Empleo de marcadores moleculares para el análisis de la prevalencia y diseminación de cepas de beauveria bassiana

El hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana se emplea en todo el mundo gracias a su comprobada virulencia y su amplio rango de hospederos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar diferentes técnicas clásicas y de biología molecular, con el fin de comparar las diferencias de metabolismo y su adaptación en cepas y aislados de suelos agrícolas de B. bassiana, y por otra parte analizar una cepa confirmada como su uso como bioinsecticida (BB38) y la comparación con 42 aislamientos. Con el fin de detectar su prevalencia y diseminación en suelo de campos agrícolas de Guanajuato previamente tratados con bioinsecticidas para control de plagas se desarrolló esta estrategia para asociar dichos marcadores con las cepas de liberación. El ADN extraído de cada aislamiento se amplificó mediante la técnica RAPD-PCR. Al realizar el análisis de las secuencias purificadas de regiones de los transcritos de espaciadores internos (ITS), en conjunto con el ADN amplificado, no se observaron diferencias que pudieran determinar un patrón distintivo. Los resultados de diferenciación usando oligonucleótidos partidores de las series OPA-A, OPA-B y OPA-AB, seleccionados para B. bassiana, mostraron que las cepas nativas BBPTG1, BBPTG2, BBPTG4 y BBPTG6 tuvieron polimorfismos distintivos entre ellas, pero al compararlas contra los 42 aislamientos de suelo, tanto el aislamiento de estudio BB38 como la cepa de referencia GHA (Mycotech) mostraron el mismo patrón que el observado por el aislamiento BBPTG2. Al estudiar la producción de proteasas y de las toxinas beauvericina y basianólido por RT-PCR con oligonucleótidos seleccionados, las 4 cepas nativas amplificaron los transcritos, aunque con la cepa BBPTG6 se observó en general una reducción en la expresión. Por otra parte, se analizaron los intrones presentes en la subunidad grande del ADN ribosomal (LSU) de los 42 aislamientos de campo frente a los del aislamiento BB38, cuyo patrón permitiera distinguir entre los aislamientos y así determinar prevalencia y diseminación en suelos agrícolas. Mientras que en otro análisis en base a las secuencias de las ITSs se realizó la construcción de un árbol filogenético y se determinó el porcentaje de identidad para evaluar la diferencia genética entre cepas, lo que ayudó a validar los resultados obtenidos previamente y así poder seleccionar marcadores que apoyen a la identidad de la cepas y aislados.

Enfoque genómico en la enfermedad cardiovascular

Introducción: las enfermedades cardiovasculares (EC) constituyen la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial. La etiología es multifactorial, pueden influir diversos factores como la dieta, los hábitos de vida, el nivel de ejercicio físico o la carga genética. El gran número de genes implicados, así como sus diversas variantes, pueden influir sobre el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares por medio de distintas vías. Objetivo: determinar la relación existente entre diferentes polimorfismos genéticos y el riesgo individual de EC en población infantil y adulta. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando la base de datos PubMed. La búsqueda se limitó a un periodo de diez años y a metaanálisis realizados en humanos. Resultados: se establece relación entre el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y los siguientes polimorfismos genéticos: cromosoma 9p21, apolipoproteína A5, apolipoproteínas E2, E3 y E4, gen PPARG o PPARΥ, genes implicados en el metabolismo lipídico, gen MTHFR, citocromo P450, factor V de coagulación o factor de Leiden (FVL) y gen VKORC. Conclusiones: Se han identificado un gran número de genes relacionados con la enfermedad cardiovascular. La carga genética puede influir de manera directa o indirecta sobre el riesgo cardiovascular, modificando factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular o actuando sobre la medicación empleada para tratarla.

Identification of regulatory polymorphisms associated with breast cancer risk

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Differential expression in “rogue” paramutation in peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Periodontite e expressão génica

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

Characterization of polymorphisms of genes ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2 and CYP2E1 and relationship to the alcoholism in a Colombian population

Objective: Identify and characterize polymorphisms of genes ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2 and CYP2E1 in a Colombian population residing in the city of Bogotá and determine its possible relationship to the alcoholism. Methods: ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2, and CYP2E1 genotypes a population of 148 individuals with non-problematic alcohol and 65 individuals with alcoholism were determined with TaqMan probes and PCR-RFLP. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood white cells. Results: Significant difference was found in family history of alcoholism and use of other psychoactive substances to compare alcoholics with controls. When allelic frequencies for each category (gender) were considered, frequency of A2 allele carriers in ADH2 was found higher in male patients than controls. In women, the relative frequency for c1 allele in CYP2E1 was lower in controls than alcoholics. The ALDH2 locus is monomorphic. No significant differences in allele distributions of the loci examined to compare two populations were observed, however when stratifying the same trend was found that these differences tended to be significant. Conclusions: This study allows us to conclude the positive association between family history of alcoholism and alcoholism suggesting that there is a favorable hereditary predisposition. Since substance dependence requires interaction of multiple genes, the combination of genotypes ADH2*2, CYP2E1*1 combined with genotype homozygous ALDH2*1 found in this study could be leading to the population to a potential risk to alcoholism.

Characterization of polymorphisms of genes ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2 and CYP2E1 and relationship to the alcoholism in a Colombian population

Objective: Identify and characterize polymorphisms of genes ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2 and CYP2E1 in a Colombian population residing in the city of Bogotá and determine its possible relationship to the alcoholism. Methods: ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2, and CYP2E1 genotypes a population of 148 individuals with non-problematic alcohol and 65 individuals with alcoholism were determined with TaqMan probes and PCR-RFLP. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood white cells. Results: Significant difference was found in family history of alcoholism and use of other psychoactive substances to compare alcoholics with controls. When allelic frequencies for each category (gender) were considered, frequency of A2 allele carriers in ADH2 was found higher in male patients than controls. In women, the relative frequency for c1 allele in CYP2E1 was lower in controls than alcoholics. The ALDH2 locus is monomorphic. No significant differences in allele distributions of the loci examined to compare two populations were observed, however when stratifying the same trend was found that these differences tended to be significant. Conclusions: This study allows us to conclude the positive association between family history of alcoholism and alcoholism suggesting that there is a favourable hereditary predisposition. Since substance dependence requires interaction of multiple genes, the combination of genotypes ADH2*2, CYP2E1*1 combined with genotype homozygous ALDH2*1 found in this study could be leading to the population to a potential risk to alcoholism.

Análise da expressão de APE1 após estresse oxidativo induzido em células proficientes e deficientes na via de reparo por excisão de nucleotídeos.

Riboflavin is a vitamin very important in aerobic organisms, as a precursor of many coenzymes involved in the electron transporter chain. However, after photosensitization of riboflavin with UV or visible light, it generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can oxidize the DNA. The repair of oxidative lesions on DNA occurs through the base excision repair pathway (BER), where APE1 endonuclease plays a central role. On the other hand, the nucleotide excision repair pathway (NER) repairs helix-distorting lesions. Recently, it was described the participation of NERproteins in the repair of oxidative damage and in stimulation of repair function fromAPE1. The aim of this research was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of photosensitized riboflavin (RF*) in cells proficient and deficient in NER, correlating with APE1 expression. For this propose, the cells were treated with RF* and it was performed the cell viability assay, extraction of whole proteins, cells fractionation, immunoblotting, indirect immunofluorescence and analysis of polymorphisms of BER gens. The results evidenced that cells deficient in XPA and CSB proteins were more sensitive to RF*. However, XPC-deficient cells presented similar resistance to MRC5- SV cells, which is proficient in NER. These results indicate that XPA and CSB proteins have an important role on repair of oxidative lesions induced by RF*. Additionally, it was evidenced that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BER enzymes may influence in sensitivity of NER-deficient cell lines. Concerning the APE1 expression, the results showed that expression of this protein after treatment with RF* only changed in XPC-deficient cells. Though, it was observed that APE1 is recruited and is bound to chromatin in MRC5-SV and XPA cells after treatment with RF*. The results also showed the induction of DNA damage after treatment with RF*, through the analysis of-H2AX, since the treatment promoted an increase of endogenous levels of this phosphorylated protein, which acts signaling double strand-break on DNA. On the other hand, in XPC-deficient cells, regardless of resistance of RF*, the endogenous levels of APE1 are extremely reduced when compared with other cell lines and APE1 is not bound to chromatin after treatment with RF*. These results conclude that RF* was able to induce cell death in NERdeficient cells, where XPA and CSB cells were more sensitive when compared with MRC5-SV and XPC-deficient cells. This last result is potentially very interesting, since XPC-deficient cell line presents low levels of APE1. Additionally, the results evidenced that APE1 protein can be involved in the repair of oxidative damage induced by RF*, because APE1 is recruited and bound strongly to chromatin after treatment.

Molecular characterization of hairy fleabane using RAPD.

2016

Tratamento não-farmacológico do Diabetes Mellitus

O objetivo geral da presente monografia visa revisar as atualidades e condutas no tratamento não farmacológico do Diabetes Mellitus tipos 1 (DM1) e 2 (DM2), averiguando e estudando os benefícios ou malefícios do tratamento não farmacológico da presente comorbidade. Segundo estimativas da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), o número de diabéticos no mundo em 2000 era de 177 milhões, com perspectiva de alcançar 350 milhões em 2025. Os estudos reportam os benefícios e os potenciais efeitos adversos da dieta alimentar associada a atividade física, entre outros. Esta revisão tem como prioridade revisar e reunir informações da literatura internacional, a respeito do tema proposto, divulgando as informações controversas e condutas estabelecidas de diferentes autores, evidenciando seus riscos e benefícios, contribuindo para o planejamento de outras pesquisas científicas. Foram analisados relevantes estudos publicados e as bases de dados: SciELO, PubMed, entre outros. A efetividade de uma ação em saúde está relacionada à eficácia da medida, à precisão diagnóstica, à aderência do médico, à aderência do paciente e ao nível de cobertura. Pode-se concluir que o DM afeta de maneira efetiva os ajustes fisiológicos relacionados ao metabolismo de carboidratos, trazendo consequências desastrosas para os demais sistemas fisiológicos, principalmente o vascular, resultando em doenças que podem em última instância, levar à morte. Estudos adicionais envolvendo exercício físico, diabetes mellitus ainda precisam ser realizados, com o intuito de analisar as respostas fisiológicas ao exercício físico e suas associações com polimorfismos genéticos específicos.