Les fondements épistémologiques de la phonologie fonctionnelle au regard de la théorie de l'optimalité en phonologie générative

La thèse propose un regard en profondeur sur les fondements de la connaissance en phonologie structurale. Elle s articule autour de cinq objectifs. Tout d'abord, un cadre précis de discussion métathéorique en phonologie est développé, admis qu'il n'existe tout simplement pas de méthode du genre permettant une critique systématique du contenu de programmes de recherche différents dans ce domaine. Cette méthodologie est ensuite appliquée à la phonologie fonctionnelle, celle issue de renseignement de Nikolaï S. Troubetz- koy et du fonctionnalisme d'André Martinet. De plus, elle est appliquée à un second programme de recherche, en marge de la réflexion centrale. Il s'agit de la phonologie générative et, plus spécifiquement, d'une théorie contemporaine à l'intérieur de celle-ci, la théorie de loptimalité, dont le caractère représentatif du cadre général est également abordé. Cet exercice comparatif permet de dégager les relations entre les contenus respectifs des deux programmes à l'étude pour, enfin, évaluer le statut épistémologique de la phonologie fonctionnelle.Il s'avère que la connaissance de la langue issue de la phonologie fonctionnelle se distingue clairement du domaine de la phonologie générative dégagé à travers l'étude de la théorie de loptimalité (et vice versa). Le partage des mêmes fondements phonétiques, d'une terminologie parfois trompeusement homogène et de la notion d'explication fonctionnelle masque la profonde opposition de valeur épistémologique accordée à des prémisses acceptées d'emblée par tous (l'opposition significative, par exemple, ou la réalité psychologique).En somme, ce travail remet en question une vision cumulative et rectiligne de l'histoire de la phonologie par l'épistémologie. Porter un regard critique sur la motivation des théories et sur les choix terminologiques permet de dégager les fondements de deux traditions de pensée qui ne se chevauchent pas là où celles-ci se définissent respectivement en tant que phonologie. Ainsi, du point de vue de la connaissance, la phonologie américaine n'inclut jamais ni ne peut contredire le fonctionnalisme européen, qui dès lors représente un courant parallèle plutôt que primitif.

Regions of rationality: Maps for bounded agents

An important problem in descriptive and prescriptive research in decision making is to identify regions of rationality, i.e., the areas for which heuristics are and are not effective. To map the contours of such regions, we derive probabilities that heuristics identify the best of m alternatives (m > 2) characterized by k attributes or cues (k > 1). The heuristics include a single variable (lexicographic), variations of elimination-by-aspects, equal weighting, hybrids of the preceding, and models exploiting dominance. We use twenty simulated and four empirical datasets for illustration. We further provide an overview by regressing heuristic performance on factors characterizing environments. Overall, sensible heuristics generally yield similar choices in many environments. However, selection of the appropriate heuristic can be important in some regions (e.g., if there is low inter-correlation among attributes/cues). Since our work assumes a hit or miss decision criterion, we conclude by outlining extensions for exploring the effects of different loss functions.

Oxidative and glycogenolytic cCapacities within the developing chick heart.

Cardiac morphogenesis and function are known to depend on both aerobic and anaerobic energy-producing pathways. However, the relative contribution of mitochondrial oxidation and glycogenolysis, as well as the determining factors of oxygen demand in the distinct chambers of the embryonic heart, remains to be investigated. Spontaneously beating hearts isolated from stage 11, 20, and 24HH chick embryos were maintained in vitro under controlled metabolic conditions. O(2) uptake and glycogenolytic rate were determined in atrium, ventricle, and conotruncus in the absence or presence of glucose. Oxidative capacity ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 nmol O(2)/(h.microg protein), did not depend on exogenous glucose, and was the highest in atria at stage 20HH. However, the highest reserves of oxidative capacity, assessed by mitochondrial uncoupling, were found at the youngest stage and in conotruncus, representing 75 to 130% of the control values. At stage 24HH, glycogenolysis in glucose-free medium was 0.22, 0.17, and 0.04 nmol glucose U(h.microg protein) in atrium, ventricle, and conotruncus, respectively. Mechanical loading of the ventricle increased its oxidative capacity by 62% without altering glycogenolysis or lactate production. Blockade of glycolysis by iodoacetate suppressed lactate production but modified neither O(2) nor glycogen consumption in substrate-free medium. These findings indicate that atrium is the cardiac chamber that best utilizes its oxidative and glycogenolytic capacities and that ventricular wall stretch represents an early and major determinant of the O(2) uptake. Moreover, the fact that O(2) and glycogen consumptions were not affected by inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase provides indirect evidence for an active glycerol-phosphate shuttle in the embryonic cardiomyocytes.

Agreed upon procedures report for evaluating compliance with provisions of IowaCare (Project No 11-W-00189/7) within the Iowa Department of Human Services for the year ended June 30, 2006

Agreed upon procedures report for evaluating compliance with provisions of IowaCare (Project No 11-W-00189/7) within the Iowa Department of Human Services for the year ended June 30, 2006

Genes mirror geography within Europe.

Understanding the genetic structure of human populations is of fundamental interest to medical, forensic and anthropological sciences. Advances in high-throughput genotyping technology have markedly improved our understanding of global patterns of human genetic variation and suggest the potential to use large samples to uncover variation among closely spaced populations. Here we characterize genetic variation in a sample of 3,000 European individuals genotyped at over half a million variable DNA sites in the human genome. Despite low average levels of genetic differentiation among Europeans, we find a close correspondence between genetic and geographic distances; indeed, a geographical map of Europe arises naturally as an efficient two-dimensional summary of genetic variation in Europeans. The results emphasize that when mapping the genetic basis of a disease phenotype, spurious associations can arise if genetic structure is not properly accounted for. In addition, the results are relevant to the prospects of genetic ancestry testing; an individual's DNA can be used to infer their geographic origin with surprising accuracy-often to within a few hundred kilometres.

Approximate knowledge of rationality and correlated equilibria

We extend Aumann's theorem [Aumann 1987], deriving correlated equilibria as a consequence of common priors and common knowledge of rationality, by explicitly allowing for non-rational behavior. Wereplace the assumption of common knowledge of rationality with a substantially weaker one, joint p-belief of rationality, where agents believe the other agents are rational with probability p or more. We show that behavior in this case constitutes a kind of correlated equilibrium satisfying certain p-belief constraints, and that it varies continuously in the parameters p and, for p sufficiently close to one,with high probability is supported on strategies that survive the iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies. Finally, we extend the analysis to characterizing rational expectations of interimtypes, to games of incomplete information, as well as to the case of non-common priors.

Are self-regarding subjects more rational?

Through an experiment, we investigate how the level of rationality relatesto concerns for equality and efficiency. Subjects perform dictator games anda guessing game. More rational subjects are not more frequently of the selfregardingtype. When performing a comparison within the same degree of rationality,self-regarding subjects show more strategic sophistication than othersubjects.