Reação de trans-splicing in vitro utilizando extrato nuclear livre de células e sequencia parcial de alfa tubulina de Trypanosoma cruzi

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Characterization of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) expression in soft tissue sarcomas: distinct prognostic impact of MCT1 sub-cellular localization

Background: Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a group of neoplasms, which, despite current therapeutic advances, still confer a poor outcome to half of the patients. As other solid tumors, STSs exhibit high glucose consumption rates, associated with worse prognosis and therapeutic response. As highly glycolytic tumors, we hypothesized that sarcomas should present an increased expression of lactate transporters (MCTs).Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of MCT1, MCT2, MCT4 and CD147 was assessed in a series of 86 STSs and the expression profiles were associated with patients' clinical-pathological parameters.Results: MCT1, MCT4 and CD147 were mainly observed in the plasma membrane of cancer cells (around 60% for MCTs and 40% for CD147), while MCT2 was conspicuously found in the cytoplasm (94.2%). Importantly, we observed MCT1 nuclear expression (32.6%). MCT1 and MCT4, alone or co-expressed with CD147 in the plasma membrane, were associated with poor prognostic variables including high tumor grade, disease progression and shorter overall survival. Conversely, we found MCT1 nuclear expression to be associated with low grade tumors and longer overall survival.Conclusions: The present work represents the first report of MCTs characterization in STSs. We showed the original finding of MCT1 expression in the nucleus. Importantly, opposite biological roles should be behind the dual sub-cellular localization of MCT1, as plasma membrane expression of MCT1 is associated with worse patients' prognosis, while nuclear expression is associated with better prognosis.

Organização genômima e análise da expressão do gene hnRNP Q-like (Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A-like) retroinserido no cromossomo B de Astatotilapia latifasciata

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Determination of quality parameters for mustard sauces in sealed packets using time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemometrics

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

General characterization of Tityus fasciolatus scorpion venom. Molecular identification of toxins and localization of linear B-cell epitopes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Measuring the solubility product constant of paramagnetic cations using time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mecanismos de diferenciação cromossômica em besouros da subfamília Cassidinae s.l. (Polyphaga, Chrysomelidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

High-throughput non-destructive nuclear magnetic resonance method to measure intramuscular fat content in beef

High intake of saturated fat from meats has been associated with cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and others diseases. In this paper, we are introducing a simple, high-throughput, and non-destructive low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance method that has the potential to analyze the intramuscular fat content (IMF) in more than 1,000 beef portions per hour. The results can be used in nutritional fact labels, replacing the currently used average value. The method is based on longitudinal (T(1)) and transverse (T(2)) relaxation time information obtained by a continuous wave-free precession (CWFP) sequence. CWFP yields a higher correlation coefficient (r=0.9) than the conventional Carr-Purcell-Meiboom- Gill (CPMG) method (r=-0.25) for IMF in beef and is just as fast and a simpler pulse sequence than CPMG. The method can also be applied to other meat products.

E-cadherin in canine mast cell tumors: Decreased expression and altered subcellular localization in Grade 3 tumors

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most frequent round cell tumors in dogs and comprise approximately 21% of all canine cutaneous tumors. MCTs are highly invasive and metastatic corresponding to the histological grade. E-cadherin is an adhesion molecule expressed in epithelial cells and although it is an epithelial cellular marker, studies have shown expression of E-cadherin in canine round cell tumors. To better characterize the expression pattern of E-cadherin in several different histological grades of MCTs in dogs, the expression and localization of the adhesion molecule was investigated using immunohistochemistry. For this purpose, 18 cutaneous MCTs were classified into three histological grades, 1, 2 or 3. Clinical history and follow-up data were available for all of the dogs. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of E-cadherin in all three types of tumors were verified by immunostaining using two different antibodies. There was decreased E-cadherin expression in the more aggressive MCTs (Grade 3), suggesting an association between E-cadherin and tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, the loss of E-cadherin expression in either the cytoplasm or nucleus in more aggressive and undifferentiated tumor types confirmed the importance of cellular adhesion in tumor behavior. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Fumarate hydratase isoforms of Leishmania major: Subcellular localization, structural and kinetic properties

Fumarate hydratases (FHs; EC 4.2.1.2) are enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of fumarate to S-malate. Parasitic protists that belong to the genus Leishmania and are responsible for a complex of vector-borne diseases named leishmaniases possess two genes that encode distinct putative FH enzymes. Genome sequence analysis of Leishmania major Friedlin reveals the existence of genes LmjF24.0320 and LmjF29.1960 encoding the putative enzymes LmFH-1 and LmFH-2, respectively. In the present work, the FH activity of both L. major enzymes has been confirmed. Circular dichroism studies suggest important differences in terms of secondary structure content when comparing LmFH isoforms and even larger differences when comparing them to the homologous human enzyme. CD melting experiments revealed that both LmFH isoforms are thermolabile enzymes. The catalytic efficiency under aerobic and anaerobic environments suggests that they are both highly sensitive to oxidation and damaged by oxygen. Intracellular localization studies located LmFH-1 in the mitochondrion, whereas LmFH-2 was found predominantly in the cytosol with possibly also some in glycosomes. The high degree of sequence conservation in different Leishmania species, together with the relevance of FH activity for the energy metabolism in these parasites suggest that FHs might be exploited as targets for broad-spectrum antileishmanial drugs. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Use of Carr-Purcell pulse sequence with low refocusing flip angle to measure T-1 and T-2 in a single experiment

The Carr-Purcell pulse sequence, with low refocusing flip angle, produces echoes midway between refocusing pulses that decay to a minimum value dependent on T*(2). When the refocusing flip angle was pi/2 (CP90) and tau > T*(2), the signal after the minimum value, increased to reach a steady-state free precession regime (SSFP), composed of a free induction decay signal after each pulse and an echo, before the next pulse. When tau < T*(2), the signal increased from the minimum value to the steady-state regime with a time constant (T*) = 2T(1)T(2)/(T-1 + T-2). identical to the time constant observed in the SSFP sequence, known as the continuous wave free precession (CWFP). The steady-state amplitude obtained with M-cp90 = M0T2/(T-1+T-2) was identical to CWFP. Therefore, this sequence was named CP-CWFP because it is a Carr-Purcell sequence that produces results similar to the CWFP. However, CP-CWFP is a better sequence for measuring the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times in single scan, when the sample exhibits T-1 similar to T-2. Therefore, this sequence can be a useful method in time domain NMR and can be widely used in the agriculture, food and petrochemical industries because those samples tend to have similar relaxation times in low magnetic fields. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sviluppo di metodologie di localizzazione nel contesto del Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

Since the first underground nuclear explosion, carried out in 1958, the analysis of seismic signals generated by these sources has allowed seismologists to refine the travel times of seismic waves through the Earth and to verify the accuracy of the location algorithms (the ground truth for these sources was often known). Long international negotiates have been devoted to limit the proliferation and testing of nuclear weapons. In particular the Treaty for the comprehensive nuclear test ban (CTBT), was opened to signatures in 1996, though, even if it has been signed by 178 States, has not yet entered into force, The Treaty underlines the fundamental role of the seismological observations to verify its compliance, by detecting and locating seismic events, and identifying the nature of their sources. A precise definition of the hypocentral parameters represents the first step to discriminate whether a given seismic event is natural or not. In case that a specific event is retained suspicious by the majority of the State Parties, the Treaty contains provisions for conducting an on-site inspection (OSI) in the area surrounding the epicenter of the event, located through the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the CTBT Organization. An OSI is supposed to include the use of passive seismic techniques in the area of the suspected clandestine underground nuclear test. In fact, high quality seismological systems are thought to be capable to detect and locate very weak aftershocks triggered by underground nuclear explosions in the first days or weeks following the test. This PhD thesis deals with the development of two different seismic location techniques: the first one, known as the double difference joint hypocenter determination (DDJHD) technique, is aimed at locating closely spaced events at a global scale. The locations obtained by this method are characterized by a high relative accuracy, although the absolute location of the whole cluster remains uncertain. We eliminate this problem introducing a priori information: the known location of a selected event. The second technique concerns the reliable estimates of back azimuth and apparent velocity of seismic waves from local events of very low magnitude recorded by a trypartite array at a very local scale. For the two above-mentioned techniques, we have used the crosscorrelation technique among digital waveforms in order to minimize the errors linked with incorrect phase picking. The cross-correlation method relies on the similarity between waveforms of a pair of events at the same station, at the global scale, and on the similarity between waveforms of the same event at two different sensors of the try-partite array, at the local scale. After preliminary tests on the reliability of our location techniques based on simulations, we have applied both methodologies to real seismic events. The DDJHD technique has been applied to a seismic sequence occurred in the Turkey-Iran border region, using the data recorded by the IMS. At the beginning, the algorithm was applied to the differences among the original arrival times of the P phases, so the cross-correlation was not used. We have obtained that the relevant geometrical spreading, noticeable in the standard locations (namely the locations produced by the analysts of the International Data Center (IDC) of the CTBT Organization, assumed as our reference), has been considerably reduced by the application of our technique. This is what we expected, since the methodology has been applied to a sequence of events for which we can suppose a real closeness among the hypocenters, belonging to the same seismic structure. Our results point out the main advantage of this methodology: the systematic errors affecting the arrival times have been removed or at least reduced. The introduction of the cross-correlation has not brought evident improvements to our results: the two sets of locations (without and with the application of the cross-correlation technique) are very similar to each other. This can be commented saying that the use of the crosscorrelation has not substantially improved the precision of the manual pickings. Probably the pickings reported by the IDC are good enough to make the random picking error less important than the systematic error on travel times. As a further justification for the scarce quality of the results given by the cross-correlation, it should be remarked that the events included in our data set don’t have generally a good signal to noise ratio (SNR): the selected sequence is composed of weak events ( magnitude 4 or smaller) and the signals are strongly attenuated because of the large distance between the stations and the hypocentral area. In the local scale, in addition to the cross-correlation, we have performed a signal interpolation in order to improve the time resolution. The algorithm so developed has been applied to the data collected during an experiment carried out in Israel between 1998 and 1999. The results pointed out the following relevant conclusions: a) it is necessary to correlate waveform segments corresponding to the same seismic phases; b) it is not essential to select the exact first arrivals; and c) relevant information can be also obtained from the maximum amplitude wavelet of the waveforms (particularly in bad SNR conditions). Another remarkable point of our procedure is that its application doesn’t demand a long time to process the data, and therefore the user can immediately check the results. During a field survey, such feature will make possible a quasi real-time check allowing the immediate optimization of the array geometry, if so suggested by the results at an early stage.

Expression and cellular localization of Copper transporter 2 (Ctr2) in Mus musculus

The Ctr family is an essential part of the copper homeostasis machinery and its members share sequence homology and structural and functional features. Higher eukaryotes express two members of this family Ctr1 and Ctr2. Numerous structural and functional studies are available for Ctr1, the only high affinity Cu(I) transporter thus far identified. Ctr1 holigotrimers mediate cellular copper uptake and this protein was demonstrated to be essential for embryonic development and to play a crucial role in dietary copper acquisition. Instead very little is known about Ctr2, it bears structural homology to the yeast vacuolar copper transporter, which mediates mobilization of vacuolar copper stores. Recent studies using over-expressed epitope-tagged forms of human Ctr2 suggested a function as a low affinity copper transporter that can mediate either copper uptake from the extracellular environment or mobilization of lysosomal copper stores. Using an antibody that recognizes endogenous mouse Ctr2, we studied the expression and localization of endogenous mouse Ctr2 in cell culture and in mouse models to understand its regulation and function in copper homeostasis. By immunoblot we observed a regulation of mCtr2 protein levels in a copper and Ctr1 dependent way. Our observations in cells and transgenic mice suggest that lack of Ctr1 induces a strong downregulation of Ctr2 probably by a post-translational mechanism. By indirect immunofluorescence we observed an exclusive intracellular localization in a perinuclear compartment and no co-localization with lysosomal markers. Immunofluorescence experiments in Ctr1 null cells, supported by sequence analysis, suggest that lysosomes may play a role in mCtr2 biology not as resident compartment, but as a degradation site. In appendix a LC-mass method for analysis of algal biotoxins belonging to the family of PsP (paralytic shellfish poisoning) is described.

Domänen des Kapsidproteins L2 humanpathogener Papillomviren für die Interaktion mit viralen und zellulären Bindungspartnern

Die Kapsidproteine L1 und L2 von humanen Papillomviren (HPV) werden im Cytoplasma infizierter Keratinocyten synthetisiert und gelangen unabhängig voneinander in den Kern (Florin et al. 2002b). L2 lokalisiert in speziellen Kerndomänen, sog. ND10, und induziert die Reorganisation dieser Kernstrukturen: L2-abhängig akkumuliert der transkriptionelle Modulator Daxx verstärkt in ND10 und außerdem kommt es zum Ausschluss des transkriptionellen Aktivators Sp100 aus diesen Domänen (Florin et al. 2002a). Im Anschluss an diese Umorganisation im Kern induziert L2 die Lokalisation des Kapsidproteins L1 in ND10 (Florin et al. 2002b). Da auch die Replikation und Transkription von Papillomviren in oder in unmittelbarer Nähe von ND10 stattfinden, werden ND10 als Orte der Papillomvirus-Morphogenese diskutiert (Swindle et al. 1999). Innerhalb dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass L1 und L2 im Cytoplasma der Zellen mit Chaperonen interagieren, und dass der Kerntransport von L2 von der L2/Hsc70-Assoziation abhängig ist. Hsc70, das mit dem C-Terminus von L2 assoziiert ist, wird in virusähnliche Partikel (VLPs) eingebaut. Erst durch die Verpackung von DNA in die Kapside kommt es zum Ausschluss von Hsc70 aus dem Papillomvirus-Kapsid. Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lassen zudem vermuten, dass L2 über seinen C-Terminus mit Mikrotubuli interagieren kann, falls diese Aminosäure-Region in L2 nicht durch das Chaperon maskiert wird. Mit Hilfe dieser Erkenntnisse wurde eine Modellvorstellung für die Rolle von L2 während der Infektion und der Morphogenese von HPV entwickelt. Die ND10-Lokalisationsdomäne (NDLD) in L2 konnte wie bei keinem Protein zuvor auf eine sehr kurze Sequenz von 22 Aminosäuren eingeengt werden. Welcher Mechanismus für die ND10-Lokalisation verantwortlich ist, muss dagegen noch geklärt werden. Alle L2-Mutanten, die ND10-Lokalisation zeigen, induzieren auch die Reorganisation dieser Domänen. Dies spricht dafür, dass L2 direkt in ND10 die Veränderungen hervorruft und wahrscheinlich keine zusätzlichen Domänen in L2 daran beteiligt sind. Es konnten zwei L1-Interaktionsdomänen in L2 kartiert werden. Diese beiden Regionen in L2 konnten nicht genauer lokalisiert werden und umfassen möglicherweise mehrere L1-Interaktionsdomänen. Der Einbau von L2 in die Kapside kann nur im Kern infizierter Zellen stattfinden. Hierfür ist die Lokalisation der Kapsidproteine in ND10 nicht notwendig. Weiterführende Versuche müssen jedoch noch klären, inwieweit ND10 trotzdem unerlässlich für eine produktive Morphogenese sind. Zudem wurde klar, dass die ersten 150 Aminosäuren im L2-Protein für das L1/L2-Verhältnis in Kapsiden verantwortlich sind. In Virionen beträgt dieses Verhältnis 30:1, d. h. zwölf L2-Moleküle werden in die Partikel aus 360 L1-Molekülen eingebaut. Bei der Verwendung der Deletionsmutante L2-150/467 beträgt dieses Verhältnis 5:1. Weitere Analysen, welche Regionen von L1 und L2 miteinander interagieren und wodurch die Beschränkung des L1/L2-Verhältnisses in Papillomviren zustande kommt, können genauere Einblicke in den Aufbau der Kapside und speziell die Lage von L2 im Kapsid liefern.

Charakterisierung redundanter Kerntransportsignale des minoren Kapsidproteins L2 humaner Papillomviren

Das minore Kapsidprotein L2 humaner Papillomviren wird im Laufe des HPV-Lebenszyklus zweimal in den Zellkern importiert und akkumuliert dort an den Nukleären Domänen 10 (ND10). Der erste Kernimport erfolgt in der frühen Phase der Infektion zusammen mit der Virus-DNA. Für den Zusammenbau von Virionen wird neu synthetisiertes L2-Protein ein weiteres Mal in den Kern transportiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte die Domäne von L2 identifiziert werden, die für den Kernimport von HPV16 L2 absolut notwendig ist. Dabei gelang es diesen Bereich auf 25 Aminosäuren einzuengen. Sowohl während der frühen Phase der Infektion als auch während der Morphogenese scheint die zentrale, basische Aminosäureregion 291-315 (mNLS) hauptverantwortlich für die Interaktion mit Kernimportrezeptoren zu sein. Möglicherweise leisten dabei flankierende Sequenzen einen Beitrag zur Stabilisierung der notwendigen Konformation. Des Weiteren gelang die Identifizierung der Aminosäuren, die für die Funktionalität des mNLS essentiell sind. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein zentrales Arginin-Motiv, bestehend aus vier dicht beieinander liegenden Argininen, dessen Mutation den Kernimport von L2 während Infektion und Morphogenese verhindert. Untersuchungen mit HPV16 und HPV18 L2-Proteinen verdeutlichten, dass es möglicherweise ein universelles Motiv zu sein scheint und in verschiedenen HPV-Typen konserviert ist. Flankiert wird dieses Arginin-Motiv von konservierten Serinen und Threoninen. Wie die Analyse von Punktmutationen zeigte, sind diese Aminosäuren für den Kernimport von L2 ohne Bedeutung. Interessanterweise verhinderte aber die Mutation TS295/6A die Kolokalisation von L2 mit ND10 im Zellkern. L2wt rekrutiert den transkriptionellen Regulator Daxx. Auch diese Funktion ging bei der Mutante TS295/6A verloren. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nicht nur die ND10-Lokalisationsdomäne (AS 390-420) in L2 sondern auch weitere Aminosäuren oder Domänen für die Assoziation mit ND10 und die Rekrutierung von Daxx verantwortlich sein könnten. Auf der Suche nach zellulären Faktoren, die eine Rolle im mNLS-vermittelten Kernimport spielen, wurde zunächst die Bedeutung von Hsc70 untersucht. Während der Morphogenese maskiert Hsc70 den C-Terminus von L2 und verhindert damit unerwünschte Interaktionen mit Mikrotubuli im Zytoplasma. Es existieren aber weitere noch unbekannte Hsc70-Bindedomänen in L2, die möglicherweise den Kernimport ebenfalls beeinflussen können. Wie die Untersuchungen deutlich machten, ist der zentrale, basische Bereich von L2 aber nicht mit Hsc70 assoziiert und der mNLS-vermittelte Kernimport findet unabhängig von Hsc70 statt. In einem siRNA-Screen wurde anschließend die Rolle von Karyopherinen während der Infektion untersucht. Sowohl Kapß2-siRNA als auch Kapß3-siRNA waren in der Lage unabhängig voneinander die Infektion von HPV16-Pseudovirionen zu reduzieren. Für beide Karyopherine konnte in der Vergangenheit in vitro die Interaktion mit HPV16 L2 nachgewiesen werden. Das L2-Protein ist das einzige virale Protein, das während der Infektion die Virus-DNA in den Kern begleitet (Day et al., 2004). Demzufolge ist es auch das einzige virale Protein, das mit Importinen während der Infektion interagiert. Möglicherweise sind also beide Karyopherine in der Lage sein L2 während der Infektion in den Kern zu importieren. Abschließend wurden Präzipitationsversuche durchgeführt, die zur Identifizierung möglicher Bindungspartner des mNLS führen sollten. In diesen Versuchen konnte eine erhöhte Bindungsaffiniät zu den beiden Importinen Kapß1 und Kapß2 festgestellt werden. Möglicherweise ist das L2-Protein mit seiner mNLS in der Lage mehrere Importrezeptoren zu binden und für den Kernimport zu nutzen. Eines dieser Importine ist Kapß2. Dieser Importrezeptor scheint sowohl bei der Infektion als auch während der Morphogenese den Kernimport von L2 durch die Bindung an das mNLS zu vermitteln.