestgehend unbekannt. Interessanterweise entwickeln NFATc2-, NFATc3-doppeldefiziente Mäuse (DKO Mäuse) schwerste Autoimmunerkrankungen, so dass im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Rolle der Transkriptionsfaktoren NFATc2 und NFATc3 bei der Entstehung von CD4+CD25+ Tregs und der CD4+CD25+ Treg-vermittelten Suppression konventioneller T-Zellen untersucht wurde. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass zwar die Gesamtheit der peripheren CD4+CD25+ T-Zellen keinerlei suppressives Potential besitzt, eine Subpopulation dieser Zellpopulation, die sehr stark CD25 und GITR exprimiert (CD4+CD25++GITR++ T-Zellen), jedoch in der Lage ist kokultivierte konventionelle CD4+ T-Zellen in ihren Effektorfunktionen zu inhibieren. Allerdings ließen sich die konventionellen CD4+ T-Zellen aus DKO Mäusen nicht von CD4+CD25+ Tregs in ihrer Proliferation und Zytokinproduktion inhibieren. Es kann also abschließend gesagt werden, dass das Fehlen der Transkriptionsfaktoren NFATc2 und NFATc3 die Entstehung und Funktion von CD4+CD25+ Tregs nicht beeinflusst, jedoch konventionelle CD4+ T-Zellen resistent gegen eine CD4+CD25+ Treg-vermittelte Suppression werden lässt.

Evaluation eines humanisierten Mausmodells der allergischen Atemwegsentzündung

Aus der zunehmenden Prävalenz allergischer Erkrankungen vor allem in den Industrienationen ergibt sich ein erhöhter Bedarf an Grundlagenforschung im Bereich von Allergie und Asthma sowie der Entwicklung innovativer Therapiestrategien. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden die immundefizienten Mausstämme NOD-Scid und NOD-Scid gc als vielversprechender translationaler Schritt zwischen dem reinen Tiermodell und der Erprobung neuer Therapieansätze an Probanden in klinischen Studien beleuchtet. Im experimentellen Verlauf der Arbeit wurde ein humanisiertes Mausmodell der allergischen Atemwegsentzündung zunächst in immundefizienten NOD-Scid und darauffolgend in NOD-Scid gc Mäusen etabliert. Diese Mausstämme zeichnen sich durch das Nichtvorhandensein von B- und T-Zellen aus. Im NOD-Scid gc Stamm resultiert aus einer zusätzlichen Mutation des Gens für die gamma-Kette des IL-2 Rezeptors der Verlust von natürlichen Killerzellen (NK-Zellen), was die Immunität in diesem Stamm weiter herabsetzt und eine Humanisierung erleichtert. Die Humanisierung der Mäuse erfolgte durch die intraperitoneale Injektion von mononukleären Zellen des peripheren Blutes (PBMCs), die unter Anwendung der Ficoll-Dichtezentrifugation aus dem Blut von Probanden isoliert wurden. Für die Gewinnung der PBMCs wurden zum einen Asthma-Patienten mit einer hochgradigen Sensibilisierung gegen Birkenpollen herangezogen. Zum anderen wurden in Kontrollexperimenten PBMCs nicht-allergischer Probanden verwendet. Während sich für den NOD-Scid Stamm 80 Millionen PBMCs als angemessene Transferzahl erwiesen, reichten für die Rekonstitution des NOD-Scid gc Stammes 5 Millionen PBMCs aus. Eine Analyse der Tiere erfolgte 24 Tage nach Injektion der humanen Zellen. Der Transfer der PBMCs allergischer Asthmatiker führte besonders nach additiver Applikation des Birkenallergens sowie des humanen rekombinanten Zytokins IL-4 und darauffolgender nasaler allergener Provokation zu einer starken pulmonalen Entzündung in den Mäusen. Die nasale Allergenprovokation an den Tagen 20-22 nach PBMC-Transfer erwies sich für das Aufkommen der Inflammation als unbedingt erforderlich. Die nasale Provokation mit Phosphat-gepufferter Salzlösung (PBS) mündete in einer herabgesetzten Inflammation ohne Ausprägung einer Atemwegsüberempfindlichkeit (AHR), reduzierten Zellzahlen in der bronchoalveolären Lavage (BAL) sowie verminderten Frequenzen humaner Zellen in den Lungen von Versuchstieren, die mit atopischen PBMCs supplementiert mit Birkenallergen und IL-4 rekonstituiert wurden. Die Allergenabhängigkeit des etablierten Modells wurde anhand von Experimenten untermauert, die verdeutlichten, dass ein Transfer von PBMCs nicht-allergischer Probanden trotz Zugabe des Allergens und humanem IL-4 keine Atemwegsinflammation auslöste. Bei den humanen Zellen, die an Tag 24 nach Rekonstitution in den Mäusen detektiert werden konnten, handelte es sich hauptsächlich um T-Zellen. Innerhalb dieser CD3+ T-Zellen konnten CD4+ und CD8+ T-Zellen differenziert werden. Depletionsexperimente, in denen nach Gewinnung der PBMCs aus dem Blut der Probanden verschiedene T-Zellsubpopulationen (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) eliminiert wurden, führten zu dem Befund, dass die allergische Atemwegsentzündung in dem System von humanen CD4+ T-Zellen abhängig war. Nach der Etablierung des humanisierten Mausmodells der allergischen Atemwegsentzündung wurde das System zur Analyse des suppressionsfördernden Potentials des HIV-1 - Hüllproteins gp120 genutzt. Die Applikation von gp120 führte zu einer Reduktion der Atemwegsinflammation. Dies äußerte sich in einer Aufhebung der AHR, verminderten Zellzahlen in der BAL sowie dem reduzierten Einstrom humaner T-Zellen in die Lungen der rekonstituierten Tiere. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass die anti-inflammatorische Wirkung des gp120 strikt von der Anwesenheit regulatorischer T-Zellen (Tregs) innerhalb der für die Humanisierung genutzten PBMCs abhängig war. Eine Depletion der Tregs vor Transfer in die Mäuse führte zum Verlust der anti-inflammatorischen Effekte des gp120. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen für die Modulation regulatorischer T-Zellen als hoffnungsvolle Maßnahme in der Behandlung allergischer Erkrankungen. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse eröffnen innovative Ansätze zur Analyse neuer Therapiestrategien in einem Testsystem, dass die Erforschung humaner Zellinteraktionen sowie die Wirkung potentieller Arzneistoffe auf humane Zellen unter in vivo Bedingungen erlaubt.

TNFR1 is essential for CD40, but not for lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and clock gene dysregulation

Autoimmune and infectious diseases are associated with behavioral changes referred to as sickness behavior syndrome (SBS). In autoimmunity, the generation of anti-self T lymphocytes and autoantibodies critically involves binding of CD40 ligand on T-cells to its receptor CD40 on B-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Activation of CD40 leads to production of proinflammatory cytokines and, as shown here, induces SBS. Here we report that these behavioral changes depend on the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 (TNFR1), but not on interleukin-1 receptor 1 or interleukin-6. Moreover, the intensity of SBS correlates with suppression of E-box controlled clock genes, including Dbp, and upregulation of Bmal1. However, the absence of TNFR1 does not interfere with the development of SBS and dysregulation of clock genes in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide. Thus, our results suggest that TNFR1 mediates SBS and dysregulation of clock genes in autoimmune diseases.

Comparison of genomic and proteomic data in recurrent airway obstruction affected horses using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(R)

BACKGROUND: Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a severe chronic respiratory disease affecting horses worldwide, though mostly in the Northern hemisphere. Environmental as well as genetic factors strongly influence the course and prognosis of the disease. Research has been focused on characterization of immunologic factors contributing to inflammatory responses, on genetic linkage analysis, and, more recently, on proteomic analysis of airway secretions from affected horses. The goal of this study was to investigate the interactions between eight candidate genes previously identified in a genetic linkage study and proteins expressed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from healthy and RAO-affected horses. The analysis was carried out with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(R) bioinformatics software. RESULTS: The gene with the greatest number of indirect interactions with the set of proteins identified is Interleukin 4 Receptor (IL-4R), whose protein has also been detected in BALF. Interleukin 21 receptor and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 also showed a large number of interactions with the group of detected proteins. Protein products of other genes like that of SOCS5, revealed direct interactions with the IL-4R protein. The interacting proteins NOD2, RPS6KA5 and FOXP3 found in several pathways are reported regulators of the NFkappaB pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The pathways generated with IL-4R highlight possible important intracellular signaling cascades implicating, for instance, NFkappaB. Furthermore, the proposed interaction between SOCS5 and IL-4R could explain how different genes can lead to identical clinical RAO phenotypes, as observed in two Swiss Warmblood half sibling families because these proteins interact upstream of an important cascade where they may act as a functional unit.

β-Arrestin2 influences the response to methadone in opioid-dependent patients

β-Arrestin2 (ARRB2) is a component of the G-protein-coupled receptor complex and is involved in μ-opioid and dopamine D(2) receptor signaling, two central processes in methadone signal transduction. We analyzed 238 patients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and identified a haplotype block (rs34230287, rs3786047, rs1045280 and rs2036657) spanning almost the entire ARRB2 locus. Although none of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) leads to a change in amino-acid sequence, we found that for all the SNPs analyzed, with exception of rs34230287, homozygosity for the variant allele confers a nonresponding phenotype (n=73; rs1045280C and rs2036657G: OR=3.1, 95% CI=1.5-6.3, P=0.004; rs3786047A: OR=2.5, 95% CI=1.2-5.1, P=0.02) also illustrated by a 12-fold shorter period of negative urine screening (P=0.01). The ARRB2 genotype may thus contribute to the interindividual variability in the response to MMT and help to predict response to treatment.

Generalization of amygdala LTP and conditioned fear in the absence of presynaptic inhibition

Pavlovian fear conditioning, a simple form of associative learning, is thought to involve the induction of associative, NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral amygdala. Using a combined genetic and electrophysiological approach, we show here that lack of a specific GABA(B) receptor subtype, GABA(B(1a,2)), unmasks a nonassociative, NMDA receptor-independent form of presynaptic LTP at cortico-amygdala afferents. Moreover, the level of presynaptic GABA(B(1a,2)) receptor activation, and hence the balance between associative and nonassociative forms of LTP, can be dynamically modulated by local inhibitory activity. At the behavioral level, genetic loss of GABA(B(1a)) results in a generalization of conditioned fear to nonconditioned stimuli. Our findings indicate that presynaptic inhibition through GABA(B(1a,2)) receptors serves as an activity-dependent constraint on the induction of homosynaptic plasticity, which may be important to prevent the generalization of conditioned fear.

Transfection of drug-specific T-cell receptors into hybridoma cells: tools to monitor drug interaction with T-cell receptors and evaluate cross-reactivity to related compounds

In the context of drug hypersensitivity, our group has recently proposed a new model based on the structural features of drugs (pharmacological interaction with immune receptors; p-i concept) to explain their recognition by T cells. According to this concept, even chemically inert drugs can stimulate T cells because certain drugs interact in a direct way with T-cell receptors (TCR) and possibly major histocompatibility complex molecules without the need for metabolism and covalent binding to a carrier. In this study, we investigated whether mouse T-cell hybridomas transfected with drug-specific human TCR can be used as an alternative to drug-specific T-cell clones (TCC). Indeed, they behaved like TCC and, in accordance with the p-i concept, the TCR recognize their specific drugs in a direct, processing-independent, and dose-dependent way. The presence of antigen-presenting cells was a prerequisite for interleukin-2 production by the TCR-transfected cells. The analysis of cross-reactivity confirmed the fine specificity of the TCR and also showed that TCR transfectants might provide a tool to evaluate the potential of new drugs to cause hypersensitivity due to cross-reactivity. Recombining the alpha- and beta-chains of sulfanilamide- and quinolone-specific TCR abrogated drug reactivity, suggesting that both original alpha- and beta-chains were involved in drug binding. The TCR-transfected hybridoma system showed that the recognition of two important classes of drugs (sulfanilamides and quinolones) by TCR occurred according to the p-i concept and provides an interesting tool to study drug-TCR interactions and their biological consequences and to evaluate the cross-reactivity potential of new drugs of the same class.

Cytokines and pregnancy in rheumatic disease

Cytokines are important mediators involved in the successful outcome of pregnancy. The concept of pregnancy as biased toward a Th2 immune response states that Th1 type cytokines are associated with pregnancy failure and that Th2 cytokines are protective and counteract pregnancy-related disorders. Studies at the level of the maternal-fetal interface, in the maternal circulation and in cells of peripheral blood have shown that the Th2 concept of pregnancy is an oversimplification. Both Th1 and Th2 type cytokines play a role at different stages of pregnancy and are adapted to the localization and function of cells and tissues. The changes of local and systemic cytokine patterns during pregnancy correspond to neuroendocrine changes with hormones as powerful modulators of cytokine expression. Several autoimmune disorders show a modulation of disease activity during and after pregnancy. In rheumatic diseases with a predominance of a Th1 immune response, a shift to a Th2 type immune response during pregnancy has been regarded as beneficial. Studies of pregnant patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have shown a cytokine expression similar to that found in healthy pregnant women. Significant differences were present only for a few cytokines and seemed related to the activity of the underlying disease. Interestingly, a gestational increase of cytokine inhibitors interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) in the circulation corresponded to low disease activity in RA. The influence of hormones and cytokines on autoimmune disease is an issue for further study.

[No rebound psychosis in a case of switching from clozapine to quetiapine]

OBJECTIVE: After rapid discontinuation of clozapine treatment rebound psychosis have been reported. Preexposure of D (2) receptors to clozapine may alter their affinity to endogenous dopamine. Clozapine withdrawal may also lead dysfunctional NMDA-receptors to cause dopamine release in the striatum. METHOD: We report a case of a schizophrenic patient treated with clozapine 200 mg and aripiprazole 15 mg per day. After rapid clozapine discontinuation we added quetiapine up to 700 mg daily. RESULTS: No rebound psychosis occurred. Even ten weeks after switching to quetiapine the patient's condition remained stable in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of aripiprazole and quetiapine seemed to control supersensitivity effects at the D (2) receptor after clozapin withdrawal in this case.

In vitro effects of bethanechol on specimens of intestinal smooth muscle obtained from the duodenum and jejunum of healthy dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To describe the in vitro effects of bethanechol on contractility of smooth muscle preparations from the small intestines of healthy cows and define the muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in mediating contraction. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissue samples from the duodenum and jejunum collected immediately after slaughter of 40 healthy cows. PROCEDURES: Cumulative concentration-response curves were determined for the muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol with or without prior incubation with subtype-specific receptor antagonists in an organ bath. Effects of bethanechol and antagonists and the influence of intestinal location on basal tone, maximal amplitude (A(max)), and area under the curve (AUC) were evaluated. RESULTS: Bethanechol induced a significant, concentration-dependent increase in all preparations and variables. The effect of bethanechol was more pronounced in jejunal than in duodenal samples and in circular than in longitudinal preparations. Significant inhibition of the effects of bethanechol was observed after prior incubation with muscarinic receptor subtype M(3) antagonists (more commonly for basal tone than for A(max) and AUC). The M(2) receptor antagonists partly inhibited the response to bethanechol, especially for basal tone. The M(3) receptor antagonists were generally more potent than the M(2) receptor antagonists. In a protection experiment, an M(3) receptor antagonist was less potent than when used in combination with an M(2) receptor antagonist. Receptor antagonists for M(1) and M(4) did not affect contractility variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bethanechol acting on muscarinic receptor sub-types M(2) and M(3) may be of clinical use as a prokinetic drug for motility disorders of the duodenum and jejunum in dairy cows.