1000 resultados para Operação de sistemas de distribuição


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A demanda pela produção comercial de madeira exótica e criação de gado é uma fonte comum de conflitos que pode produzir um efeito negativo na conservação da vida silvestre. Este conflito é particularmente evidente no sul do Brasil, onde as áreas protegidas não são grandes suficientes para garantir as necessidades de ocupação de espécies com grandes exigências territoriais, e onde a densidade humana é elevada. Desta maneira, a conservação destas espécies precisa ser assegurada com a manutenção de habitats fora das reservas oficiais. O objetivo desta tese foi identificar os padrões de perda de integridade ambiental na paisagem, buscando os limites nos quais a estabilidade de uma comunidade e de sua estrutura trófica podem ser severamente afetados (capítulo 2 e 3), de maneira que estes resultados possam ser utilizados como procedimentos para escolha de áreas a serem protegidas, recuperação ambiental, e seleção de modelos ecologicamente sustentáveis de manejo comercial. Vários características de grupos indicadores baseados na presençaausência de mamíferos florestais (>1kg) foram verificados para este propósito, incluindo a persistência, riqueza, e composição das comunidades, além da riqueza trófica e presença do maior predador da área, o puma Puma concolor. Explorou-se, também, as limitações do uso de estimativas de riqueza de espécies como diretriz exclusiva de ações de conservação. Os resultados mostraram que RE não estava necessariamente relacionada com a melhor integridade ambiental pressuposta, e corroborada através dos outros indicadores (capítulo 3). Adicionalmente, a RE variou com método amostral, resultado que emerge como impecilho para o uso exclusivo deste parâmetro como indicador (capítulo 4). Esta variação implica que inferências de RE baseadas em múltiplos estudos pode resultar em erro se os mesmos métodos amostrais não forem usados em todos eles. A maior parte das espécies amostradas são dependentes da floresta, sendo que a abordagem por indicadores confirmou esta relação, revelando que as comunidades de mamíferos florestais sofreram as maiores perdas em áreas menos florestadas. A configuração da paisagem poderia ser resumida em propriedades particulares de 600 ha, com florestas restritas a menos de 38% na escala de paisagem. Espécies extintas or quase extintas na configuração observada foram a ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis, tamanduá-bandeira Myrmecophaga tridactyla, onça-pintada Panthera onca, anta Tapirus terrestris. Espécies severamente ameaçadas foram o loboguará Chrysocyon brachyurus e queixada Tayassu pecari. Mesmo assim, informações da distribuição histórica destas espécies em ambientes de floresta-savana, antes da colonização completa por causasianos, indicam que a extensão naturalmente reduzida da floresta nestes ambientes não constituía-se em obstáculo para sua existência, a partir do que é possível inferir que a extinção das espécies foi provocada pelo padrão de ocupação rural e atitudes humanas incompatíveis com a existência destas. Atualmente, exceto pelas espécies com maior demanda florestal, muitas demostram uma surpreendente persistência em condições de cobertura florestal nativa de aproximadamente 10% na paisagem rural não urbanizada.

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Em modelos em que a distribuição espacial da população não é con- siderada, isto é, quando se supõe que haja uma homogeneidade espacial, e se estuda a evolução temporal do sistema, há uma única variável independente: o tempo. Caso a população seja constituída de duas espécies, do tipo parasitóide-hospedeiro, e a variável independente tempo for considerada discreta, teremos um sistema de equações a diferenças, como por exemplo o modelo de Nicholson-Bailey cujas soluções são apresentadas neste trabalho. Populações espacialmente distribuídas, em um espaço de natureza discreta, juntamente com a dinâmica vital em tempo discreto, têm o seu comportamento estudado através de redes de mapas acoplados. Após estudar o modelo de Hassell (dinâmica vital de Nicholson-Bailey com movimentação por difusão) e o modelo planta-herbívoro com movimentação por taxia, deduzimos e simulamos um modelo incluindo movimentação por taxia, difusão e convecção. É também apresentado neste trabalho, um paralelo entre estes modelos de redes de mapas acoplados e aqueles com as equações diferenciais correspondentes.

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O vídeo aborda conceitos de hidráulica, ressalta tópicos sobre pressões exigidas (dinâmica e estática) recomendadas pela norma, apresenta um caso prático de rede ramificada e finaliza com dimensionamento de todas as variáveis e equações pertinentes a esse cálculo.

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The primary cementing is an important step in the oilwell drilling process, ensuring the mechanical stability of the well and the hydraulic isolation between casing and formation. For slurries to meet the requirements for application in a certain well, some care in the project should be taken into account to obtain a cement paste with the proper composition. In most cases, it is necessary to add chemicals to the cement to modify its properties, according to the operation conditions and thus obtain slurries that can move inside the jacket providing a good displacement to the interest area. New technologies of preparation and use of chemicals and modernization of technological standards in the construction industry have resulted in the development of new chemical additives for optimizing the properties of building materials. Products such as polycarboxylate superplasticizers provide improved fluidity and cohesion of the cement grains, in addition to improving the dispersion with respect to slurries without additives. This study aimed at adapting chemical additives used in civil construction to be used use in oilwell cement slurries systems, using Portland cement CPP-Special Class as the hydraulic binder. The chemical additives classified as defoamer, dispersant, fluid loss controller and retarder were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and technological tests set by the API (American Petroleum Institute). These additives showed satisfactory results for its application in cement slurries systems for oil wells. The silicone-based defoamer promoted the reduction of air bubbles incorporated during the stirring of the slurries. The dispersant significantly reduced the rheological parameters of the systems studied. The tests performed with the fluid loss controller and the retarder also resulted in suitable properties for application as chemical additives in cement slurries

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Stimulation operations have with main objective restore or improve the productivity or injectivity rate in wells. Acidizing is one of the most important operations of well stimulation, consist in inject acid solutions in the formation under fracture formation pressure. Acidizing have like main purpose remove near wellbore damage, caused by drilling or workover operations, can be use in sandstones and in carbonate formations. A critical step in acidizing operation is the control of acid-formation reaction. The high kinetic rate of this reaction, promotes the consumed of the acid in region near well, causing that the acid treatment not achive the desired distance. In this way, the damage zone can not be bypassed. The main objective of this work was obtain stable systems resistant to the different conditions found in field application, evaluate the kinetic of calcite dissolution in microemulsion systems and simulate the injection of this systems by performing experiments in plugs. The systems were obtained from two non ionic surfactants, Unitol L90 and Renex 110, with sec-butanol and n-butanol like cosurfactants. The oily component of the microemlsion was xilene and kerosene. The acqueous component was a solution of HCl 15-26,1%. The results shown that the microemulsion systems obtained were stable to temperature until 100ºC, high calcium concentrations, salinity until 35000 ppm and HCl concentrations until 25%. The time for calcite dissolution in microemulsion media was 14 times slower than in aqueous HCl 15%. The simulation in plugs showed that microemulsion systems promote a distributed flux and promoted longer channels. The permeability enhancement was between 177 - 890%. The results showed that the microemulsion systems obtained have potential to be applied in matrix acidizing

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Cementing operation is one of the most important stages in the oil well drilling processes and has main function to form hydraulic seal between the various permeable zones traversed by the well. However, several problems may occur with the cement sheath, either during primary cementing or during the well production period. Cements low resistance can cause fissures in the cement sheath and compromise the mechanical integrity of the annular, resulting in contamination of groundwater and producing zones. Several researches show that biomass ash, in particular, those generated by the sugarcane industry have pozzolanic activity and can be added in the composition of the cementing slurries in diverse applications, providing improvements in mechanical properties, revenue and cement durability. Due to the importance of a low cost additive that increases the mechanical properties in a well cementing operations, this study aimed to potentiate the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as pozzolanic material, evaluate the mechanisms of action of this one on cement pastes properties and apply this material in systems slurries aimed to cementing a well with 800 m depth and geothermal gradient of 1.7 °F/100 ft, as much primary cementing operations as squeeze. To do this, the ash beneficiation methods were realized through the processes of grinding, sifting and reburning (calcination) and then characterization by X-ray fluorescence, XRD, TG / DTG, specific surface area, particle size distribution by laser diffraction and mass specific. Moreover, the ash pozzolanic activity added to the cement at concentrations of 0%, 20% and 40% BWOC was evaluated by pozzolanic activity index with lime and with Portland cement. The evaluation of the pozzolanic activity by XRD, TG / DTG and compressive strength confirmed the ash reactivity and indicated that the addition of 20% in the composition of cement slurries produces improvement 34% in the mechanical properties of the slurry cured. Cement slurries properties evaluated by rheological measurements, fluid loss, free fluid, slurry sedimentation, thickening time and sonic strength (UCA) were satisfactory and showed the viability of using the sugarcane ash in cement slurries composition for well cementing

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The petroleum production pipeline networks are inherently complex, usually decentralized systems. Strict operational constraints are applied in order to prevent serious problems like environmental disasters or production losses. This paper describes an intelligent system to support decisions in the operation of these networks, proposing a staggering for the pumps of transfer stations that compose them. The intelligent system is formed by blocks which interconnect to process the information and generate the suggestions to the operator. The main block of the system uses fuzzy logic to provide a control based on rules, which incorporate knowledge from experts. Tests performed in the simulation environment provided good results, indicating the applicability of the system in a real oil production environment. The use of the stagger proposed by the system allows a prioritization of the transfer in the network and a flow programming

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A self-flotator vibrational prototype electromechanical drive for treatment of oil and water emulsion or like emulsion is presented and evaluated. Oil production and refining to obtain derivatives is carried out under arrangements technically referred to as on-shore and off-shore, ie, on the continent and in the sea. In Brazil 80 % of the petroleum production is taken at sea and area of deployment and it cost scale are worrisome. It is associated, oily water production on a large scale, carrier 95% of the potential pollutant of activity whose final destination is the environment medium, terrestrial or maritime. Although diversified set of techniques and water treatment systems are in use or research, we propose an innovative system that operates in a sustainable way without chemical additives, for the good of the ecosystem. Labyrinth adsor-bent is used in metal spirals, and laboratory scale flow. Equipment and process patents are claimed. Treatments were performed at different flow rates and bands often monitored with control systems, some built, other bought for this purpose. Measurements of the levels of oil and grease (OGC) of efluents treaty remained within the range of legal framework under test conditions. Adsorbents were weighed before and after treatment for obtaining oil impregna-tion, the performance goal of vibratory action and treatment as a whole. Treatment technolo-gies in course are referenced, to compare performance, qualitatively and quantitatively. The vibration energy consumption is faced with and without conventional flotation and self-flotation. There are good prospects for the proposed, especially in reducing the residence time, by capillary action system. The impregnation dimensionless parameter was created and confronted with consecrated dimensionless parameters, on the vibrational version, such as Weber number and Froude number in quadratic form, referred to as vibrational criticality. Re-sults suggest limits to the vibration intensity

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This work demonstrates the importance of using tools used in geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial data analysis (SDA) for the study of infectious diseases. Analysis methods were used to describe more fully the spatial distribution of a particular disease by incorporating the geographical element in the analysis. In Chapter 1, we report the historical evolution of these techniques in the field of human health and use Hansen s disease (leprosy) in Rio Grande do Norte as an example. In Chapter 2, we introduced a few basic theoretical concepts on the methodology and classified the types of spatial data commonly treated. Chapters 3 and 4 defined and demonstrated the use of the two most important techniques for analysis of health data, which are data point processes and data area. We modelled the case distribution of Hansen s disease in the city of Mossoró - RN. In the analysis, we used R scripts and made available routines and analitical procedures developed by the author. This approach can be easily used by researchers in several areas. As practical results, major risk areas in Mossoró leprosy were detected, and its association with the socioeconomic profile of the population at risk was found. Moreover, it is clearly shown that his approach could be of great help to be used continuously in data analysis and processing, allowing the development of new strategies to work might increase the use of such techniques in data analysis in health care

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Avaliou-se uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão com quatro linhas, na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), trabalhando em Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro eutrófico, A moderado, textura argilosa. As parcelas experimentais foram dispostas em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, totalizando 36 observações. Os fatores foram dados pelos sistemas de preparo do solo (convencional, plantio direto e reduzido) e pelas marchas do trator (3ª reduzida alta, 4ª reduzida baixa e 4ª reduzida alta). Foram analisadas as variáveis velocidade de deslocamento, queda de velocidade, força de tração e potência na barra, consumo de combustível, rotação do motor e patinagem média dos rodados do trator. Os resultados mostraram que a operação de semeadura em solo sob preparo reduzido apresentou maior consumo de combustível, menor velocidade de deslocamento, menor capacidade de campo efetiva e maior patinagem.

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Em solos tropicais, a distribuição dos nutrientes no solo em função da fertirrigação realizada por meio de irrigação localizada (gotejamento e/ou microaspersão), na cultura de citros, é pouco conhecida. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os padrões de distribuição de potássio, cálcio, magnésio e fósforo em solo tropical, em função da fertirrigação, aplicada por dois sistemas de irrigação localizada (microaspersão e gotejamento), sendo que o sistema por gotejamento era composto por uma e duas linhas laterais por linha de plantas, e o de microaspersão por apenas uma linha, e com três dotações hídricas (100%, 75% e 50%) da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), em um pomar de laranjeira. As fontes de fertilizantes utilizadas na fertirrigação foram o nitrato de amônio (fonte de N), o cloreto de potássio (fonte de K+) e o ácido fosfórico (fonte de P). Observouse que, sob o emissor, nos tratamentos com gotejamento, houve depleção nos teores de Ca++ e Mg++ desde a superfície do solo até 60 cm de profundidade em relação aos teores anteriores às fertirrigações, enquanto os teores de P aumentaram, principalmente na camada de 0 cm a 20 cm. Na microaspersão, esses efeitos não foram observados, ocorrendo distribuição mais homogênea desses nutrientes tanto na direção transversal à linha de plantas quanto em profundidade. As lâminas de irrigação aplicadas por irrigação localizada não interferem na distribuição de K+ aplicado por fertirrigação e do Ca++ e Mg++ no solo em profundidade, porém menores lâminas de irrigação promovem maior concentração de P na camada mais superficial do solo, e lâminas maiores carregam o P para camadas mais profundas.

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This paper presents a new multi-model technique of dentification in ANFIS for nonlinear systems. In this technique, the structure used is of the fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno of which the consequences are local linear models that represent the system of different points of operation and the precursors are membership functions whose adjustments are realized by the learning phase of the neuro-fuzzy ANFIS technique. The models that represent the system at different points of the operation can be found with linearization techniques like, for example, the Least Squares method that is robust against sounds and of simple application. The fuzzy system is responsible for informing the proportion of each model that should be utilized, using the membership functions. The membership functions can be adjusted by ANFIS with the use of neural network algorithms, like the back propagation error type, in such a way that the models found for each area are correctly interpolated and define an action of each model for possible entries into the system. In multi-models, the definition of action of models is known as metrics and, since this paper is based on ANFIS, it shall be denominated in ANFIS metrics. This way, ANFIS metrics is utilized to interpolate various models, composing a system to be identified. Differing from the traditional ANFIS, the created technique necessarily represents the system in various well defined regions by unaltered models whose pondered activation as per the membership functions. The selection of regions for the application of the Least Squares method is realized manually from the graphic analysis of the system behavior or from the physical characteristics of the plant. This selection serves as a base to initiate the linear model defining technique and generating the initial configuration of the membership functions. The experiments are conducted in a teaching tank, with multiple sections, designed and created to show the characteristics of the technique. The results from this tank illustrate the performance reached by the technique in task of identifying, utilizing configurations of ANFIS, comparing the developed technique with various models of simple metrics and comparing with the NNARX technique, also adapted to identification