Gradual Decline in Malaria-Specific Memory T Cell Responses Leads to Failure to Maintain Long-Term Protective Immunity to Plasmodium chabaudi AS Despite Persistence of B Cell Memory and Circulating Antibody

The mechanisms responsible for the generation and maintenance of immunological memory to Plasmodium are poorly understood and the reasons why protective immunity in humans is so difficult to achieve and rapidly lost remain a matter for debate. A possible explanation for the difficulty in building up an efficient immune response against this parasite is the massive T cell apoptosis resulting from exposure to high-dose parasite Ag. To determine the immunological mechanisms required for long-term protection against P. chabaudi malaria and the consequences of high and low acute phase parasite loads for acquisition of protective immunity, we performed a detailed analysis of T and B cell compartments over a period of 200 days following untreated and drug-treated infections in female C57BL/6 mice. By comparing several immunological parameters with the capacity to control a secondary parasite challenge, we concluded that loss of full protective immunity is not determined by acute phase parasite load nor by serum levels of specific IgG2a and IgG1. Abs, but appears to be a consequence of the progressive decline in memory T cell response to parasites, which occurs similarly in untreated and drug-treated mice with time after infection. Furthermore, by analyzing adoptive transfer experiments, we confirmed the major role of CD4(+) T cells for guaranteeing long-term full protection against P. chabaudi malaria. The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 181: 8344-8355.

Boosting systemic and secreted antibody responses in mice orally immunized with recombinant Bacillus subtilis strains following parenteral priming with a DNA vaccine encoding the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) CFA/I fimbriae B subunit

Recombinant Bacillus subtilis strains, either spores or vegetative cells, may be employed as safe and low cost orally delivered live vaccine vehicles. In this study, we report the use of an orally delivered B. subtilis vaccine strain to boost systemic and secreted antibody responses in mice i.m. primed with a DNA vaccine encoding the structural subunit (CfaB) of the CFA/I fimbriae encoded by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an important etiological agent of diarrhea among travelers and children living in endemic regions. DBA/2 female mice submitted to the prime-boost immunization regimen developed synergic serum (IgG) and mucosal (IgA) antibody responses to the target CfaB antigen. Moreover, in contrast to mice immunized only with one vaccine formulation, sera harvested from prime-boosted vaccinated individuals inhibited adhesion of ETEC cells to human red blood cells. Additionally, vaccinated dams conferred full passive protection to suckling newborn mice challenged with a virulent ETEC strain. Taken together the present results further demonstrate the potential use of recombinant B. subtilis strains as an alternative live vaccine vehicle. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The monoclonal antibody against the major diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mediates immune protection in infected BALB/c mice challenged intratracheally with the fungus

The protective role of specific antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is controversial. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of monoclonal antibodies on the major diagnostic antigen (gp43) using in vitro and in vivo P. brasiliensis infection models. The passive administration of some monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) before and after intratracheal or intravenous infections led to a reduced fungal burden and decreased pulmonary inflammation. The protection mediated by MAb 3E, the most efficient MAb in the reduction of fungal burden, was associated with the enhanced phagocytosis of P. brasiliensis yeast cells by J774.16, MH-S, or primary macrophages. The ingestion of opsonized yeast cells led to an increase in NO production by macrophages. Passive immunization with MAb 3E induced enhanced levels of gamma interferon in the lungs of infected mice. The reactivity of MAb 3E against a panel of gp43-derived peptides suggested that the sequence NHVRIPIGWAV contains the binding epitope. The present work shows that some but not all MAbs against gp43 can reduce the fungal burden and identifies a new peptide candidate for vaccine development.

Ni-Zn-Sm nanopowder ferrites: Morphological aspects and magnetic properties

Ni-Zn ferrites have been widely used in components for high-frequency range applications due to their high electrical resistivity, mechanical strength and chemical stability. Ni-Zn ferrite nanopowders doped with samarium with a nominal composition of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2-xSmxO4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, and 0.1 mol) were obtained by combustion synthesis using nitrates and urea as fuel. The morphological aspects of Ni-Zn-Sm ferrite nanopowders were investigated by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption by BET, sedimentation, scanning electron microscopy and magnetic properties. The results indicated that the Ni-Zn-Sm ferrite nanopowders were composed of soft agglomerates of nanoparticles with a high surface area (55.8-64.8 m(2)/g), smaller particles (18-20 nm) and nanocrystallite size particles. The addition of samarium resulted in a reduction of all the magnetic parameters evaluated, namely saturation magnetization (24-40 emu/g), remanent magnetization (2.2-3.5 emu/g) and coercive force (99.3-83.3 Oe). (c) 2007 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Luminescence and defect centres in MgSrAl(10)O(17):Sm(3+) phosphor

An efficient reddish orange emission MgSrAl(10)O(17):Sm(3+) phosphor was prepared by the combustion method. The phosphor has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis measurements. Photoluminescence spectrum revealed that samarium ions are present in trivalent oxidation states. The phosphor exhibits two thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) peaks at 210 degrees C and 450 degrees C. Electron spin resonance studies were carried out to identify the defect centres responsible for the TSL process in MgSrAl(10)O(17):Sm(3+) phosphor. Three defect centres have been identified in irradiated phosphor and these centres are tentatively assigned to an O(-) ion and F(+) centres. O(-) ion (hole centre) correlates with the 210 degrees C TSL peak while one of the F+ centres (electron centre) appears to relate to the 450 degrees C TSL peak. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Precambrian history of the Zona Transversal of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil: Insights from Sm-Nd and U-Pb geochronology

The Borborema Province has three major subprovinces. The northern subprovince lies north of the Patos shear zone and is comprised of Paleoproterozoic cratonic basement with Archean nuclei, plus overlying Neoproterozoic supracrustal rocks and Brasiliano plutonic rocks. The central subprovince occurs between the Patos and Pernambuco shear zones and is mainly comprised of the Zona Transversal. The southern subprovince occurs between the Pernamabuco shear zone and the Sao Francisco craton and is comprised of a tectonic collage of various blocks, terranes, or domains ranging in age from Archean to Neoproterozoic. This report focuses on the Zona Transversal, especially on Brasiliano rocks for which we have the most new information. Paleoproterozoic gneisses with ages of 2.0-2.2 Ga occur discontinuously throughout the Zona Transversal. The Cariris Velhos suite consists of metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and metaplutonic rocks yielding U-Pb zircon ages of 995-960 Ma. This suite is mainly confined to a 100 km wide belt that extends for more than 700 km within the Alto Pajeu terrane. Sm-Nd model ages in metaigneous rocks cluster about 1.3-1.6 Ga, indicating that older crust was involved in genesis of their magmas. Brasiliano supracrustal rocks dominate the Pianco-Alto Brigida terrane, and they probably also constitute significant parts of the Alto Pajeu and Rio Capibaribe terranes. They are only slightly older than early stages of Brasiliano plutonism, with detrital zircon ages at least as young as 620 Ma; most T(DM) ages range from 1.2 to 1.6 Ga. Brasiliano plutons range from ca. 640 to 540 Ma, and their T(DM) ages range from 1.2 to 2.5 Ga. Previous workers have shown significant correlations among U-Pb ages, Sm-Nd model ages, petrology, and geochemistry, and we are able to reinforce and extend these correlations. Stage I plutons formed 640 -610 Ma and have T(DM) ages less than 1.5 Ga. Stage 11 (610-590 Ma) contains few plutons, but coincides with the peak of compressional deformation, metamorphism, and formation of migmatites. Stage III plutons (590 to ca. 575 Ma) have older T(DM) ages (ca. 1.8-2.0 Ga), as do Stage IV plutons (575 to ca. 550 Ma; T(DM) from 1.9 to 2.4 Ga). Stage III plutons formed during the transition from compressional to transcurrent deformation, while Stage IV plutons are mainly post-tectonic. Stage V plutons (550-530 Ma) are commonly undeformed (except along younger shear zones) and have A-type geochemistry. The five stages have distinct geochemical properties, which suggest that the tectonic settings evolved from early, arc-related magma-genesis (Stage I) to within-plate magma-genesis (Stage V), with perhaps some intermediate phases of extensional environments. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influenza virus vaccination in kidney transplant recipients: serum antibody response to different immunosuppressive drugs

Introduction: This study prospectively accessed the immune response to the inactivated influenza vaccine in renal transplant recipients receiving either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Side effects were investigated. Methods: Sixty-nine patients received one dose of inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine. Antihemagglutinin (HI) antibody response against each strain was measured before and one to six months after vaccination. Results: Geometric mean HI antibody titers for H1N1 and H3N2 strains increased from 2.57 and 2.44 to 13.45 (p = 0.001) and 7.20 (p < 0.001), respectively. Pre- and post-vaccination protection rates for H1N1 and H3N2 increased from 8.7% to 49.3% (p < 0.001); and 36.3% (p < 0.001) and seroconversion rates were 36% and 25.3%, respectively. There was no response to influenza B. The use of MMF reduced the H1N1 and H3N2 protection rates and the seroconversion rate for the H1N1 strain when compared with the use of azathioprine, and subjects transplanted less than 87 months also had inferior antibody response. Adverse events were mild and there were no change on renal function post-vaccination. Conclusion: Renal transplant patients vaccinated against influenza responded with antibody production for in. uenza A virus strains, but not for in. uenza B. Use of MMF and shorter time from transplantation decreased the immune response to the vaccine.

Intressenters agerande – vid ett undantag från revisionsplikt för små aktiebolag

Ever since Sweden joined EU on the 1st of January 1995 the auditing is regulated not only by our Swedish laws but also by EG:s directives. In the fourth directive the member states are given a possibility to dispense small companies from the duty to audit the accounts. It is up to every member state to decide whether they want to dispense the small companies or not and today Sweden is one of few member states who does not.The purpose of this essay was to describe how lenders and Skatteverket will act in case of a dispensation for small companies from the duty to audit the accounts. The study has been carried out by interviewing four lenders and Skatteverket.The study shows that the lenders and Skatteverkets acting in case of a dispensation for small companies from the duty to audit the accounts will part from each others. While the lenders stand before a big change Skatteverkets work will be next to unaltered.Half the lenders think that they will continue to demand that the companies’ accounts be audited. The other half thinks that they will adjust their demands that the accounts be audited to each specific company. Skatteverket trusts in the increasing number of samples to guarantee the quality with the companies’ financial reports.

"Paddagogik" i förskolan : En studie om små barns kommunikation, samspel och lärande i mötet med en ipad

Syftet med detta arbete är att studera vad som händer med förskolebarns kommunikation, samspel och lärande i mötet med det digitala verktyget ipad. I denna undersökning har jag även tittat närmare på hur pedagogen förhåller sig och påverkar situationen. Jag har närmat mig undersökningsområdet med en kvalitativ ansats där jag använt mig av observation som metod. Mina observationer har utförts på en förskola där jag studerat barn och pedagoger på två av förskolans avdelningar, en avdelning med barn i åldern 1-3 år och en avdelning med barn i åldern 3-5 år.Resultatet påvisar att barnen blir språkligt aktiv och engagerade i mötet med ipaden. De kommunicerar och samspelar med varandra på många olika sätt. Studien visar även att barn möter ipaden under tystnad med koncentration och förundran. Pedagogen, kamraterna och ipadens olika applikationer har betydelse för kommunikationen och lärandet. Ipaden är ett lustfyllt verktyg som barnen möter med total orädsla och nyfikenhet. Barnen uppvisar en stor vilja att vara aktiva och interagera med det digitala verktyget och ipaden kan anses vara ett stöd för barns lärande. Förskolan har gett barnen möjligheter att möta och bli språkliga med det digitala verktyget ipad men undersökningen visar också att miljön och pedagogerna begränsar barnen på olika sätt. Slutsatsen av studien är att ipaden kan användas som ett verktyg för att stärka barns kommunikation, samspel och lärande om den används på ett genomtänkt och medvetet sätt i förskolans verksamhet.

Små citroner gula : En studie i hur estetiska lärprocesser iscensätts, värderasoch realiseras, samt hur en lärmiljö med – ”The Wow Factor”påverkar inlärning på gymnasienivå

Uppsatsens syfte är att studera hur estetiska lärprocesser används för att stimulera lärandet och utveckla eleverna på gymnasial nivå i ämnet religionskunskap. För att få svar har under-sökningen fokuserat på hur estetiska lärprocesser iscensätts i praktiken, kopplat till teori om hur dessa lärprocesser kan påverka och stimulera elevens utveckling och lärande. Studien grundar sig på kvalitativa intervjuer gjorda på två olika skolor, en privat skola och en kom-munal med gymnasielärare i ämnet religion. Intervjutexterna har tolkats hermeneutiskt för att inte bara synliggöra samtalet mellan informanter och forskare, utan även belysa den tolkade texten som på så sätt även den kan ses som ett samtal mellan tolkare, läsare och text. Studien har använt ett teoretiskt ramverk där tre teoretiska perspektiv belyst estetiska lärprocesser samt kringliggande problematik i ämnet. Studien är av komparativ art och analysverktygen har selekterats utifrån tanken att med olika teoretikers perspektiv bemöta och besvara studiens frågeställningar.Resultatet påvisar att det råder en tveksamhet om vad som kan betraktas som estetiska lärpro-cesser och vad som ska inkluderas i begreppet bland informanterna. Dock råder en samstäm-mighet i att det rör sig om praktiskt, kreativt engagemang i grupp som kännetecknar estetiken i verksamheten. Värderingsfrågan visade sig ha två dimensioner. Den ena aspekten var att in-formanterna värderade de estetiska lärprocesserna högt som ur motivations-, engagemangs- och personlighetsutvecklande perspektiv. Däremot värderades de estetiska lärprocesserna lågt ur ett betygsgrundande perspektiv.De estetiska lärprocesserna iscensätts främst genom film, möten och miljöbyten. Film an-vänds främst som visuell och känslomässig förstärkning av undervisningens valda innehåll. Möten med personer aktiva inom det aktuella undervisningstemat används i lika stor utsträck-ning för att öka elevernas minnesförnimmelse och engagemang samt verklighetsrelatering, det vill säga koppling till extern kunskap. Möten kunde även i mer abstrakt betydelse innefatta möten med andra, redan befintliga kulturer i dess omgivning som synliggjorts genom den estetiska lärprocessen.Fördelarna med att använda sig av de estetiska lärprocesserna i undervisningen visade sig i huvudsak vara att de skapade utrymme för känslor och att de bidrar till en större studiemoti-vation samt ett ökat engagemang bland eleverna. Respekt för andra människor ur ett sociokul-turellt perspektiv var vad informanterna anser att de estetiska lärprocesserna genererar i ett vidgat lärande perspektiv, det vill säga ett externt lärande. Nackdelarna kan sammanfattas med de bristande resurser som stod till pedagogernas förfogande i form av tid och utbildning i ämnet, vilket i hög grad kom att belysa bedömningsproblematiken.

Aplicação de métodos radiométricos (Rb-Sr e Sm-Nd) na análise de bacias sedimentares o exemplo da Bacia do Paraná

Os métodos radiométricos (Rb-Sr e Sm-Nd) têm sido aplicados, com sucesso, em rochas sedimentares visando a obtenção de idades deposicionais e informações sobre proveniência. Em muitos casos, apesar dos resultados geologicamente significativos, ainda persistem dúvidas em relação a extensão e interpretação dos dados obtidos. Isto ocorre porque as rochas sedimentares resultam da mistura de fragmentos detríticos de diversas proveniências com diferentes sistemas isotópicos, conseqüentemente, já contendo um registro isotópico da rocha fonte. No caso do método Rb-Sr, aplicado em rochas sedimentares de granulometria fina, pode-se obter idades absolutas para o evento deposicional. Isto é viável desde que este registro isotópico proveniente das rochas fonte seja apagado no momento da deposição, ou seja, deve ocorrer a homogeneização isotópica do Sr no ambiente sedimentar. Para tanto, devem ser observados alguns pré-requisitos em relação a amostragem, granulometria, ambiente deposicional e composição mineralógica das amostras, entre outros. No entanto, ainda existem questionamentos em relação a esta metodologia especialmente quanto à ocorrência e à extensão do processo de homogeneização isotópica do Sr em ambiente sedimentar.(Continua0 O método Sm-Nd, apesar de ser uma técnica relativamente nova quando aplicada a rochas sedimentares, tem se tornado uma ferramenta fundamental para auxílio na determinação de proveniência de rochas sedimentares. As maiores dificuldades estão na correta interpretação dos valores obtidos e sua associação com um ambiente sedimentar, ou seja, de baixa temperatura. Neste trabalho, foram aplicados os métodos radiométricos Rb-Sr e Sm-Nd em amostras de rochas sedimentares coletadas em diferentes contextos geológicos da Bacia do Paraná. Foram tentativamente testados os diferentes parâmetros que atuam no sentido da homogeneização isotópica do Sr e do comportamento do Nd. Os resultados obtidos permitiram aprimorar a metodologia radiométrica Rb-Sr e Sm-Nd quando aplicada em rochas sedimentares, bem como obter resultados sobre a idade deposicional de diferentes unidades sedimentares e, por vezes, sua proveniência.

Comparação estratigráfica e isotópica (Sm-Nd) das regiões do Cerro Morado e La Torre, bacia de Ischigualasto-Villa Unión, noroeste argentino

A bacia de Ischigualasto-Villa Unión (Stipanicic e Bonaparte, 1972), que consiste de uma bacia alongada no sentido NW-SE e preenchida por rochas sedimentares Triássicas, foi gerada durante o Eo-Triássico pela reativação de descontinuidades crustais pré-existentes, associadas ao Gondwanides, na região central andina. Esta limitada a oeste, pelo vale do Rio Bermejo, no qual se encontra a zona de sutura do Vale Fértil, que se caracteriza pela borda ativa da bacia. Aqui, apresentar-se-á uma revisão da estratigrafia da bacia de Ischigualasto-Villa Unión, detalhando-se duas áreas chaves do registro estratigráfico inferior da bacia, na região do Cerro Morado e La Torre. Nestas áreas utilizou-se de técnicas estratigráficas e isotópicas (Sm-Nd em rocha total), com o objetivo de estabelecer uma correlação entre seus registros estratigráficos e suas áreas-fonte, além de caracterizar o comportamento tectônico. Ambos os perfis apresentam na porção inferior o preenchimento por um sistema aluvial-fluvial (Formação Tarjados sensu Romer & Jensen, 1966), subdividido em 4 associações de fácies: leques aluviais, canais fluviais, barras longitudinais e planície de inundação; e, na porção superior, o preenchimento por um sistema lacustre-deltáico (Formação Los Chañares sensu Frenguelli, 1944, no Cerro Morado e, Formação Lomas Blancas sensu Bossi e Herbst, 1968, em La Torre), subdividido em 4 associações de fácies: lacustre, pró delta, frente deltáica e planicie deltáica. Sobre as últimas unidades ocorre um lacólito de diabásio (Formação Los Baldecitos) A formação Tarjados apresenta as maiores idades TDM na região do Cerro Morado, variando entre 1,33 e 1,60 Ga, enquanto que em La Torre os valores oscilam entre 1,03 e 1,30 Ga. Isso é interpretado aqui como uma variação da área fonte entre as duas regiões na época de sua sedimentação, cujas regiões poderiam estar compartimentadas em termos tectônicos a época de sua deposição. A formação Los Chañares possui idades TDM variando entre 0,90 e 1,36 Ga, e a formação Lomas Blancas possui idades TDM entre 0,99 e 1,35 Ga, com dominância de valores próximos a 1 Ga nos dois blocos. Os diabásios da formação Los Baldecitos possuem idades TDM entre 0,51 e 0,33 Ga, cujo dado é interpretado com uma extração mantélica próxima a 130 Ma de um manto modificado pela orogenia do Ciclo Gondwânico, ou até mesmo pelo processo de slab break-off da crosta oceânica consumida pela colisão do micro-continente Cuyania com a proto-margem do Gondwana (Ramos, 1999). Todas as rochas dessa formação obtiveram valores de Epsilon Nd positivos. A integração dos dados estratigráficos e isotópicos nos permite interpretar as duas áreas como meio-grábens distintos na etapa inicial de preenchimento, em função da discrepância entre as idades TDM entre as áreas. A partir da transgressão lacustre as áreas-fonte são uniformizadas e o alto estrutural pré-existente é transgredido.

Antibody and blood leukocyte response in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) tick-infested dogs and guinea pigs

The dog is considered to be the natural host of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and is unable to develop appreciable resistance even after repeated feedings. The guinea pig develops strong resistance after one infestation with adult ticks. Antibody (IgG) titres against tick salivary gland antigens (SGAs) and blood leukocyte numbers in dogs and guinea pigs undergoing experimental R. sanguineus tick infestations were measured to detect a possible correlation with susceptibility or resistance of hosts. Since infested dogs develop an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to R. sanguineus antigens, total and anti-R. sanguineus SGA IgE levels were also measured in this host species. IgG and IgE antibody levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) along three consecutive infestations of both hosts. Most dogs and guinea pigs displayed low IgG levels against R. sanguineus SGAs, though marked differences in individual response were observed. Although dog's total serum IgE levels increased significantly after infestations, no change in the amount of anti-salivary gland IgE was detected. Total and differential blood cell counts were determined in dogs and guinea pigs during primary and secondary infestation. In dogs, a tertiary infestation and a subsequent higher infestation level were also evaluated. Infested dogs did not display any alteration in blood leukocyte counts throughout the experiment. Guinea pigs, on the other hand, developed a significant basophilia during primary infestation which increased further during secondary infestation. These data reveal similarities and differences in the reactions of resistant and non-resistant hosts to ticks. They contribute for the understanding of such host-parasite relationships and will hopefully aid in the development of immune control of ticks. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental infection of Newcastle disease virus in pigeons (Columba livia): Humoral antibody response, contact transmission and viral genome shedding

The aim of this study was to evaluate the humoral antibody response, the genome viral excretion and the contact transmission of pathogenic chicken origin Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from experimentally infected pigeons (Columba livia) to in-contact pigeon. The antibody response to infection was assessed by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and the genome viral excretion was detected by RT-PCR. Viral strain induced high antibody levels, both in inoculated and in sentinel birds. The pathogenic viral strain for chickens was unable to produce clinical signs of the disease in experimentally infected pigeons, although it induced the Immoral antibody response and produced NDV genome shedding. NDV genome was detected intermittently throughout the experimental period, from 5 days post-infection (dpi) to 24 dpi. Therefore, viral genome shedding occurred for 20 days. The viral genome was detected in all birds, between I I and 13 dpi. Furthermore, the high infectivity of the virus was confirmed, as all non-inoculated sentinel pigeons showed antibody levels as high as those of inoculated birds. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.