Efeitos de um programa de treino cognitivo e das técnicas de higiene do sono para as funções executivas e para a qualidade de sono em idosos saudáveis

The aging process causes changes in the elderly’s sleep/awake standard impairing their cognitive abilities, particularly executive functioning, which already suffers loss by aging. The literature suggests that executive function and preserved sleep quality are key to maintaining good quality of life and independence of older people, requiring interventions to minimize the impact of losses incurred by the aging process. This study evaluated the effect of a cognitive training program and sleep hygiene techniques for executive functions and sleep quality in healthy older people. The participants were 41 healthy older adults, of both sexes, who were randomly divided into four groups: control group [GC], cognitive training group [GTC], sleep hygiene group [GHS] and training group + hygiene [GTH]. The research was developed in three stages: 1st - initial assessment of cognition and sleep; 2nd - specific intervention to each group; 3rd - post-intervention revaluation. The results showed that GTC had significant improvements in cognitive tasks flexibility, planning, verbal fluency and some aspects of episodic memory, besides gains in sleep quality and decrease on daytime hypersomnolence. The GHS improved sleep quality and daytime sleepiness as well and had significant improvements in insights capacity, planning, attention and in all evaluated aspects of episodic memory. The GTH had significant gains in cognitive flexibility, problem solving, verbal fluency, attention and episodic memory. The CG showed significant worsening in excessive daytime sleepiness in capacity planning. Thus, we conclude that cognitive training interventions and sleep hygiene strategies are useful in improving cognitive performance and quality of healthy elderly sleep.

O slogan empresarial como construção discursiva: uma abordagem cognitivo-funcional

In this paper, we analyze corporate slogans, understanding them as a discursive construction that is, as a pairing of form and function able to unite the notions of textual type and discursive genre. In this way, we developed a qualitative and quantitative analysis, aimed specifically to analyze the formal properties (phonetic, morphological and syntactic) and functional (semantic, pragmatic and discursive) of slogans. Furthermore, we attempted at verifying and quantifying recurring aspects involved in their construction, in order to capture configurational patterns underlying their formation. The data come from slogans collected in products and / or service stores in the metropolitan area of Natal city, Rio Grande do Norte. This research is based on the Cognitive-Functional Linguistics, that conjugates the North American functionalist tradition, represented by researchers as Talmy Givón, Paul Hopper, Joan Bybee, Elizabeth Closs-Traugott, with Cognitive Linguistics, in particular, the chain linked to Construction Grammar, as postulated by Adele Goldberg, William Croft e Jan-Olla Östman, among others. The results ratified the importance of the interface between the formal and functional aspects in the analysis of linguistic uses. These results point to the idea of the slogan as the pairing of form and function on textual / discursive level, in other words, as a discursive construction, constituting as cognitive storage of a scheme / model of textual formation with a specific discursive-pragmatic function.

Modulaçao do estresse social sobre parâmetros fisiológicos, comportamentais, cognitivos e plasticidade neuronal em saguis (Callithrix jacchus) juvenis: um modelo psiquiátrico e cognitivo

Nos períodos críticos de plasticidade neural ocorre uma maior permissividade do sistema nervoso ao ambiente, por isto, a ação do estresse sobre o individuo e suas repercussões sobre áreas responsáveis pelo controle dos sistemas de resposta ao estresse e por funções cognitivas complexas vem recebendo bastante atenção. A utilização de modelos experimentais translacionais tem sido imprescindível na elucidação destes mecanismos e das patologias associadas. Diante disto, este trabalho investigou os efeitos do estresse social sobre parâmetros fisiológicos, comportamentais, cognitivos e sobre a neurogênese no córtex pré-frontal (CPF) durante um período crítico de plasticidade cerebral, a fase juvenil, em machos de Callithrix jacchus. Durante cinco meses, 5 animais foram acompanhados em suas famílias (GF) e 5 animais foram isolados socialmente por 4 meses (GI), após um mês em observação em ambiente familiar (fase basal- FB). Ao final do 5º mês foram aplicados 2 testes de memória de trabalho (MT) nos animais GF e GI. Em seguida, 3 animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados para análise do fator de neurogênese BDNF ( Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) por imunofluorescência no CPF (sub-regiões orbitofrontal e lateral). Os animais do GF não variaram significativamente o cortisol ao longo do estudo, enquanto o GI elevou o cortisol e comportamentos indicadores de ansiedade (CA) na primeira semana do isolamento. Em seguida, o GI apresentou uma redução no cortisol, nos CA, no peso corporal e um aumento de comportamentos estereotipados e da anedonia, alterações tipicamente depressivas em primatas não-humanos. Ao final, o GI apresentaram níveis de cortisol menores que em FB. Ambos os grupos apresentaram dificuldades em realizar e aprender as tarefas cognitivas e a presença de BDNF no córtex pré-frontal foi independente do grupo (GF ou GI), porém correlacionou-se com os níveis de cortisol presentes na ultima semana do estudo, e os animais com presença de BDNF no CPF lateral e orbitofrontal apresentaram maiores níveis de cortisol. Estes resultados contribuem no processo de validação do sagui como um bom modelo psiquiátrico translacional e aponta para possibilidade de estudos sobre transtornos depressivos na juventude e suas repercussões posteriores. Além disto, os resultados observados para as tarefas cognitivas levou-nos a fazer uma releitura dos protocolos utilizados em estudos de memoria de trabalho com animais adultos desta espécie, com a finalidade de aprimora-los facilitando a aprendizagem em animais juvenis, naives e em situações de estresse. Ademais, evidenciou-se pela primeira vez a relação do estresse, cortisol e níveis de BDNF, em animais juvenis desta espécie, com a fim de contribuir com sua utilização como modelo animal neurocognitivo.

O aprimoramento cognitivo como bem primário em Rawls

The main thesis to be demonstrated in this work is that cognitive enhancement through the use of drugs can be included as a primary good within Rawls' thinking. To develop such notion, the text is structured in two parts. The first part intends to describe the theory of justice as equity in its elements directly related to primary goods. The first information to be verified is the unity of the notion of primary goods in all of Rawls' work. Some elements are modified, for example the distinction of natural and social primary goods. Natural primary goods are intelligence, health, imagination, vigor and chance (luck) and social primary goods are law and liberty, opportunity and power, income and wealth and the social fundaments of self-respect. The perception of some talents such as intelligence has also undergone changes, being altered from "higher intelligence" to "educated intelligence". Such fact highlights education as a primary good that permeates all of Rawls' work in different perspectives. Freedom and self-respect are social-primary goods that will also be deepened. The second part presents the definition of improvement and as to show that the distinction between enhancement and treatment is controversial. The part presents the definition of improvement and as the distinction between enhancement and treatment is controversial. Thus, we have deepened the problems related to practice improvement (enhancement) showing how the concepts of Rawls' primary goods as freedom and self-respect are not in opposition to the practice of improvement, particularly cognitive enhancement. We have shown, instead, that the ban of cognitive improvement could lead to denial of these primary goods. But how could we consider cognitive improvement as a primary social good? What we have done in this thesis is to show how cognitive enhancement is important to ensure that primary products are accessible to citizens, and we rebuilt the process that Rawls uses for choosing his primary goods to test that cognitive enhancement through drugs could perfectly be introduced as such.

O aprimoramento cognitivo como bem primário em Rawls

The main thesis to be demonstrated in this work is that cognitive enhancement through the use of drugs can be included as a primary good within Rawls' thinking. To develop such notion, the text is structured in two parts. The first part intends to describe the theory of justice as equity in its elements directly related to primary goods. The first information to be verified is the unity of the notion of primary goods in all of Rawls' work. Some elements are modified, for example the distinction of natural and social primary goods. Natural primary goods are intelligence, health, imagination, vigor and chance (luck) and social primary goods are law and liberty, opportunity and power, income and wealth and the social fundaments of self-respect. The perception of some talents such as intelligence has also undergone changes, being altered from "higher intelligence" to "educated intelligence". Such fact highlights education as a primary good that permeates all of Rawls' work in different perspectives. Freedom and self-respect are social-primary goods that will also be deepened. The second part presents the definition of improvement and as to show that the distinction between enhancement and treatment is controversial. The part presents the definition of improvement and as the distinction between enhancement and treatment is controversial. Thus, we have deepened the problems related to practice improvement (enhancement) showing how the concepts of Rawls' primary goods as freedom and self-respect are not in opposition to the practice of improvement, particularly cognitive enhancement. We have shown, instead, that the ban of cognitive improvement could lead to denial of these primary goods. But how could we consider cognitive improvement as a primary social good? What we have done in this thesis is to show how cognitive enhancement is important to ensure that primary products are accessible to citizens, and we rebuilt the process that Rawls uses for choosing his primary goods to test that cognitive enhancement through drugs could perfectly be introduced as such.

Terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma para las víctimas de atentados terroristas: un estudio de efectividad con trastornos mentales a muy largo plazo

El terrorismo es un grave problema mundial que cada año afecta a un número muy elevado de personas. Solamente en el año 2014 se produjeron en el mundo 13.463 atentados terroristas que provocaron 32.727 muertos, 34.791 heridos y 9.428 secuestrados (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism [START], 2015). En España el número de personas fallecidas por atentados terroristas en los últimos 45 años es de 1.220, a las que habría que sumar los miles de heridos y de familiares y allegados de personas fallecidas y heridas. Aunque la mayoría de las víctimas no desarrollarán trastornos mentales a causa de los atentados terroristas y conseguirán recuperarse sin secuelas psicopatológicas significativas, un porcentaje importante sufrirán un trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT), depresivo o de ansiedad (García-Vera y Sanz, 2010, 2015). Entre las víctimas directas, la prevalencia del TEPT se ha estimado entre un 10% y un 30% (DiMaggio y Galea, 2006; García-Vera y Sanz, 2015), la del trastorno depresivo mayor entre un 13,3% y un 47,7% y la de los trastornos de ansiedad entre un 6,1% y un 19,8% (García-Vera y Sanz, 2010; Salguero, Fernández-Berrocal, Iruarrizaga, Cano-Vindel, y Galea, 2011). Además, en muchos casos, tales trastornos no parecen remitir con el tiempo y parecen crónicos (García-Vera y Sanz, 2010; Morina, Wicherts, Lobbrecht y Priebe, 2014)...

Personalidade e sua relação com transtornos de ansiedade e de humor: Uma análise da produção científica brasileira na abordagem cognitivo-comportamental

Personality is one of the most controversial and intriguing theme in Psychology. In a general way, it could be understood as a set of rigid patters of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors from an individual. The aim of this investigation was describe how Brazilian researches in Psychology that use cognitive, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral therapy referential have been approaching the subject Personality in their work. We also intended to determine the frequency of publications on Personality Disorders to compare this data with the bibliographical production on Anxiety and Mood Disorders. Moreover, we tried to describe how the Personality construct - and even Personality Disorders construct - has been addressed in the work on the Anxiety and Mood Disorders chosen for this review. The PePSIC Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia - e SciELO.ORG - Scientific Electronic Library Online - databases were used for research. We investigated 53 journals, including two specific Cognitive Therapies and Behavioral-Cognitive Therapy (TCC) periodicals. Within each journal, we undertook a systematic survey on publications on the themes: Personality, Personality Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Major Depression, Dysthymia and Bipolar Disorder. A preliminary research has resulted in 218 articles. A second filter has obtained 81 articles in which we the focused on this review. There were found thirty-eight articles on Anxiety Disorders, twenty-five on Mood Disorders and eighteen on Personality Disorders. It was found that 90% of the papers on Anxiety Disorders make no reference to the term Personality or make it in a discrete way. This number rises to 96% to Personality Disorder group. Analyzing the specific journals on TCC we verified that 97% of the articles on Anxiety and Humor disorders do not cite the term Personality or cite but not explore it. This results point to the low rate of studies addressing the Personality and personality disturbs. Then, we can suggest that the difficulty on treating this Axis II disturbs has been worsened by lack of knowledge produced on the subject, either for lack of interest among researchers or because of the methodological obstacles found on this field.

Promoção do desenvolvimento cognitivo em idosos com a doença de Alzheimer – as práticas e os contextos de estruturas residenciais para idosos

O crescimento da fatia da população com idade superior a 65 anos tem levado a uma maior atenção sobre as consequências sociais, económicas, políticas, principalmente nos países desenvolvidos. O estudo que se apresenta é uma abordagem predominantemente qualitativa e tem características descritivas. Pretendemos conhecer de que forma as estruturas residenciais para idosos promovem o desenvolvimento cognitivo em idosos com a doença de Alzheimer através de atividades de estimulação cognitiva. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade aos técnicos responsáveis por quatro estruturas residenciais de idosos (ERPI), da zona centro de Portugal e os dados recolhidos foram triangulados com a análise documental e a observação naturalista realizada pela investigadora, dado que desenvolve a sua atividade profissional neste contexto Os resultados revelam que as estruturas residenciais para idosos estão sensíveis à importância de criar momentos de estimulação cognitivas para idosos com a doença de Alzheimer. Esta tarefa está dificultada não só pela lacuna na formação específica dos técnicos, como também pelo aumento de utentes com estas e outras necessidades, condicionando a ação individualizada destes técnicos. As estruturas residenciais para idosos, consideram que é necessário fazer uma adaptação do processo de institucionalização quando se trata de um utente com esta demência. Existe também uma grande preocupação em manter a capacidade motora, estimulação cognitiva, mantendo assim por mais tempo as capacidades de cada idoso por forma a ter uma melhor qualidade de vida e autonomia.

Efectos del Biofeedback Cardiaco en el desarrollo Cognitivo niños

Las dinámicas de la Variabilidad de Frecuencia Cardíaca (VFC) son especialmente sensibles a cambios en el estado emocional. Las emociones positivas y negativas pueden ser fácilmente diferenciadas por los estándares del ritmo cardíaco, independientes de los latidos del corazón (McCraty & Tomasino, 2004). Las situaciones de estrés pueden afectar cerebralmente en el área que procesa el conocimiento y la memoria de trabajo, fundamentales para un buen desempeño en el aprendizaje, en las pruebas o en las presentaciones de trabajos. Las situaciones de presión pueden provocar estrés, pérdida de concentración, atención y un desempeño por debajo del potencial esperado (Ramírez, Sian & Beilock, 2001). El Biofeedback Cardiovascular (BFC) es una técnica electrónica que tiene por finalidad el bienestar fisiológico y psicológico del individuo por medio del control de la respiración en resonancia con los latidos cardíacos. El propósito de esta técnica es la autorregulación del organismo.

Efectos del Biofeedback Cardiaco en el desarrollo Cognitivo niños

Las dinámicas de la Variabilidad de Frecuencia Cardíaca (VFC) son especialmente sensibles a cambios en el estado emocional. Las emociones positivas y negativas pueden ser fácilmente diferenciadas por los estándares del ritmo cardíaco, independientes de los latidos del corazón (McCraty & Tomasino, 2004). Las situaciones de estrés pueden afectar cerebralmente en el área que procesa el conocimiento y la memoria de trabajo, fundamentales para un buen desempeño en el aprendizaje, en las pruebas o en las presentaciones de trabajos. Las situaciones de presión pueden provocar estrés, pérdida de concentración, atención y un desempeño por debajo del potencial esperado (Ramírez, Sian & Beilock, 2001). El Biofeedback Cardiovascular (BFC) es una técnica electrónica que tiene por finalidad el bienestar fisiológico y psicológico del individuo por medio del control de la respiración en resonancia con los latidos cardíacos. El propósito de esta técnica es la autorregulación del organismo

Intervención cognitivo-conductual para el control de ansiedad ante la biopsia insicional en pacientes con cáncer de mama

Oncological patients are submitted to invasive exams in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis; these procedures may cause maladaptative reactions (fear, anxiety and pain). Particularly in breast cancer, the most common diagnose technique is the incisional biopsy. Most of the patients are unaware about the procedure and for that reason they may focus their thoughts on possible events such as pain, bleeding, the anesthesia, or the later surgical wound care. Anxiety and pain may provoke physiological, behavioral and emotional complications, and because of this reason, the Behavioral Medicine trained psychologist takes an active role before and after the biopsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a cognitive-behavioral program to reduce anxiety in women submitted to incisional biopsy for the first time. There were 10 participants from the Hospital Juárez de México, Oncology service; all of them were treated as external patients. The intervention program focused in psycho-education and passive relaxation training using videos, tape-recorded instructions and pamphlets. Anxiety measures were performed using the IDARE-State inventory, and a visual-analogue scale of anxiety (EEF-A), and the measurement of blood pressure and heart rate). Data were analyzed both intrasubject and intersubject using the Wilcoxon test (p≤0.05). The results show a reduction in anxiety (as in punctuation as in ranges) besides, a reduction in the EEF-A.

Efectos del Biofeedback Cardiaco en el desarrollo Cognitivo niños

Las dinámicas de la Variabilidad de Frecuencia Cardíaca (VFC) son especialmente sensibles a cambios en el estado emocional. Las emociones positivas y negativas pueden ser fácilmente diferenciadas por los estándares del ritmo cardíaco, independientes de los latidos del corazón (McCraty & Tomasino, 2004). Las situaciones de estrés pueden afectar cerebralmente en el área que procesa el conocimiento y la memoria de trabajo, fundamentales para un buen desempeño en el aprendizaje, en las pruebas o en las presentaciones de trabajos. Las situaciones de presión pueden provocar estrés, pérdida de concentración, atención y un desempeño por debajo del potencial esperado (Ramírez, Sian & Beilock, 2001). El Biofeedback Cardiovascular (BFC) es una técnica electrónica que tiene por finalidad el bienestar fisiológico y psicológico del individuo por medio del control de la respiración en resonancia con los latidos cardíacos. El propósito de esta técnica es la autorregulación del organismo

Traducir al poeta Domingo Rivero desde un enfoque cognitivo-funcional: la traducción al inglés de "The poet"

Programa de doctorado: Estudios sobre la Traducción e Interpretación

Declínio cognitivo, sintomas ansiosos e depressivos: estudo em idosos sob resposta social no concelho de Coimbra

Estudámos a prevalência e gravidade sintomatológica em 300 idosos institucionalizados com e sem declínio cognitivo. Depois analisámos as relações entre sintomatologia e declínio, e o papel preditivo de variáveis relevantes no declínio cognitivo. No total, 48,7% dos idosos tem sintomas ansiosos e 70,0% sintomas depressivos. As médias sintomatológicas são altas, especialmente entre os idosos com declínio cognitivo. Existe correlação significativa entre a sintomatologia e o declínio, mas somente os idosos deprimidos correm risco aumentado de sofrer de declínio cognitivo. Estes resultados realçam a importância de prevenir, diagnosticar e tratar o declínio cognitivo, os sintomas ansiosos e depressivos em idosos institucionalizados.