Disfunciones en el ordenamiento territorial del Distrito Capital a partir de la acción de los curadores urbanos distritales

Este trabajo parte de la necesidad de responder a la pregunta de por qué si la figura de los Curadores Urbanos fue creada para suplir una deficiencia del Estado; garantizar una eficiencia en la expedición de licencias de urbanismo y construcción y otorgar tecnicidad a una labor que tiene como principal objeto velar para que el ordenamiento territorial de la capital se aplique de manera eficaz, Bogotá continúa desordenada y caótica, con altos índices de precariedad, déficit habitacional y con problemas serios de espacio público, entre otros. Problemas que se fueron agudizando como consecuencia de las migraciones del campo a la ciudad y el aumento normal en las tasas de crecimiento demográfico. El Distrito, con las administraciones de Antanas Mockus y Enrique Peñalosa, buscó la manera de organizar los instrumentos para darle más coherencia a los procesos urbanos en la ciudad.

Evaluación e intervención interdisciplinaria del dolor en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo

El dolor es un problema importante para los pacientes hospitalizados en las UCI porque genera malestar y distrés. Además, la investigación ha demostrado que en algunos pacientes críticos el dolor agudo puede persistir después de alta y convertirse en crónico. La gestión eficaz del dolor en pacientes críticos requiere un enfoque interdisciplinario, que incorpore la visión y trabajo de expertos que representan una amplia variedad de especialidades clínicas. Así, la utilización de la intervención psicológica en el tratamiento del dolor es una parte integral de un enfoque global. Basado en una revisión de la evidencia científica, se identifican y señalan: (1) los tipos de dolor más comunes; (2) las características del dolor; (3) las patologías más frecuentes asociadas con la presencia de dolor; (4) los procedimientos que generan dolor en la UCI; (5) los métodos de evaluación del dolor; (6) la intervención del mismo y; (7) la contribución del psicólogo en la evaluación y manejo del dolor con el paciente, los familiares y los profesionales de la salud. La revisión realizada indica que los procesos psicológicos influyen tanto en la experiencia del dolor como en los resultados del tratamiento, por lo tanto la integración de los principios psicológicos en el tratamiento del dolor parecen tener potencial mejora de los resultados beneficiando la salud del paciente.

Aproximación a un estándar de reparación integral en procesos colectivos de violación a los derechos humanos. Jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos

Este artículo realiza una aproximación a un estándar de reparación para graves violaciones a los derechos humanos de carácter colectivo. Para tal fin, desde la perspectiva de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, examina los conceptos de víctima, individual y colectiva, y los mecanismos de reparación (restitución, compensación, rehabilitación, satisfacción y garantía de no repetición).

Reabilitação Neuropsicológica em Pacientes com Lesão Vascular Cerebral: Uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura

Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en laweb de bases de datos de la Ciencia, Pubmede BIREMEentre los años 2000 y 2011 a través de los términos "la rehabilitación cognitiva y el accidente cerebrovascular" y "la rehabilitación cognitiva y el accidente cerebrovascular". Los resultados mostraron la falta de estudios sobre el tema en la literatura internacional y la ausencia de la literatura nacional (brasileño), y 21 artículos incluidos en el estudio, que informó sobre todo la rehabilitación del lenguaje están explorando los entornos virtuales para la rehabilitación metodología breves y frecuentes, así como los programas demostrado ser eficaz a las tareasde la vida diaria, lo que sugiere su validez ecológica. Se concluye que el proceso de rehabilitación necesitaestudiar más a fondo, y que sistematizó las técnicasdeben ser expuestos y la literatura científica publicada. 

Rehabilitation of executive functions: Implications and strategies

Executive Functions (EF) concern a range of abilitiesincluding problem-solving, planning, initiation, selfmonitoring,conscious attention, cope with new situationsand the ability to modify plans if necessary. It’s ahigh cognitive function that is crucial for a person to getengaged and maintain daily activities whilst keeping agood quality of life. Problems in the EF were formerlyknown as Dysexecutive Syndrome (DS). There are manymodels concerning DS, although the literature on thesubject still remains unclear. Several works appoint theeffects brought by elderly life, as well as abuse of drugsand some psychopathologies. These factors are knownto increase the distress of the frontal circuits and thatcould be associated to executive deficits. The effects ofDS would compromise individuals in day-to-day routine,academic, social and labor fields. There is a growingbody of studies trying to determine the causes, implications,associations and the best way to take care of theseeffects. This work intends to review DS, focusing on themost important fields related to this area, such as psychopathologyassociations, cognitive reserve, assessmentand cognitive rehabilitation programs.

Type 2 diabetes; elderly; cognitive deficit; cognitive flexibility; executive functions Resumen

Through meditation, people become aware of what happens in the body and mind, accepting the present experiences as they are and getting a better understanding of the true nature of things. Meditation practices and its inclusion as an intervention technique, have generated great interest in identifying the brain mechanisms through which these practices operate. Different studies suggest that the practice of meditation is associated with the use of different neural networks as well as changes in brain structure and function, represented in higher concentration of gray matter structures at the hippocampus, the right anterior insula, orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and greater involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). These and other unrelated studies, shows the multiple implications of the regular practice of mindfulness in the structures and functions of the brain and its relation to certain observable and subjective states in people who practice it. Such evidence enabling the inclusion of mindfulness in psychological therapy where multiple applications have been developed to prove its effectiveness in treating affective and emotional problems, crisis management, social skills, verbal creativity, addiction and craving management, family and caregivers stress of dementia patients and others. However, neuropsychological rehabilitation has no formal proposals for intervention from these findings. The aim of this paper is to propose use of Mindfulness in neuropsychological rehabilitation process, taking the positions and theory of A.R. Luria.

The biofeedback use in motor learning of people with spinal cord injury

The use of biofeedback in the spinal cord injuryperson rehabilitation has been increasing eventhough there are no data about the effi cacy of suchtechnique. The study aimed to evaluate the effi cacyof the technique in the motor rehabilitation ofspinal cord injured patients with different lesions.Using case studies, three participants, two paraplegicsand one quadriplegic, with different lesionlevels and degrees of defi ciency were exposed toelectromyography biofeedback training sessions.Data were obtained from the training sessions withbiofeedback, from three manual test examinationsof the muscles straight and from the reports of theparticipants after the training process. These sourcesof data were compared and the results of all thethree different sources showed improvement forall the participants. The study concluded that theelectromyography biofeedback technique can bean important tool in the rehabilitation process ofpatients with this kind of lesion.

Brief neuropsychological assessment of adults post-stroke in the left hemisphere

The neuropsychological assessment investigates cognitive deficits to improve the diagnosis, the prognosis and the rehabilitation of patients. In Brazil, stroke is a major cause of hospitalization and the leading cause of mortality and disability. The stroke in the left hemisphere (LH) is associated with different degrees of loss of language and other cognitive impairments, for example, in the memory. We compared the performance in brief neuropsychological tasks of the left hemisphere poststroke patients, without moderate or severe aphasia, with healthy controls. A list of 135 patients was selected based on inclusion criteria. The study included 15 patients with left stroke, paired by sex, age and education to 30 neurologically healthy adults. The data resulting from application of the Neupsilin Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument were analyzed with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U. Adults with LH stroke showed a significant reduction in performance when compared to healthy controls on language, working memory and ideomotor praxis, results also found in other studies of patients with left hemisphere stroke

Brain injury: Assessment of hemineglect occurence and of attentional deficit through cancellation tasks

Hemineglect (HN) is a widely studied syndrome after unilateral lesions due to stroke. However, although there are some studies with HN rehabilitation of posttraumatic brain injury (TBI), there seems to be no published data about the prevalence of HN in TBI through cancellation tasks. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the occurrence of this syndrome and of attentional deficits in patients with TBI by means of the Bells Test and of a line cancellation task. The sample was comprised of 21 patients with TBI and 21 healthy controls matched by education, age and frequency of written language habits. There was a poorer performance of patients with TBI with a greater number of omissions on the left side and lower speed processing. In addition, suggestive signs of HN were found in 38 % of the sample of TBI patients. More research is needed to characterize clinical syndromes regarding the occurrence of HN after a TBI through the traditionally known cancellation paradigm.

Assessment of social cognition in schizophrenia through the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test. Implications for rehabilitation

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic mental illness that has effect on cognitive and social functioning of a person who suffers it. Recent research points out that social cognition subprocesses, such as Theory of Mind, social perception or emotional processing, have to do with some problems that patients show in their social adjustment. Aim: Assessing ability of recognizing mental states from facial expressions in schizophrenia patients compared to a control group. Subjects and methods: 17 stable schizophrenia patients who are aware of the illness and 17 healthy people, with the same age and sociocultural level, took the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test Revised Version of Baron- Cohen. Results: Compared with the control group, subjects with schizophrenia showed much lower scores. Conclusions: It is confirmed that schizophrenia patients have impairments to understand facial expressions, especially from the eyes. That is typical of this illness, so it is necessary to do interventions at that point. Furthermore, inability to recognize emotions, as a domain of social cognition, contributes to deficit in functional outcome in schizophrenia. Finally, some treatment programs are put forward.

Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation program in a patient with severe asthma diagnosis

Objective: to present the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation programs in the treatmentof a patient with asthma, this is the case of a young Caucasian girl —17 years old— with severe asthma diagnosis, with symptoms since she was eight years old, 10th grade student. Method: She was referred to the program of Pulmonary Rehabilitation after three hospitalizations during the last year due to asthmatic crises, dyspnoea in activities of daily living, and intolerance to physical exercise. In the initial evaluation, a patient with non-controlled asthma was found; she was receiving short-acting medication admitting that she was not complying with regular use and with a prescribed dose of the pharmacological treatment and that she ignored the importance of this commitment for optimal evolution. The patient expressed concern about the progressive deterioration at her respiratory and functional level during the last year and her fear and anxiety for not being able to breathe during activities befitting her age. Results: One month after receiving bronchodilators and long-acting steroids permanently and complying with recommendations about regular use and adequate inhalatory technique, the patient was included in a three-times a-week program of pulmonary rehabilitation during eight weeks for upper and lower extremity endurance and resistance training. Conclusion: This intervention showed significant changes in the patient at functional level and a greater social participation.

A prediction model for establishing the disability degree in adults with spinal cord injury: results based on WHO-DAS II perspective

Objective: To establish a prediction model of the degree of disability in adults with Spinal CordInjury (SCI ) based on the use of the WHO-DAS II . Methods: The disability degree was correlatedwith three variable groups: clinical, sociodemographic and those related with rehabilitation services.A model of multiple linear regression was built to predict disability. 45 people with sci exhibitingdiverse etiology, neurological level and completeness participated. Patients were older than 18 andthey had more than a six-month post-injury. The WHO-DAS II and the ASIA impairment scale(AIS ) were used. Results: Variables that evidenced a significant relationship with disability were thefollowing: occupational situation, type of affiliation to the public health care system, injury evolutiontime, neurological level, partial preservation zone, ais motor and sensory scores and number ofclinical complications during the last year. Complications significantly associated to disability werejoint pain, urinary infections, intestinal problems and autonomic disreflexia. None of the variablesrelated to rehabilitation services showed significant association with disability. The disability degreeexhibited significant differences in favor of the groups that received the following services: assistivedevices supply and vocational, job or educational counseling. Conclusions: The best predictiondisability model in adults with sci with more than six months post-injury was built with variablesof injury evolution time, AIS sensory score and injury-related unemployment.

Cognición temporal y conducta delictiva.

Comprobar si existe una forma diferencial de conceptualizar la conducta en el tiempo en diferentes sujetos y ver si efectivamente ella manifiesta repercusiones en la conducta tal y como es evaluada por los observadores. 58 presos del centro penitenciario Tenerife II, con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 25 años, hombres, multirreincidentes, sin condenas excesivamente largas. A los sujetos se les han aplicado los cuestionarios que evalúa el paquete completo de variables de Spivack y Shure. Pensamiento causal. Pensamiento consecuencial. Pensamiento alternativo. Pensamiento planificador. Perspectivismo social. Desde una perspectiva psicológica el programa comprendió el entrenamiento específico en habilidades sociales propuesto por Goldstein (1981), más el entrenamiento en las habilidades cognitivas del modelo de Spivack y Shure (1976) adaptadas al español por Bethencourt (1989). Cuestionario de habilidades cognitivo-sociales de Bethencourt (1989). 1.Las relaciones existentes entre las variables PA, PMF y PO, vienen a indicarnos que podría tratarse de habilidades que se nutren de procesos cognitivos muy parecidos, o de la misma habilidad cognitiva aplicada a diferentes funciones, de donde parece pertinente conjuntarlos bajo la denominación perspectivismo temporal. 2. Parece existir cierta evidencia de que el perspectivismo temporal mantiene relación con el modo en que se comportan los sujetos en esta institución penitenciaria, de modo que los mejor adaptados muestran mayor dominio de esta habilidad cognitiva y los que la hacen peor, manifiestan signos de inadaptación y sufrimiento psicológico. 3. La toma de perspectiva interpersonal parece un indicador aceptable de orientación hacia el presente, al menos en el contexto de esta institución penitenciaria. 4. Las pruebas que miden la capacidad de los sujetos para tomar perspectiva de su conducta respecto al tiempo, en situaciones de carácter interpersonal, se relacionan inversamente con el paquete de habilidades sociales que Goldstein propone para inserción de delincuentes. 5. El perspectivismo temporal parece incrementarse con la educación formal. El modelo cognitivo de intervención puede resultar un marco rico para la investigación de la conducta delictiva en la medida que se vayan incorporando elementos sustantivos de la cognición de las personas delincuentes. El perspectivismo temporal parece proponer un modelo rehabilitador en el que están ausentes cuestiones morales e ideológicas. El modelo de rehabilitación que se intuye a partir de las propuestas del perspectivismo temporal, resulta idéntico al proceso de socialización que se sigue con los miembros de cualquier cultura. Por ello, y dado que para que una rehabilitación tenga lugar se necesita de un rehabilitador y un rehabilitado, trabajando conjuntamente. La conclusión crítica resulta inevitable: ¿por qué los programas de rehabilitación de delincuentes son ajenos a los protocolos de socialización que se siguen con los miembros de la sociedad?.

SIDUR: development of an information system, using controlled vocabulary designed to the characterization and sample of population with and without disability, attended by Rehabilitation programs, University of Rosario

Introduction: the statistical record used in the Field Academic Programs (PAC for it’s initials in Spanish) of Rehabilitation denotes generalities in the data conceptualization, which complicates the reliable guidance in making decisions and provides a low support for research in rehabilitation and disability. In response, the Research Group in Rehabilitation and Social Integration of Persons with Disabilities has worked on the creation of a registry to characterize the population seen by Rehabilitation PAC. This registry includes the use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) of the WHO. Methodology: the proposed methodology includes two phases: the first one is a descriptive study and the second one involves performing methodology Methontology, which integrates the identification and development of ontology knowledge. This article contextualizes the progress made in the second phase. Results: the development of the registry in 2008, as an information system, included documentary review and the analysis of possible use scenarios to help guide the design and development of the SIDUR system. The system uses the ICF given that it is a terminology standardization that allows the reduction of ambiguity and that makes easier the transformation of health facts into data translatable to information systems. The record raises three categories and a total of 129 variables Conclusions: SIDUR facilitates accessibility to accurate and updated information, useful for decision making and research.

Prueba piloto para la elaboración perfil epidemiológico de discapacidad en el municipio de Madrid (Cundinamarca)

A pesar de los esfuerzos para implementar estrategias que permitan determinar la frecuencia de discapacidad en Colombia, aún persisten problemáticas metodológicas y de recolección de la información. Lo anterior implica una necesidad creciente de implementar sistemas de vigilancia en salud pública en los que la discapacidad sea considerada como una condición de interés. En alianza con el Centro Ambulatorio Gustavo EscallónCayzedo-Madrid Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá (Cagec) y la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social del municipio de Madrid (Cundinamarca), se diseñó una guía metodológica y una ficha de recolección de información para la población con discapacidad, bajo los lineamientos de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y la Salud (CIF). Objetivo: Implementar una prueba piloto que permita definir los criterios necesarios para la definición del perfil epidemiológico de discapacidad en el municipio de Madrid, Cundinamarca. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, articulado al proyecto de investigación Identificación de los factores relacionados con la inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad del municipio de Madrid (Cundinamarca), que permitió establecer los criterios para el uso de la ficha epidemiológica diseñada por el grupo investigador con el fin de determinar las características del perfil epidemiológico de discapacidad en el municipio. Resultados: 57 personas con discapacidad que asistieron a los servicios de rehabilitación del Cagecy de losprogramas sociales de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social del municipio de Madrid, Cundinamarca,fueron vinculadas al estudio.Las variables que permiten describir el perfil epidemiológico dediscapacidad incluyen la edad [promedio 39,9;desviación estándar (DE)13,9], escolaridad, empleoy estrato socioeconómico (entre 1 y 3). Conclusiones: A partir de los resultados del estudio, seevidencia la necesidad de implementar metodologías rigurosas para el registro y análisis de lainformación relacionada con discapacidad. La guía y el instrumento para la recolección de datos seajustan a las consideraciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se requieren investigacionesadicionales para garantizar validez externa y representatividad desde perspectivas poblacionales.