1000 resultados para espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e de alta resolução


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Background: Zinc is an essential nutrient that is required for numerous metabolic functions, and zinc deficiency results in growth retardation, cellmediated immune dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Objective: This study evaluated nutritional assessment methods for zinc supplementation in prepubertal nonzinc- deficient children. Design: We performed a randomised, controlled, triple-blind study. The children were divided into a control group (10% sorbitol, n = 31) and an experimental group (10 mg Zn/day, n = 31) for 3 months. Anthropometric and dietary assessments as well as bioelectrical measurements were performed in all children. Results: Our study showed (1) an increased body mass index for age and an increased phase angle in the experimental group; (2) a positive correlation between nutritional assessment parameters in both groups; (3) increased soft tissue, and mainly fat-free mass, in the body composition of the experimental group, as determined using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis; (4) increased consumption of all nutrients, including zinc, in the experimental group; and (5) an increased serum zinc concentration in both groups (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Given that a reference for body composition analysis does not exist for intervention studies, longitudinal studies are needed to investigate vector migration during zinc supplementation. These results reinforce the importance of employing multiple techniques to assess the nutritional status of populations.

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This dissertation presents the development of voltammetric methods to zinc determination in multivitamin commercial samples, talc, and art materials for painting (soft pastel) combining an alkaline extraction with 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH aqueous solution and bismuth modified electrodes. Two electrodes were used to zinc quantification in the samples, bismuth film electrode (BiFE) plated in situ onto glassy carbon and carbon paste electrode chemically modified with strongly acidic ion exchange resin Amberlite® IR 120 and bismuth nanostructures (EPCAmbBi). It was verified that the best concentration of Bi3+ for Bi film deposition onto glassy carbon was 4.0 μmol L-1 using an 0.1 mol L-1 acetate buffer aqueous solution (pH = 4.5) as supporting electrolyte. The best condition to formation of Bi nanostructures in the EPC modified with 10 % Amberlite® IR 120 was the use of 30 s to pre-concentration (open circuit) in 0.5 mmol L-1 Bi3+ aqueous solution (pH 5.5) prepared with supporting electrolyte solution. The obtained analytical curve for Zn2+ using BiFE presented linear range from 0.5 to 5.0 μmol L-1, the limit of detection (LD) was 41 nmol L-1. For EPCAmbBi only one linear range was observed for the analytical curve varying the Zn2+ concentration from 0.05 to 8.2 μmol L-1, LD obtained in this curve it was equal to 10 nmol L-1. The EPCAmbBi presented the most intense and sharp anodic stripping peaks for Zn2+ presenting, therefore, a better voltammetric profile, with sensitivity higher than obtained with the BiFE. Moreover, the EPCAmbBi presented a LD lower than that obtained with the BiFE. Alkaline extraction was an efficient sample pretreatment to extract Zn2+ from solid samples, besides that, this procedure was less susceptible to interferences from Cu2+, since it remains at extracting vessel as insoluble Cu(OH)2. The combination of alkaline extraction with the EPCAmbBi is a simple, fast, efficient and low cost for the zinc determination in pharmaceutical formulations and art materials for painting (soft pastel) samples, which can be employed as a low-cost alternative method to the atomic absorption spectroscopy.

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Assessing the soil nutrient availability to plants under lab conditions is one of the main challenges to Soil Fertility and Chemistry, due to the complex behavior and the interaction of the soil properties. Many extractant solutions associated with mechanical forms of agitation have been proposed, showing different correlations with plant growth and nutrients absorption. Using ultrasonic energy is a agitation procedure of the soil:extractant solution suspension (based on the cavitation phenomenon). It allows the establishment of relations between the amount of extracted nutrient and the ultrasonic energy level. Thus, this work aims: to evaluate the effect of cavitation intensity on the extraction of P, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in soil samples from five Latosols under different uses around Uberlândia and Uberaba, Minas Gerais State; to obtain extracting curves as function of ultrasonic energy levels; and to obtain an index from extracting curves to expresses the nutrient retention by the soil solid phase. A soil-solution suspension (ratio 1:10) was sonicated using a probe ultrasound equipment under different combinations of power and time: i) 30 W for 35, 70, 140 and 280 s; ii) 50 W for 21, 42, 84 and 168 s; and iii) 70 W for 15, 30, 60 and 120 s. The extractant solutions used were Mehlich-1 (for all elements), Olsen and distilled water for P. After each sonication, P concentration was quantified by molybdenum blue colorimetric method and Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The cavitation intensity did not affect the P extraction, only the total energy applied. The P extraction was influenced by extractant solution, decreasing as follows: Mehlich-1>Olsen>water. In cultivated Latosols, the P extraction increased linearly with ultrasonic energy, and the slope of the 1:1 linear regression reflects the P retention in the soil. The Zn and Fe extractions were influenced only by total energy applied. Mn and Cu extractions were influenced by both cavitation intensity and total ultrasonic energy. Soils containing similar amounts of P, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe may have a different extraction rate. Likewise, soils containing different amounts of those elements may have the same extraction rate.

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A aguardente de cana é uma bebida de grande importância económica para Cabo Verde, mais concretamente para as ilhas de Santiago, Brava, Nicolau e S. Antão, que apresentam boas condições climáticas para a produção de cana. O consumo tem vindo a crescer em todas as classes sociais e tem a pretensão de conquistar o mercado internacional. Mas isso gera dificuldades para os produtores de aguardente, que muitas vezes enfrentam barreiras para entrar no mercado externo, principalmente devido à qualidade do produto e à falta de padronização desta bebida. Este trabalho teve como objectivo obter uma identidade e qualidade padrão da aguardente de cana em Cabo Verde, portanto, fizeram-se 5 destilados na ESTM os quais foram avaliados sensorialmente quanto à padronização do produto e também quanto à qualidade através de comparação com duas aguardentes feitas por produtores cabo-verdianos. Para isso, foram preparados 40 litros de calda, dividida em 5 lotes de 7,5 litros no alambique, obtendo-se 5 destilados com 450, 470, 565, 300 e 430ml. Determinou-se o grau alcoólico, acidez total, teor furfural e teor de cobre dos destilados realizados na escola e em Cabo Verde. Os valores obtidos do grau alcoólico, acidez total e furfural encontramse dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela lei brasileira, com exceção para o furfural que apresentou um resultado positivo nas amostras dos destilados feitos em Cabo Verde, correspondente a 28,57%. Os valores de acidez total variaram entre 9,38 a 136,87 mg/100 ml (álcool anidrido). O cobre foi determinado através da técnica de espectroscopia de absorção atómica com câmara grafite. As amostras analisadas apresentaram valores de cobre que variaram de 0,406 a 7,380 mgL-1. Das amostras analisadas 71,43% estavam dentro do limite e 28,57 % apresentaram teores de cobre acima do permitido pela legislação. Relativamente à padronização das 5 amostras feitas na escola, demonstrou-se que a estrutura de dados apenas se evidenciou validada para os atributos oleosidade e aroma (p = 0.000 e p = 0.037, respetivamente). Comparando as amostras feitas na escola com as duas de Cabo Verde, mostrou-se que à cor franca (P <0,000) e aceitável (P <0,013), limpidez (P <0,000) brilhante e transparente (P <0,001), as variáveis independentes não exercem influências na variável dependente segundo o modelo proposto.

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The Mediterranean species Cynara cardunculus L. is recognized in the traditional medicine, for their hepatoprotective and choleretic effects. Biomass of C. cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC), or cultivated cardoon, may be explored not only for the production of energy and pulp fibers, but also for the extraction of bioactive compounds. The chemical characterization of extractable components, namely terpenic and phenolic compounds, may valorize the cultivated cardoon plantation, due to their antioxidant, antitumoral and antimicrobial activities. In this study, the chemical composition of lipophilic and phenolic fractions of C. cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC), cultivated in the south of Portugal (Baixo Alentejo region) was characterized in detail, intending the integral valorization of its biomass. The biological activity of cultivated cardoon extracts was evaluated in terms of antioxidant, human tumor cell antiproliferative and antibacterial effects. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the chemical analysis of lipophilic compounds. Sixty-five lipophilic compounds were identified, from which 1 sesquiterpene lactone and 4 pentacyclic triterpenes were described, for the first time, as cultivated cardoon components, such as: deacylcynaropicrin, acetates of β- and α-amyrin, lupenyl acetate and ψ-taraxasteryl acetate. Sesquiterpene lactones were the major family of lipophilic components of leaves (≈94.5 g/kg), mostly represented by cynaropicrin (≈87.4 g/kg). Pentacyclic triterpenes were also detected, in considerably high contents, in the remaining parts of cultivated cardoon, especially in the florets (≈27.5 g/kg). Taraxasteryl acetate was the main pentacyclic triterpene (≈8.9 g/kg in florets). High pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was utilized for the chemical analysis of phenolic compounds. Among the identified 28 phenolic compounds, eriodictyol hexoside was reported for the first time as C. cardunculus L. component, and 6 as cultivated cardoon components, namely 1,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, naringenin 7-O-glucoside, naringenin rutinoside, naringenin, luteolin acetylhexoside and apigenin acetylhexoside. The highest content of the identified phenolic compounds was observed in the florets (≈12.6 g/kg). Stalks outer part contained the highest hydroxycinnamic acids abundance (≈10.3 g/kg), and florets presented the highest flavonoids content (≈10.3 g/kg). The antioxidant activity of phenolic fraction was examined through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Stalks outer part, and receptacles and bracts extracts demonstrated the highest antioxidant effect on DPPH (IC50 of 34.35 μg/mL and 35.25 μg/mL, respectively). (cont.) abstract (cont.) The DPPH scavenging effect was linearly correlated with the total contents of hydroxycinnamic acids (r = -0.990). The in vitro antiproliferative activity of cultivated cardoon lipophilic and phenolic extracts was evaluated on a human tumor cells line of triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), one of the most refractory human cancers to conventional therapeutics. After 48 h of exposition, leaves lipophilic extract showed higher inhibitory effect (IC50 = 10.39 μg/mL) than florets lipophilic extract (IC50 = 315.22 μg/mL), upon MDA-MB-231 cellular viability. Pure compound of cynaropicrin, representative of the main compound identified in leaves lipophilic extract, also prevented the cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 (IC50 = 17.86 μM). MDA-MB-231 cells were much more resistant to the 48 h- treatment with phenolic extracts of stalks outer part (IC50 = 3341.20 μg/mL) and florets (IC50 > 4500 μg/mL), and also with the pure compound of 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (IC50 = 1741.69 μM). MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed, for 48 h, to the respective IC50 concentrations of leaves lipophilic extract and pure compound of cynaropicrin, in order to understand their ability in modelling cellular responses, and consequently important potentially signaling pathways for the cellular viability decrease. Leaves lipophilic extract increased the caspase-3 enzymatic activity, contrarily to pure compound of cynaropicrin. Additionally, leaves lipophilic extract and pure compound of cynaropicrin caused G2 cell cycle arrest, possibly by upregulating the p21Waf1/Cip1 and the accumulation of phospho-Tyr15-CDK1 and cyclin B1. The inhibitory effects of leaves lipophilic extract and cynaropicrin pure compound, against the MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, may also be related to the downregulation of phospho-Ser473-Akt. The antibacterial activity of cultivated cardoon lipophilic and phenolic extracts was assessed, for the first time, on two multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and the Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), two of the main bacteria responsible for health care-associated infections. Accordingly, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined. Lipophilic and phenolic extracts of florets did not have antibacterial activity on P. aeruginosa PAO1 and MRSA (MIC > 2048 μg/mL). Leaves lipophilic extract did not prevent the P. aeruginosa PAO1 growth, but pure compound of cynaropicrin was slightly active (MIC = 2048 μg/mL). Leaves lipophilic extract and pure compound of cynaropicrin blocked MRSA growth (MIC of 1024 and 256 μg/mL, respectively). The scientific knowledge revealed in this thesis, either by the chemical viewpoint, or by the biological viewpoint, contributes for the valorization of C. cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC) biomass. Cultivated cardoon has potential to be exploited as source of bioactive compounds, in conciliation with other valorization pathways, and Portuguese traditional cheeses manufacturing.

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A concentração na castanha de minerais como o cálcio, potássio, o magnésio e outros tem sido estudada tradicionalmente por absorção atómica ou por espectrofotometria de UV-VIS [1-2]. Neste trabalho foi estudada a composição elementar de duas variedades (Longal e Judia) de castanha europeia (Castanea sativa Mill.) com a técnica PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission). Os resultados preliminares mostram que a composição difere de acordo com a variedade, nos elementos maioritários e nos minoritários. Este estudo é parte de um projecto mais amplo, que visa avaliar o efeito do processamento pós-colheita de alimentos com feixe de electrões e raios-X.

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Today a major responsibility for the contamination of soil and groundwater and surface water are establishments known as gas stations of fuel which has attracted increasing attention from both the general population as the state agencies of environmental control due to leaks in storage tanks and mainly to disruption of pipe corrosion of tanks and pumping. Other services, like oil changes and car wash are also causes for concern in this type of establishment. These leaks can cause or waste produced, and the contamination of aquifers, serious health problems and public safety, since most of these stations located in urban areas. Based on this, the work was to evaluate soil contamination of a particular service station and fuel sales in the city of Natal, through the quantification of heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn of total organic carbon (TOC) and organic matter using different techniques such as optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source (ICP OES), Total Organic Carbon analyzer and gravimetric analysis respectively. And also to characterize the soil through particle size analysis. Samples were taken in 21 georeferenced points and collected in the same period. The soils sampled in sampling stations P3, P5, P6, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P17, P18 and P20 showed the smallest size fractions ranging from fine sand to medium sand. The other study sites ranged from fine sand to medium sand, except the point P8 showed that only the type size medium sand and P19, indicating a particle size of the coarse type. The small correlation of organic matter with the elements studied in this work suggests that these are not of anthropogenic origin but geochemical support

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The produced water is a byproduct formed due to production of petroleum and carries with it a high amount of contaminants such as oil particles in suspension, organic compounds and metals. Thus, these latter pollutants are very difficult to treat because of its high solubility in water. The objective of this work is to use and evaluate a microemulsioned system to remove metals ( K , Mg , Ba , Ca , Cr , Mn , Li , Fe ) of synthetic produced water. For the extraction of metals, it was used a pseudoternary diagram containing the following phases: synthetic produced water as the aqueous phase (AP), hexane as organic phase (OP), and a cosurfactant/surfactant ratio equal to four (C/S = 4) as the third phase, where the OCS (saponified coconut oil) was used as surfactant and n-butanol as cosurfactant. The synthetic produced water was prepared in a bench scale and the region of interest in the diagram for the removal of metals was determined by experimental design called. Ten points located in the phase Winsor II were selected in an area with a large amount of water and small amounts of reagents. The samples were analyzed in atomic absorption spectrometer, and the results were evaluated through a statistical assesment, allowing the efficiency analysis of the effects and their interactions. The results showed percentages of extraction above 90% for the metals manganese, iron, chromium, calcium, barium and magnesium, and around 45% for metals lithium and potassium. The optimal point for the simultaneous removal of metals was calculated using statistical artifact multiple response function (MR). This calculation showed that the point of greatest extraction of metals occurs was the J point, with the composition [72% AP, 9% OP, 19% C/S], obtaining a global extraction percentage about 80%. Considering the aspects analyzed, the microemulsioned system has shown itself to be an effective alternative in the extraction of metals on synthetic produced water remediation

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O conhecimento do estado nutricional de uma cultura em condições salinas é essencial para definir qual o manejo mais adequado para o seu cultivo. Com isto, objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o estado nutricional de micronutrientes catiônicos de variedades de sorgo forrageiro irrigadas com efluente salino de piscicultura. O estudo foi implantado no município de Petrolina/PE no ano de 2013, em Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas quatro frações de lixiviação: 0; 5; 10 e 15%, com efluente salino (2,57 dS m-1) proveniente de piscicultura e as subparcelas três variedades de sorgo forrageiro: Volumax, F305 e Sudão. A colheita foi realizada quando os grãos da porção central da panícula apresentaram aspecto pastoso a farináceo. Foram coletadas amostras do limbo foliar para determinação dos teores cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Verificou-se que a aplicação de frações de lixiviação proporcionou uma redução nos teores de ferro, manganês e zinco, e um aumento no teor de cobre nos tecidos foliares de sorgo forrageiro.

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Considerando a importância da vitivinicultura para Veranópolis, RS, realizou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a composição físico-química de vinhos tintos elaborados neste município. Desse modo, avaliaram-se 17 amostras de vinhos tintos comerciais ? seis de mesa e 11 finos, elaborados em diferentes safras. As análises foram realizadas na Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Bento Gonçalves, RS. Avaliaram-se as análises clássicas, utilizando-se métodos físico-químicos; os elementos minerais, por absorção atômica; e os compostos voláteis, através da cromatografia gasosa. As determinações mostram que os vinhos enquadraram-se nos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) permitiu discriminar os vinhos segundo o tipo, ou seja, de mesa e fino. Os vinhos tintos de mesa caracterizaram-se pelo teor mais elevado de metanol e menor de compostos fenólicos, extrato seco, cinzas, alcoóis superiores, prolina e pH. Quanto aos tintos finos, seis amostras apresentaram maior teor de cinzas, alcalinidade das cinzas e pH; duas, mais cor e taninos; e outras três, teores mais elevados de alcoóis superiores, aldeído acético e Mn.

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Conservação e Restauro

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Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão do Território, área de especialização em Detecção Remota e SIG

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Nas últimas décadas o aumento da expansão das áreas urbanas conduziu a rápidas mudanças nos ambientes urbanos. Estas mudanças necessitam de uma observação e compreensão, por forma a permitir a monitorização e avaliação do processo de planeamento urbano. A utilização de dados obtidos por Deteção Remota (DR), aliada aos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), surge como uma fonte de informação válida para modelar, recolher, armazenar, exibir e analisar os sistemas urbanos. Neste contexto, a informação planimétrica e altimétrica recolhida por sensores remotos pode ser explorada por forma a extrair informação acerca do uso e ocupação do solo, e apresenta-la sob a forma de indicadores para apoio à decisão. Um sistema de indicadores urbanos baseados em dados obtidos por DR constitui uma ferramenta para as cidades transmitirem os diferentes riscos urbanos bem como na promoção de medidas e estratégias para um eficiente planeamento urbano. A dissertação de mestrado proposta tem como principal objetivo a criação de um sistema de indicadores urbanos que caracterize a cidade de Lisboa ao nível das áreas verdes e do volume construído. Assim, de forma a atingir o objetivo principal é desenvolvida uma metodologia baseada em informação altimétrica e planimétrica que permite analisar as áreas verdes da cidade de Lisboa bem como o volume construído. A informação altimétrica urbana (3D) é derivada de dados cartográficos oficiais (curvas de nível que originam um Modelo Digital de Terreno) e informação recolhida por LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) (que representa o Modelo Digital de Superfície). A informação 2D é extraída de uma imagem do satélite de alta resolução Worldview-2 de 2010, com um pixel de 0,5m, do concelho de Lisboa, através de técnicas de processamento digital de imagem. A informação recolhida permite, por um lado a modelação 3D do edificado, e por outro a quantificação 2D da cobertura vegetal em meio urbano. Posteriormente, num ambiente SIG, a informação extraída é cruzada com dados censitários e dados de uso e ocupação do solo. A análise ocorre tendo por base as Subsecções Estatísticas (SSE) da cidade de Lisboa (INE, 2011) e o sistema proposto inclui assim a extração de indicadores divididos tematicamente em indicadores de área e indicadores de volume. Os resultados obtidos permitem relacionar as áreas verdes, a população e o volume construído.

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As leguminosas tropicais constituem atualmente uma fonte de proteína de alta qualidade além de outras qualidades como produção de madeira no caso das arbustivas e como proteção contra erosão nas demais. Sendo a leucena (Leucaena leucooephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. Peru) uma espécie bastante promissora para a pecuária brasileira, foi conduzido um ensaio de campo com a finalidade de se conhecer o hábito alimentar dessa leguminosa. O ensaio foi instalado visando obter dados para análise de crescimento, concentração e extração dos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, Mn e Zn) e matéria seca digestível das folhs "in vivo", em bovino, em função da idade da planta. A partir dos dados obtidos, constatou-se que: a) a produção de matéria seca total é maxima aos 360 dias de idade e o maior incremento na produção de folhas, expresso em matéria seca, se dá dos 240 aos 360 dias; b) as concentrações de nitrogênio e potássio diminuem nas folhas e caules com a idade da planta, ao passo que a de cálcio no caule não é afetada pela idade; c) aos 360 dias, época de produção máxima de matéria secam as folhas contém em 535,46 g/planta: 16,36 g nitrogênio, 0,61 g de fósforo, 10,65 g de potássio, 8,08 g de cálcio, 1,58 g de magnésio, 0,51 g de enxofre; d) aos 360 dias, os caules contém em 1783 g/planta: 15,82 g de nitrogênio, 0,65 g de fósforo, 20,37 g de potássio, 7,01 g de cálcio, 0,44g de magnésio, 1,06 g de enxofre; e) o acúmulo de macronutrientes na planta aos 360 dias obedece a seguinte ordem: N > K > a > g > S > P; f) aos 360 dias, a matéria seca digestível das folhas é 51,05%.