Transient Heat Conduction of Variable Stiffness Composite Laminate

Recent research on Variable Stiffness (VS) laminates, which are constructed by steering the fiber orientation as a spatial function of location, have shown to improve laminate performance under mechanical loads. Two distinct cases of stiffness variation can be achieved either by variation of the fiber orientation in the direction of the global x-axis, or perpendicular to it. In the present paper, thermal analysis of VS laminate is performed to study the effect of steering fibers on transient heat conduction under uniform heat flux using finite element method. The goal of the present paper is a parametric study of the
effect of variable stiffness properties on transient response including time to reach steady state and temperature profile. Also, stress resultants and maximum stress location are investigated under different boundary conditions. A FEM algorithm is applied to exactly incorporate the boundary conditions.

Functional characterization and membrane topology of Escherichia coli WecA, a sugar-phosphate transferase initiating the biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen and O-antigen lipopolysaccharide

WecA is an integral membrane protein that initiates the biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen and O-antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-1-phosphate onto undecaprenyl phosphate (Und-P) to form Und-P-P-GlcNAc. WecA belongs to a large family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic prenyl sugar transferases. Conserved aspartic acids in putative cytoplasmic loops 2 (Asp90 and Asp91) and 3 (Asp156 and Asp159) were targeted for replacement mutagenesis with either glutamic acid or asparagine. We examined the ability of each mutant protein to complement O-antigen LPS synthesis in a wecA-deficient strain and also determined the steady-state kinetic parameters of the mutant proteins in an in vitro transfer assay. Apparent K(m) and V(max) values for UDP-GlcNAc, Mg(2+), and Mn(2+) suggest that Asp156 is required for catalysis, while Asp91 appears to interact preferentially with Mg(2+), possibly playing a role in orienting the substrates. Topological analysis using the substituted cysteine accessibility method demonstrated the cytosolic location of Asp90, Asp91, and Asp156 and provided a more refined overall topological map of WecA. Also, we show that cells expressing a WecA derivative C terminally fused with the green fluorescent protein exhibited a punctate distribution of fluorescence on the bacterial surface, suggesting that WecA localizes to discrete regions in the bacterial plasma membrane.

Field test of multiple 1/10 scale tidal turbines in steady flows

Queen's University Belfast and Wave Barrier Ltd have developed a tidal testing platform to test hydrokinetic turbines at medium scale. Multiple turbines can be pushed through still water conditions, in steady-state pushing tests. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the interactions between two identical, mono-strut, horizontal axis tidal turbines (HATTs) of 1.5 m diameter (D) rotor. Their relative performance when located individually, in-plane and in-line are investigated. The data shows a high consistency in the power curves at different flow speeds, which indicates high repeatability in this Reynolds range. For an individual turbine, there is no performance difference when the rotor is mounted either upstream or downstream of the supporting structure. When placed in-plane, the turbines have no adverse effect on one another. When spaced in-line with 2D separation, there is a 63% reduction in the performance of the downstream turbine. At 6D downstream this performance reduction is still 59%, indicating some wake recovery between 2D and 6D, though the influence from the upstream rotor persists to at least 6D downstream of the first device. In contrast the performance of the downstream turbine when placed at 1.5D offset of the upstream device at 6D downstream is approximately recovered to the individual turbine performance.

Modelling of Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery Process in Supercritical Condition

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is the most commonly used method for recovering energy from small sources of heat. The investigation of the ORC in supercritical condition is a new research area as it has a potential to generate high power and thermal efficiency in a waste heat recovery system. This paper presents a steady state ORC model in supercritical condition and its simulations with a real engine’s exhaust data. The key component of ORC, evaporator, is modelled using finite volume method, modelling of all other components of the waste heat recovery system such as pump, expander and condenser are also presented. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of mass flow rate and evaporator outlet temperature on the efficiency of the waste heat recovery process. Additionally, the necessity of maintaining an optimum evaporator outlet temperature is also investigated. Simulation results show that modification of mass flow rate is the key to changing the operating temperature at the evaporator outlet.

Study on Hybrid Heat-Gas-Power Flow Algorithm for Integrated Community Energy System: 区域综合能源系统电/气/热混合潮流算法研究

With the integration of combined heat and power (CHP) units, air-conditioners and gas boilers, power, gas, and heat systems are becoming tightly linked to each other in the integrated community energy system (ICES). Interactions among the three systems are not well captured by traditional methods. To address this issue, a hybrid power-gas-heat flow calculation method was developed in this paper. In the proposed method, an energy hub model was presented to describe interactions among the three systems incorporating various CHP operating modes. In addition, three operating modes were proposed for the ICES including fully decoupled, partially coupled, and fully coupled. Numerical results indicated that the proposed algorithm can be used in the steady-state analysis of the ICES and reflect interactions among various energy systems.

The Type IIb SN 2011dh: Two years of observations and modelling of the lightcurves

We present optical and near-infrared (NIR) photometry and spectroscopy as well as modelling of the lightcurves of the Type IIb supernova (SN) 2011dh. Our extensive dataset, for which we present the observations obtained after day 100, spans two years, and complemented with Spitzer mid-infrared (MIR) data, we use it to build an optical-to-MIR bolometric lightcurve between days 3 and 732. To model the bolometric lightcurve before day 400 we use a grid of hydrodynamical SN models, which allows us to determine the errors in the derived quantities, and a bolometric correction determined with steady-state non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) modelling. Using this method we find a helium core mass of 3.1^+0.7<inf>-0.4</inf> M<inf>⊙</inf> for SN 2011dh, consistent within error bars with previous results obtained using the bolometric lightcurve before day 80. We compute bolometric and broad-band lightcurves between days 100 and 500 from spectral steady-state NLTE models, presented and discussed in a companion paper. The preferred 12 M<inf>⊙</inf> (initial mass) model, previously found to agree well with the observed spectra, shows a good overall agreement with the observed lightcurves, although some discrepancies exist. Time-dependent NLTE modelling shows that after day ∼600 a steady-state assumption is no longer valid. The radioactive energy deposition in this phase is likely dominated by the positrons emitted in the decay of ⁵⁶Co, but seems insufficient to reproduce the lightcurves, and what energy source is dominating the emitted flux is unclear. We find an excess in the K and the MIR bands developing between days 100 and 250, during which an increase in the optical decline rate is also observed. A local origin of the excess is suggested by the depth of the He I 20 581 Å absorption. Steady-state NLTE models with a modest dust opacity in the core (τ = 0.44), turned on during this period, reproduce the observed behaviour, but an additional excess in the Spitzer 4.5 μm band remains. Carbon-monoxide (CO) first-overtone band emission is detected at day 206, and possibly at day 89, and assuming the additional excess to bedominated by CO fundamental band emission, we find fundamental to first-overtone band ratios considerably higher than observed in SN 1987A. The profiles of the [O i] 6300 Å and Mg i] 4571 Å lines show a remarkable similarity, suggesting that these lines originate from a common nuclear burning zone (O/Ne/Mg), and using small scale fluctuations in the line profiles we estimate a filling factor of ≲ 0.07 for the emitting material. This paper concludes our extensive observational and modelling work on SN 2011dh. The results from hydrodynamical modelling, steady-state NLTE modelling, and stellar evolutionary progenitor analysis are all consistent, and suggest an initial mass of ∼12 M<inf>⊙</inf> for the progenitor.

Helium line intensity ratio in microwave-generated plasmas

The line intensity ratio method provides a nonintrusive diagnostic for the measurement of electron temperature in microwave-generated plasmas. For optically thin plasmas of low density, a line intensity method using He I lines can often be used, and is based on the fact that the electron impact excitation rate coefficients for helium singlet and triplet states are insensitive to electron density but differ as a function of the electron temperature. Line intensity measurements are presented from microwave-generated helium plasmas. Both steady-state corona and collision-radiative theoretical models are used to evaluate the ground and excited state populations. The line ratio versus electron temperature obtained from both of these methods are compared with the results from measurements. However, it is not possible to diagnose the electron temperature from the line ratios alone due to the presence of significant opacity and nonnegligible 1s2s S-3 metastable fraction in the plasma. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Nonequilibrium processes from generalized Langevin equations: Realistic nanoscale systems connected to two thermal baths

We extend the generalized Langevin equation (GLE) method [L. Stella, C. D. Lorenz, and L. Kantorovich, Phys. Rev. B 89, 134303 (2014)] to model a central classical region connected to two realistic thermal baths at two different temperatures. In such nonequilibrium conditions a heat flow is established, via the central system, in between the two baths. The GLE-2B (GLE two baths) scheme permits us to have a realistic description of both the dissipative central system and its surrounding baths. Following the original GLE approach, the extended Langevin dynamics scheme is modified to take into account two sets of auxiliary degrees of freedom corresponding to the mapping of the vibrational properties of each bath. These auxiliary variables are then used to solve the non-Markovian dissipative dynamics of the central region. The resulting algorithm is used to study a model of a short Al nanowire connected to two baths. The results of the simulations using the GLE-2B approach are compared to the results of other simulations that were carried out using standard thermostatting approaches (based on Markovian Langevin and Nosé-Hoover thermostats). We concentrate on the steady-state regime and study the establishment of a local temperature profile within the system. The conditions for obtaining a flat profile or a temperature gradient are examined in detail, in agreement with earlier studies. The results show that the GLE-2B approach is able to treat, within a single scheme, two widely different thermal transport regimes, i.e., ballistic systems, with no temperature gradient, and diffusive systems with a temperature gradient.

Cinética da transferência de calor em materiais com mudança de fase

É extensa a bibliografia dedicada a potenciais aplicações de materiais com mudança de fase na regulação térmica e no armazenamento de calor ou de frio. No entanto, a baixa condutividade térmica impõe limitações numa grande diversidade de aplicações com exigências críticas em termos de tempo de resposta curto ou com requisitos de elevada potência em ciclos de carga/descarga de calor latente. Foram desenvolvidos códigos numéricos no sentido de obter soluções precisas para descrever a cinética da transferência de calor com mudança de fase, com base em geometrias representativas, i.e. planar e esférica. Foram igualmente propostas soluções aproximadas, sendo identificados correspondentes critérios de validação em função das propriedades dos materiais de mudança de fase e de outros parâmetros relevantes tais como as escalas de tamanho e de tempo, etc. As referidas soluções permitiram identificar com rigor os fatores determinantes daquelas limitações, quantificar os correspondentes efeitos e estabelecer critérios de qualidade adequados para diferentes tipologias de potenciais aplicações. Os referidos critérios foram sistematizados de acordo com metodologias de seleção propostas por Ashby e co-autores, tendo em vista o melhor desempenho dos materiais em aplicações representativas, designadamente com requisitos ao nível de densidade energética, tempo de resposta, potência de carga/descarga e gama de temperaturas de operação. Nesta sistematização foram incluídos alguns dos compósitos desenvolvidos durante o presente trabalho. A avaliação das limitações acima mencionadas deu origem ao desenvolvimento de materiais compósitos para acumulação de calor ou frio, com acentuada melhoria de resposta térmica, mediante incorporação de uma fase com condutividade térmica muito superior à da matriz. Para este efeito, foram desenvolvidos modelos para otimizar a distribuição espacial da fase condutora, de modo a superar os limites de percolação previstos por modelos clássicos de condução em compósitos com distribuição aleatória, visando melhorias de desempenho térmico com reduzidas frações de fase condutora e garantindo que a densidade energética não é significativamente afetada. Os modelos elaborados correspondem a compósitos de tipo core-shell, baseados em microestruturas celulares da fase de elevada condutividade térmica, impregnadas com o material de mudança de fase propriamente dito. Além de visarem a minimização da fração de fase condutora e correspondentes custos, os modelos de compósitos propostos tiveram em conta a adequação a métodos de processamento versáteis, reprodutíveis, preferencialmente com base na emulsificação de líquidos orgânicos em suspensões aquosas ou outros processos de reduzidas complexidade e com base em materiais de baixo custo (material de mudança de fase e fase condutora). O design da distribuição microestrutural também considerou a possibilidade de orientação preferencial de fases condutoras com elevada anisotropia (p.e. grafite), mediante auto-organização. Outros estágios do projeto foram subordinados a esses objetivos de desenvolvimento de compósitos com resposta térmica otimizada, em conformidade com previsões dos modelos de compósitos de tipo core-shell, acima mencionadas. Neste enquadramento, foram preparados 3 tipos de compósitos com organização celular da fase condutora, com as seguintes características e metodologias: i) compósitos celulares parafina-grafite para acumulação de calor, preparados in-situ por emulsificação de uma suspensão de grafite em parafina fundida; ii) compósitos celulares parafina-Al2O3 para acumulação de calor, preparados por impregnação de parafina em esqueleto cerâmico celular de Al2O3; iii) compósitos celulares para acumulação de frio, obtidos mediante impregnação de matrizes celulares de grafite com solução de colagénio, após preparação prévia das matrizes de grafite celular. Os compósitos com esqueleto cerâmico (ii) requereram o desenvolvimento prévio de um método para o seu processamento, baseado na emulsificação de suspensões de Al2O3 em parafina fundida, com adequados aditivos dispersantes, tensioactivos e consolidantes do esqueleto cerâmico, tornando-o auto-suportável durante as fases posteriores de eliminação da parafina, até à queima a alta temperatura, originando cerâmicos celulares com adequada resistência mecânica. Os compósitos desenvolvidos apresentam melhorias significativos de condutividade térmica, atingindo ganhos superiores a 1 ordem de grandeza com frações de fase condutora inferior a 10 % vol. (4 W m-1 K-1), em virtude da organização core-shell e com o contributo adicional da anisotropia da grafite, mediante orientação preferencial. Foram ainda preparados compósitos de armazenamento de frio (iii), com orientação aleatória da fase condutora, obtidos mediante gelificação de suspensões de partículas de grafite em solução aquosa de colagénio. Apesar da estabilidade microestrutural e de forma, conferida por gelificação, estes compósitos confirmaram a esperada limitação dos compósitos com distribuição aleatória, em confronto com os ganhos alcançados com a organização de tipo core-shell.

Modulation of calcitonin amyloid formation by anionic lipid membranes

Tese de mestrado em Bioquímica, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Novos receptores moleculares baseados em calix[4]arenos: aplicação à química sensorial

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química

Ciprofloxacin-imprinted polymeric receptors as ionophores for potentiometric transduction

A 3D-mirror synthetic receptor for ciprofloxacin host–guest interactions and potentiometric transduction is presented. The host cavity was shaped on a polymeric surface assembled with methacrylic acid or 2-vinyl pyridine monomers by radical polymerization. Molecularly imprinted particles were dispersed in 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether and entrapped in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. The sensors exhibited a near-Nernstian response in steady state evaluations. Slopes and detection limits ranged from 26.8 to 50.0mVdecade−1 and 1.0×10−5 to 2.7×10−5 mol L−1, respectively. Good selectivity was observed for trimethoprim, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, cysteine, galactose, hydroxylamine, creatinine, ammonium chloride, sucrose, glucose, sulphamerazine and sulfadiazine. The sensors were successfully applied to the determination of ciprofloxacin concentrations in fish and in pharmaceuticals. The method presented offered the advantages of simplicity, accuracy, applicability to colored and turbid samples and automation feasibility, as well as confirming the use of molecularly imprinted polymers as ionophores for organic ion recognition in potentiometric transduction.

Design of New Materials for Passive Vibration Control

The aim of this contribution is to extend the techniques of composite materials design to non-linear material behaviour and apply it for design of new materials for passive vibration control. As a first step a computational tool allowing determination of macroscopic optimized one-dimensional isolator behaviour was developed. Voigt, Maxwell, standard and more complex material models can be implemented. Objective function considers minimization of the initial reaction and/or displacement peak as well as minimization of the steady-state amplitude of reaction and/or displacement. The complex stiffness approach is used to formulate the governing equations in an efficient way. Material stiffness parameters are assumed as non-linear functions of the displacement. The numerical solution is performed in the complex space. The steady-state solution in the complex space is obtained by an iterative process based on the shooting method which imposes the conditions of periodicity with respect to the known value of the period. Extension of the shooting method to the complex space is presented and verified. Non-linear behaviour of material parameters is then optimized by generic probabilistic meta-algorithm, simulated annealing. Dependence of the global optimum on several combinations of leading parameters of the simulated annealing procedure, like neighbourhood definition and annealing schedule, is also studied and analyzed. Procedure is programmed in MATLAB environment.

Ciprofloxacin-imprinted polymeric receptors as ionophores for potentiometric transduction

A 3D-mirror synthetic receptor for ciprofloxacin host–guest interactions and potentiometric transduction is presented. The host cavity was shaped on a polymeric surface assembled with methacrylic acid or 2-vinyl pyridine monomers by radical polymerization. Molecularly imprinted particles were dispersed in 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether and entrapped in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. The sensors exhibited a near-Nernstian response in steady state evaluations. Slopes and detection limits ranged from 26.8 to 50.0 mV decade−1 and 1.0 × 10−5 to 2.7 × 10−5 mol L−1, respectively. Good selectivity was observed for trimethoprim, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, cysteine, galactose, hydroxylamine, creatinine, ammonium chloride, sucrose, glucose, sulphamerazine and sulfadiazine. The sensors were successfully applied to the determination of ciprofloxacin concentrations in fish and in pharmaceuticals. The method presented offered the advantages of simplicity, accuracy, applicability to colored and turbid samples and automation feasibility, as well as confirming the use of molecularly imprinted polymers as ionophores for organic ion recognition in potentiometric transduction.

Food waste valorization through the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed microbial cultures

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica