Atención quirúrgica en hombres y mujeres ¿Diferente o desigual?

Explorar la posible existencia de sesgos de género en procedimientos quirúrgicos (PQ) frecuentes y en sus estancias medias (EM) postquirúrgicas es objetivo del presente trabajo, mediante su comparación entre sexos en el Servicio de Cirugía General y Digestiva del Hospital General de Alicante (2000-2004). Se intervienen más hombres que mujeres en 4 de los 7 PQ estudiados, apuntando posibles sesgos de género en el patrón quirúrgico, como por apendicectomías agudas (1,36 Hombres/1 Mujer) y complicadas (1,79/1). La estancia postapendicectomías, a igual edad y comorbilidad, es de 2 días más en hombres (9,49) que en mujeres (7,5). No detectar diferencias por sexo en colecistectomías por colecistitis (más frecuentes en mujeres), puede indicar colelitiasis evolucionadas por no sospecha diagnóstica en hombres.

Tiempos de equidad de género: descripción de las desigualdades entre comunidades autónomas, España 2006-2014

Objetivo: La equidad de género es un determinante estructural de las desigualdades en salud. Por ello, se pretende visibilizar su evolución en las comunidades autónomas (CC.AA.) desde 2006, previamente a la promulgación de la Ley de Igualdad (2007) y la crisis económica (2008), hasta 2014. Método: Estudio ecológico sobre la equidad de género en las 17 CC.AA. en 2006-2011-2014. Cálculo de: 1) índice de equidad de género modificado (IEGM) de las CC.AA. (0 = equidad, ±1 = inequidad); 2) convergencia interregional y temporal en equidad de género. Resultados: El IEGM de las CC.AA.2014 toma valores negativos próximos a 0 (inequidad desfavorable a las mujeres). No hay convergencia interregional en la equidad de género, pues aumenta la dispersión (2006: 0,1503; 2011: 0,2280; 2014: 0,4964). Tampoco existe convergencia temporal, al no evolucionar mejor las CC.AA. menos equitativas. La brecha de género en actividad económica sigue desfavorable a las mujeres. En 2006-2011 disminuye en todas las CC.AA., y en 2014 aumenta en seis CCAA. La brecha de género en educación tiene valores positivos próximos a 0 (desfavorable a los hombres) en 2006-2011-2014, y en empoderamiento es desfavorable a las mujeres, siendo la dimensión que más pesa en la equidad de género. Se mantiene la dispersión entre CC.AA. en 2006-2014 en actividad económica y educación, y aumenta en empoderamiento. Conclusiones: El contexto de equidad de género alcanzado en las CC.AA. españolas en 2006 se ha perdido durante la crisis económica, al aumentar la desigualdad en la equidad de género entre CC.AA. en 2014. La inequidad de género sigue siendo desfavorable a las mujeres.

Análise do desempenho dos serviços prestados através das organizações sociais de saúde no estado do Rio de Janeiro

A partir de 2012, o Governo Estadual do Rio de Janeiro através da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde passou a adotar o modelo de gestão com base em Organizações Sociais de Saúde (OSS), a fim de melhorar os serviços prestados pelas Unidades de Saúde sob sua responsabilidade, ou seja, ampliar a cobertura de atendimento, melhorar o desempenho e reduzir custos. Desde junho de 2014, 80% das Unidades Estaduais de Saúde já eram gerenciadas por Organizações Sociais. O modelo de OSS foi criado com o intuito de publicizar serviços de relevância pública, até então prestados pelo Estado, mas que passaram a ser considerados não exclusivos do mesmo, a fim de alcançar maior eficiência. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar o desempenho dos serviços prestados através das OSS contratualizadas pelo Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ). Para tanto foi realizada uma contextualização sobre o processo de implementação e acompanhamento dos contratos de gestão na Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, bem como uma pesquisa documental com o levantamento dos indicadores quantitativos e qualitativos pactuados e os recursos de custeio utilizados, resultando na elaboração de ficha técnica de todos os contratos de gestão. As análises tiveram como foco a evolução dos indicadores quantitativos dos contratos de gestão no ano de 2012 até o 1º semestre de 2015, bem como o desempenho medido pela correlação de resultados de produtividade obtidos com base em indicadores quantitativos. Os resultados encontrados mostram que 80 % dos contratos de gestão de Hospitais Emergência, 75 % dos Hospitais Especializados e 92 % das Unidades de Pronto Atendimento atingem ou superam o grau de desempenho esperado pela SES quanto ao cumprimento do indicador Produção Hospitalar no ano de 2015, com ampliação da oferta de serviços especializados através das OS. Já para o cumprimento do indicador Produção Serviços Auxiliares de Diagnose e Terapia os resultados são 60 % para Hospitais Emergência e 25 % para Hospitais Especializados. Uma das conclusões possíveis e que cabe à SES/RJ, aprimorar sua função regulatória com a efetiva utilização da serie histórica de informações para a construção de indicadores compatíveis com o perfil das suas Unidades. Como sugestão para futuros estudos, aponta-se a possibilidade de realizar a mensuração da eficiência dos contratos de gestão do ERJ através da técnica envoltória de dados que correlaciona um número maior de indicadores qualitativos para verificação da eficiência.

Rethinking the "diseases of affluence" paradigm: Global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development

Background Cardiovascular diseases and their nutritional risk factors-including overweight and obesity, elevated blood pressure, and cholesterol-are among the leading causes of global mortality and morbidity, and have been predicted to rise with economic development. Methods and Findings We examined age-standardized mean population levels of body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol in relation to national income, food share of household expenditure, and urbanization in a cross-country analysis. Data were from a total of over 100 countries and were obtained from systematic reviews of published literature, and from national and international health agencies. BMI and cholesterol increased rapidly in relation to national income, then flattened, and eventually declined. BMI increased most rapidly until an income of about I$5,000 (international dollars) and peaked at about I$12,500 for females and I$17,000 for males. Cholesterol's point of inflection and peak were at higher income levels than those of BMI (about I$8,000 and I$18,000, respectively). There was an inverse relationship between BMI/cholesterol and the food share of household expenditure, and a positive relationship with proportion of population in urban areas. Mean population blood pressure was not correlated or only weakly correlated with the economic factors considered, or with cholesterol and BMI. Conclusions When considered together with evidence on shifts in income-risk relationships within developed countries, the results indicate that cardiovascular disease risks are expected to systematically shift to low-income and middle-income countries and, together with the persistent burden of infectious diseases, further increase global health inequalities. Preventing obesity should be a priority from early stages of economic development, accompanied by population-level and personal interventions for blood pressure and cholesterol.

Benchmarking of performance of Mexican states with effective coverage

Benchmarking of the performance of states, provinces, or districts in a decentralised health system is important for fostering of accountability, monitoring of progress, identification of determinants of success and failure, and creation of a culture of evidence. The Mexican Ministry of Health has, since 2001, used a benchmarking approach based on the World Health Organization (WHO) concept of effective coverage of an intervention, which is defined as the proportion of potential health gain that could be delivered by the health system to that which is actually delivered. Using data collection systems, including state representative examination surveys, vital registration, and hospital discharge registries, we have monitored the delivery of 14 interventions for 2005-06. Overall effective coverage ranges from 54.0% in Chiapas, a poor state, to 65.1% in the Federal District. Effective coverage for maternal and child health interventions is substantially higher than that for interventions that target other health problems. Effective coverage for the lowest wealth quintile is 52% compared with 61% for the highest quintile. Effective coverage is closely related to public-health spending per head across states; this relation is stronger for interventions that are not related to maternal and child health than those for maternal and child health. Considerable variation also exists in effective coverage at similar amounts of spending. We discuss the implications of these issues for the further development of the Mexican health-information system. Benchmarking of performance by measuring effective coverage encourages decision-makers to focus on quality service provision, not only service availability. The effective coverage calculation is an important device for health-system stewardship. In adopting this approach, other countries should select interventions to be measured on the basis of the criteria of affordability, effect on population health, effect on health inequalities, and capacity to measure the effects of the intervention. The national institutions undertaking this benchmarking must have the mandate, skills, resources, and independence to succeed.

A Note on Bayesian Estimation for the Negative-Binomial Model

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 62F15.

Relational predictors of condom use among adolescents in outpatient substance abuse treatment

Past HIV interventions have been critiqued for their failure to incorporate relational factors linked to condom use. Furthermore, few studies have focused on the relational context of sexual risk behavior among adolescents at elevated risk for HIV/STI exposure in the context of substance use. Therefore, this study evaluated the influence of three key relational factors (rejection sensitivity, intimacy dating goals, intercourse-related anxiety) salient for understanding condom use among adolescents in outpatient substance abuse treatment in South Florida. Structural equation modeling was used to test relational factors as direct and indirect predictors of condom use. Specifically, the current study investigated the influence of rejection sensitivity and intimacy dating goals on percentage of protected intercourse, with intercourse-related anxiety modeled as a mediator of this association. ^ Results obtained from the hypothesized structural model suggest rejection sensitivity and intimacy dating goals are significant predictors of percentage of protected intercourse. As expected, rejection sensitivity was related to lower levels of percentage of protected intercourse via heightened levels of intercourse-related anxiety and was not related directly to percentage of protected intercourse. Intercourse-related anxiety was indicated as a partial mediator between rejection sensitivity and percentage of protected intercourse. In contrast, intimacy dating goals was related to lower levels of percentage of protected intercourse directly. The findings demonstrate the importance of relational factors in condom use among adolescents in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Levels of protected intercourse are likely to increase when relational factors are targeted among adolescents in this high-risk population. Implications for prevention strategies targeting this high-risk subgroup of adolescents are discussed. ^

Role Stress, Emotional Exhaustion, and Job Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry: The Moderating Role of Supervisory Support

The purpose of this study is to investigate supervisory support as a moderator of the effects of role conflict and role ambiguity on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. This study also examines the moderating role of supervisory support on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. Data were collected from a sample of frontline hotel employees in Northern Cyprus. The aforementioned relationships were tested based on hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The results demonstrate that supervisory support mitigates the impact of role conflict on emotional exhaustion and further reveal that supervisory support reduces the effect of emotional exhaustion on job satisfaction. There is no empirical support for the rest of the hypothesized relationships. Implications of the empirical results are discussed, and future research directions are offered.

Prevalência e fatores associados à morbidade materna: inquérito populacional em Natal/RN

INTRODUCTION: Severe maternal morbidity , also known as maternal near miss , has been used as an alternative to the study of maternal mortality , since being more frequent shares the same determinants and enables the implementati on of epidem iological surveillance of cases . Since then, hospital audits ha ve been carried out to determine the rates of maternal near miss, its mai n causes and associated factors . More recently, population surveys based on self - reported morbidity have als o been presented as vi able in identifying these cases . OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of maternal near miss and complications during pregnancy and puerperal period in Natal/RN. METHODS: A cross - secti onal population - based study was conducted in Natal /RN , Brazil, which has as its target population women aged 15 to 49 years who were pregnant in the last five years. It was carried out a probabilistic sam pling design based on a multi - stage complex sample , in which 60 census tracts were selected from three strata (north , south - east and west). Afterwards, domiciles were visited in order to obtain a sample of the 908 eligible women in whom a questionnaire was applied. The descriptive analyzes and bivariate ass ociations were performed using the Chi - square test and the estimate of the prevalence ratio (PR ) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and considering the weights and design effects . The Poisson regression analysis , also with 5% significance and 95% CI, was us ed for analyzes of associated factors. RESULTS: 848 women were identified and interviewed after visits in 8.227 households corresponding to a response rate of 93 . 4 %. The prevalence of maternal near miss was 41 . 1 /1 000NV, being the Intensive Care Unity stay i ng (19 . 1 /1 000 LB ) and eclampsia (13 . 5/1000LB) the most important marker s . The prevalence of complications in the puerperal peri od was 21 . 2 %, and hemorrhage (10 . 7%) and urinary tract infection (10 . 7%) the most frequently reported clinical conditions and rema in ing in the hospital for over a week after delivery the mo st frequent intervention (5.4%) . Regarding associated factors , the bivariate analysis showed an association between the increased number of complications in women of black/brown race ( PR= 1 . 23; CI95 % : 1 . 04 - 1 . 46) and lower socioeconomic status ( PR= 1 . 33; CI95%: 1 . 12 - 1 . 58) in women who had pre natal care in public service ( PR= 1 . 42; CI95%: 1 . 16 to 1 . 72 ) and that were not advised during prenatal about where they should do the d elivery (PR= 1 . 24; CI95%: 1 . 05 - 1 . 46), made the del ivery in the public service (PR= 1 . 63; CI95%: 1 . 30 - 2 . 03), had to search for more than one hospital for delivery (PR=1 . 22; CI95%: 1 . 03 - 1 . 45) and had no companion during childbirth ( PR =1 . 19; CI95%: 1 . 01 - 1 . 41) or at all times of childbirth c are - before, during and after childbirth - ( PR= 1 . 25, CI95%: 1 . 05 - 1 . 48) . Moreover, the number of days postpartum hospitalization was higher in women who had more complications (P R= 1 . 59 ; CI95%: 1 . 36 - 1 . 86). In the final regression model for both birth place (P R= 1 . 21 ; CI 95% : 1 . 02 to 1 . 44 ) and socioeconomic status (PR = 1.54 ; CI95%: 1 . 25 - 1 . 90 ) the association remained. CONCLUSION : Conducting population surveys using the pragmatic definition of near miss is feasible and may add importa nt information about this ev ent . It was possible to find the expression of health inequalities related to maternal health in the analysis of both socioeconomic conditions and on the utilization of health services.

Near miss materno e iniquidades em saúde: análise de determinantes contextuais no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The scope of this study was to identify socioeconomic contextual and health care factors in primary care associated with maternal near misses and their marker conditions. This is an ecological study that used aggregated data of 63 clusters formed by the municipalities of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, using the Skater method of area regionalization, as the unit of analysis. The ratio of maternal near misses and their marker conditions were obtained from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System. In multiple linear regression analysis, there was a significant association between maternal near misses and variables of poverty and poor primary health care. Hypertensive disorders were also associated with poverty and poor primary care and the occurrence of hemorrhaging was associated with infant mortality. It was observed that the occurrence of maternal near misses is linked to unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and poor quality health care that are a reflection of public policies that accentuate health inequalities.

Near miss materno e iniquidades em saúde: análise de determinantes contextuais no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The scope of this study was to identify socioeconomic contextual and health care factors in primary care associated with maternal near misses and their marker conditions. This is an ecological study that used aggregated data of 63 clusters formed by the municipalities of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, using the Skater method of area regionalization, as the unit of analysis. The ratio of maternal near misses and their marker conditions were obtained from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System. In multiple linear regression analysis, there was a significant association between maternal near misses and variables of poverty and poor primary health care. Hypertensive disorders were also associated with poverty and poor primary care and the occurrence of hemorrhaging was associated with infant mortality. It was observed that the occurrence of maternal near misses is linked to unfavorable socioeconomic conditions and poor quality health care that are a reflection of public policies that accentuate health inequalities.

Examination of body image among Canadian adolescents: Relations with physical activity and screen time

Background: Adolescence is a period of life associated with self-perceptions of negative body image. Physical activity levels are low and screen time levels are also high during this stage. These perceptions and behaviours are associated with poor health outcomes, making research on their determinants important. With adolescent populations, certain groups may be at higher risk of body dissatisfaction than others, and body dissatisfaction may influence individual physical activity and screen time levels. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were to: 1) describe body image among young Canadians, examining possible health inequalities 2) estimate the strength and significance of associations between body satisfaction, physical activity and screen time, and 3) examine the potential etiological role of biological sex. Methods: Objective 1: The 2013/2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study was employed. Sex-stratified Rao-Scott chi-square analyses were conducted to examine associations between socio-demographic factors and body satisfaction. Objective 2: The 2005/2006 and 2013/2014 cross-sectional and 2006 longitudinal HBSC data sets were used. Sex-stratified modified Poisson regressions were conducted and risk estimates and associated confidence intervals obtained. Results: Objective 1: Among males, being older, of East and Southeast Asian ethnicity, and reporting low SES all were associated with body dissatisfaction. Among females, being older, of Arab and West Asian or African ethnicity, being born in Canada, and reporting low SES were all associated with being body dissatisfied. Objective 2: Cross-sectionally, males who reported ‘too fat’ body dissatisfaction were more likely to be physically inactive. Adolescents of both sexes who reported ‘too fat’ body dissatisfaction were more likely to engage in high levels of screen time. Data from the longitudinal component supported the idea that male ‘too fat’ body dissatisfaction temporally leads to physical inactivity, but showed an inverse relationship between body dissatisfaction and screen time. Conclusions: Objective 1: Future prevention efforts in Canada should target subgroups to effectively help those at greatest risk of body dissatisfaction, and ameliorate potential inequalities at the population level. Objective 2: The presence of these relationships may inform future interventions as part of a multi-factorial etiology, in order to increase physical activity and decrease screen time among youth.

The intersectorial approach in providing guidance and school support. The perspective of counsellors, tutors and principals

The provision of guidance and educational support requires joint work and the collaboration of different professionals and institutions, especially when we face complex problems that require a high level of specialization and the combination of knowledge from different areas. The research has aimed to examine the proximity of the institutional system of guidance and support to school in nine Autonomous Communities, to the intersectorial approach of counselling. We present the results of a descriptive study using the survey method, which allows knowing the opinions of counsellors, tutors and principals of Primary and Secondary Compulsory Education about the collaboration with the local public services (social, health, education, and employment) in the specialized support to students and schools. The final sample consisted of 9732 subjects who were selected from a random sampling proportional to the size of the subpopulations of each Autonomous Community. Results indicate how, in general terms, there is collaboration among the school and the local public services, although not as frequently as it would be desirable. In the same way, the professionals that were interviewed believe that the collaboration with social and educational services is quite adequate, but the assessment is not as positive when health and employment services are analysed. Finally, taking into account the different professionals considered, tutors from both educational stages are the ones that show a higher degree of satisfaction with the collaboration between the school and the local public services, except in the case of social services.

Changes in children’s body mass index between 2006/07 and 2013/14 National Child Measurement Programme

This report is the sixth in a series of annual reports which use National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) data to examine changes in children’s body mass index (BMI) that have taken place since 2006/07. It explores trends in obesity, overweight, excess weight and underweight prevalence, as well as changes in mean BMI over time. Trends within different socioeconomic and ethnic groups are also examined to determine whether existing health inequalities are widening or becoming smaller.

Older Adult Injury Risk Assessment in the Driving and Occupational Environments

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08