Fuzzy data envelopment analysis for performance evaluation of an irrigation system

Sixteen irrigation subsystems of the Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project, Rajasthan, India, are evaluated and selection of the most suitable/best is made using data envelopment analysis (DEA) in both deterministic and fuzzy environments. Seven performance-related indicators, namely, land development works (LDW), timely supply of inputs (TSI), conjunctive use of water resources (CUW), participation of farmers (PF), environmental conservation (EC), economic impact (EI) and crop productivity (CPR) are considered. Of the seven, LDW, TSI, CUW, PF and EC are considered inputs, whereas CPR and EI are considered outputs for DEA modelling purposes. Spearman rank correlation coefficient values are also computed for various scenarios. It is concluded that DEA in both deterministic and fuzzy environments is useful for the present problem. However, the outcome of fuzzy DEA may be explored for further analysis due to its simple, effective data and discrimination handling procedure. It is inferred that the present study can be explored for similar situations with suitable modifications.

Methods for Measuring Aggregate Costs of Conflict

This paper reviews the methods for measuring the economic cost of conflict. Estimating the economic costs of conflict requires a counterfactual calculation, which makes this a very difficult task. Social researchers have resorted to different estimation methods depending on the particular effect in question. The method used in each case depends on the units being analyzed (firms, sectors, regions or countries), the outcome variable under study (aggregate output, market valuation of firms, market shares, etc.) and data availability (a single cross-section, time series or panel data). This paper reviews existing methods used in the literature to assess the economic impact of conflict: cost accounting, cross-section methods, time series methods, panel data methods, gravity models, event studies, natural experiments and comparative case studies. The paper ends with a discussion of cost estimates and directions for further research.

El Centro Kursaal y su impacto económico: un contraste metodológico

[ES] Este trabajo trata de analizar y evaluar el impacto económico y valor añadido que la actividad cultural que se realiza en torno al Kursaal genera en Donostia y en Guipúzcoa en general.

Tropical river fisheries valuation: background papers to a global synthesis

This report is a compilation of five regional reviews that document the global status of tropical rivers and inland fisheries in three continents: Latin America, Africa and Asia. It explores the role of ‘valuation’ methods and their contribution to policy-making and river fishery management. From the compilation, the best estimate of the global value of inland fisheries for those three continents is US$ 5.58 billion (gross market value), which is equivalent to 19 percent of the current value of annual fish exports from developing countries (US$ 29 billion) for 2004. The compilation shows that there is a general shortage of information on inland fisheries, especially derived from conventional economic valuation methods, though information from economic impact assessment methods and socio-economic and livelihood analysis methods is more widely available. The status of knowledge about the impact of changes in river management on the value of tropical river fisheries is weak and patchy. Although the impacts of large dams on the hydrology, ecology and livelihood support attributes of tropical rivers are well-recognized, there have been only few valuation studies of these issues. The document highlights the need for further valuation studies of tropical river and inland fisheries in developing countries. It underlines how vital it is for policy-makers and other stakeholders to understand the importance of these natural resources in order to make appropriate decisions concerning their role in development policy and illustrates why capacity building in valuation should become a major priority for agencies concerned with fisheries management and policy-making.

Review of river fisheries valuation in Central and South America

Unlike Africa and Asia, where a large part of the population are heavily dependent upon fishing for their livelihoods, fishing for a living in the interior of Central and South America (CSA) remains a marginal occupation for all but the most isolated of families. As such, the economics and management of fisheries on the continent have received little attention from within the continent and the rest of the world. This study shows that while a number of studies have been carried out on fishing in the region, they tend to be limited in their geographical focus and time scale. Although fishing of freshwater species may appear to be comparatively insignificant in the region, the rivers of CSA are very important. This report attempts to analyze the literature available on CSA river fisheries and attempts to draw out an economic value of these fisheries. It is divided into a number of sections. First, the authors describe the major river basins on the continent, characterize their fisheries, and place freshwater fisheries in CSA into a global context. Second, the authors provide a review of valuation techniques for fisheries and use this analytical framework to review the principal literature on freshwater fisheries in the region. Then they turn their attention to the economic impact of dams and water abstraction schemes, reviewing the available literature to ascertain how/if economic values are computed for the impact on fisheries. Finally, they offer some conclusions and recommendations on the direction for future studies of freshwater fisheries in CSA.

Can the change in the composition of the US GDP explain the Great Moderation? A test via oil price shocks

The paper investigates whether the growing GDP share of the services sector can contribute to explain the great moderation in the US. We identify and analyze three oil price shocks and use a SVAR analysis to measure their economic impact on the US economy at both the aggregate and the sectoral level. We find mixed support for the explanation of the great moderation in terms of shrinking oil shock volatilities and observe that increases (decreases) in oil shock volatilities are contrasted by a weakening (strengthening) in their transmission mechanism. Across sectors, services are the least affected by any oil shock. As the contribution of services to the GDP volatility increases over time, we conclude that a composition effect contributed to moderate the conditional volatility to oil shocks of the US GDP.

Ganadería, trasterminancia y trashumancia en los territorios vascos en el tránsito del medievo a la modernidad (siglos XV y XVI)

[ES] El presente artículo pretende aportar nuevos datos sobre la ganadería en los territorios vascos durante la Edad Moderna. Ante todo se trata de romper con falsos paradigmas que se han venido repitiendo durante largo tiempo, aportando datos inéditos. Los clásicos de la historiografía vasca siempre han recalcado el carácter rural y agrario de la economía vasca; a pesar de ello, actividades como la ganadería jamás han ocupado un espacio primordial como objeto de estudio entre los historiadores, que en muchos casos han aceptado las teorías de etnógrafos y antropólogos sin contrastarlas. La ganadería en tierras vascas siguió modelos cantábricos, que ya vienen siendo estudiados desde algunas décadas por los historiadores gallegos, asturianos o cántabros; escuelas que han establecido nuevas metodologías para el estudio de la ganadería, las cabañas predominantes, el régimen de explotación, su impacto económico, etc., y cuyo ejemplo desgraciadamente no ha sido secundado en el caso vasco.

Simulierte Auswirkungen des mehrjährigen Bewirtschaftungsplans für die Dorschfischerei in der westlichen Ostsee und die Möglichkeit einer technischen Alternative

The cod stock in the Western Baltic Sea is assessed to be overfished regarding the definitions of the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development at Johannesburg in 2002. Thus, the European Fisheries Council enforced a multi-annual management plan in 2007. Our medium term simulations over the future 10 years assume similar stock productivity as compared with the past four decades and indicate that the goals of the management plan can be achieved through TAC and consistent effort regulations. Taking account of the uncertainty in the recruitment patterns, the target average fishing mortality of age groups 3 – 6 years of F = 0.6 per year as defined in the management plan is indicated to exceed sustainable levels consistent with high long term yields and low risk of depletion. The stipulated constraint of the annual TAC variations of ±15% will dominate future fisheries management and implies a high recovery potential of the stock through continued reductions in fishing mortality. The scientific assessment of sustainable levels of exploitation and consideration in the plan is strongly advised, taking account of uncertainties attributed to environmental and biological effects. We recommend our study to be complemented with economic impact assessments including effects on by-catch species, which have been disregarded in this study. It is further demonstrated, that the goals of the management plan can alternatively be achieved by mesh size adaptations. An alternative technical option of mesh size increases to realize the required reductions in fishing mortality provides avoidance of discards of undersized fish after a few years by means of improved selectivity, another important element of the Common Fisheries Policy. However, it is emphasized that technical regulations since 1990 failed to affect the by-catch and discards of juvenile cod. In any way, the meaningful implementation of the multiannual management plan through stringent control and enforcement appears critical.

Approaches towards increasing domestic fish production in Nigeria: "Fish for All"

The paper critically examines the factors militating against domestic fish production in artisanal, aquacultural and industrial sectors in Nigeria. Approaches towards increasing fish production from all these sectors were suggested and discussed in line with the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) and Poverty Alleviation programmes of the Federal Government to meet the nation's fish protein requirement within the next three years

Low Climate Stabilisation under Diverse Growth and Convergence Scenarios

4 p.

Households WTP for the Reliability of Gas Supply

26 p.

Low Climate Stabilisation under Diverse Growth and Convergence Scenarios

9 p.

Climate change impacts on the water services in Costa Rica: a production function for the hydroenergy sector

23 p.

Impacto da campanha de vacinação para influenza em uma empresa

A influenza é uma das doenças respiratórias agudas mais prevalentes e importante causa de absenteísmo e presenteísmo. Entretanto, a eficácia vacinal para influenza pode alcançar 80% quando há elevada correspondência entre cepas vacinais e circulantes. Por este motivo, a empresa há anos promove campanha de vacinação, contudo, sem estimar sua efetividade (eficácia na redução da carga da doença) e o impacto econômico (produtividade) para o aprimoramento de sua política de saúde ocupacional. Considerou-se que a efetividade da campanha seria determinada pela eficácia vacinal previamente demonstrada em estudos randomizados, pelo grau de acurácia diagnóstica ou de triagem dos casos, pelo nível de adesão do profissional de saúde ao registro no prontuário e do paciente ao informar a ocorrência dos sintomas e pela cobertura vacinal alcançada. Com os objetivos de avaliar a efetividade e impacto econômico da campanha de vacinação para influenza, optou-se por um desenho estudo observacional de coorte histórico com características de estudo de intervenção baseado em dados históricos da campanha de 2008 e informações individuais sobre a frequência de sintomas respiratórios e absenteísmo, idade, gênero, função (administrativa e operacional) e renda, comorbidades relevantes e tabagismo, obtidas mediante revisão de prontuário dos 12 meses subsequentes, comparadas entre os grupos de vacinados e não-vacinados (qui-quadrado e test t) e analisadas por regressão logística, e estimada a fração prevenível (proporção de episódios potenciais de influenza evitados pela vacinação). Foram analisados os prontuários de 2.425 trabalhadores (1.651 não-vacinados e 754 vacinados) correspondendo à cobertura de 31,1%. A prevalência de influenza observada foi de 10,4% e a vacinação foi efetiva entre os trabalhadores (RR=0,51; IC95% 39-67), quando considerados os sintomas de alta probabilidade de influenza. A fração prevenível foi 0,09 (9 casos evitados a cada 100 trabalhadores vacinados). A campanha de vacinação foi mais efetiva e provocou maior impacto econômico entre os trabalhadores em regime operacional.

El sector económico de las mascotas en españa y su impacto en el PIB y la creacion de empleo

El principal objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado titulado “El sector económico de las mascotas en España y su impacto en el PIB y en la creación de empleo” es intentar dar a conocer a la sociedad el peso que tienen las mascotas en la economía en general y en la española en particular. Para comenzar el trabajo, analizamos los comienzos de la domesticación así como la historia y la importancia de los animales de compañía para el ser humano desde el punto de vista social y económico. Para visualizar el impacto económico de los animales de compañía nos centramos en los dos subsectores más relevantes desde la perspectiva del empleo y del impacto en el PIB: la alimentación y las prestaciones veterinarias. En lo que respecta a la alimentación, se analiza la producción en toneladas y euros así como la estructura de las empresas más relevantes y un análisis del líder en el sector. En cuanto al sector veterinario, se analiza su estructura en toda España en términos de empleo, número de empresas y resultados económicos. A lo largo del trabajo podemos observar que el sector de los animales de compañía se mantiene en continuo crecimiento debido al mayor número de animales domésticos que encontramos en los hogares. Para finalizar el desarrollo del Trabajo de Fin de Grado, elaboramos unas conclusiones en relación a los resultados más relevantes obtenidos en la realización de este estudio.