The impact of Portuguese demographic changes on the demand and supply of blood in the region of Algarve

Dissertação de Mastrado, Gestão de Unidades de Saúde, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Prevalence of colonizing bacteria and their association with primary bacteremias in hemodialysis of a university hospital

to be from 2.5 to 5.5 cases per 1,000 catheter-day. the clinical impact is relevant and increases the cost of the HD Unit. Methods: The present study is the irst of 2 phases. It was conducted from January to December of 2012, and included all patients and nurses who were in the HD Unit. The prevalence of Gramnegative bacilli (GNB) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MrSA) colonizing the nasal passages and the skin is described. Also, phenotypic association was sought by genus, species and sensitivities between colonizing bacterial strains and blood cultures with GNB and MRSA. Results: the study included 70 patients and 10 nurses. the prevalence of nasal colonization in patients by GNB was 9% and 6% in the pericatheter, and no nursing GNB colonization was discovered. The prevalence of MRSA nasal colonization was 19% and 6% in the pericatheter for patients and in the nurses the nasal colonization was 50% and 10% in the hands. We identiied 29 cases of primary bacteremia. The primary bacteremia rate is 1.5 per 1,000 catheter-day or 0.4 episodes per patient per year. Conclusion: We demonstrated a high prevalence of MrSA colonization in patients and nurses in the HD Unit. No relationship was found between primary bacteremia by GNB and patients and nurses’ bacteria colonization by the phenotypic comparison.

Emerging pathogens in the central nervous system: a cerebral abscess by Streptococcus porcinus

Brain abscesses can cause an incapacitating neurological deicit in up to 50% of patients, thus the reduction of these sequelae becomes the main goal of its timely and speciic surgical and medical treatment. With technological advances in bacteriological identiication and diagnostic imaging, the clinical suspicion can be conirmed, and the speciic etiological agent can be identiied in a larger number of cases. New pathogens have emerged through this process, such as Streptococcus porcinus, in which the ability to affect the central nervous system has not been documented. A clinical case is presented of a brain abscess in an immunocompetent patient, and its favorable response to surgical drainage t hrough a skull burr h ole and nee dle aspiration with antibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone, metronidazole and vancomycin) is discussed.

Nutritional screening and prevalence of hospital malnutrition risk. University Hospital of the UANL, Monterrey

Introduction: Hospital malnutrition risk has prevalence values of 20%-50%, and it is a major health problem in the health institutions worldwide. Objective: To assess the accomplishment of nutritional screening and the prevalence of hospital malnutrition risk in a University Hospital. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out with nutritional screening, using primary data from six clinical areas obtained in the period between July 2012 and December 2013. According to previous results in Mexican health institutions and considering a mean malnutrition risk prevalence of 50%, it was calculated that a sample size of 3200 subjects was required for the assessment of valid risk values. Patients with values ≥3 on the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS, 2002) were classiied as carriers of nutritional risk. Results: A total of 5611 patients (38% of all patients admitted) were studied. The rate of screening declined from 55% in 2012 to 31% in 2013. During the whole period, 3034 patients were classiied with risk of malnutrition (54% prevalence). Conclusions: The prevalence of hospital malnutrition risk was high. The accomplishment of the nutritional screening was deicient, and declined between 2012 and 2013. The lack of nutritional screening does not meet the vital care requirements of hospitalized patients and prevents the timely treatment of those at malnutrition risk.

Grief elaboration of a patient with a diagnosis of advanced colon adenocarcinoma: a case study

Objective: The term grief, from the French term grever, which means “to burden, to oppress”, can be deined as the process through which a person must go due to the loss of a loved one. We present a case of grief elaboration in a patient and his family that face a terminal illness. Clinical case: The patient is a 51-year-old man diagnosed with stage T4a N2b M1 colon adenocarcinoma. He came to the Department of Psycho-Oncology presenting depressive symptoms, marital and family issues associated with a medical condition, and work related issues. Conclusions: The patient was diagnosed with a secondary major depressive disorder episode in reaction to his medical condition. He was prescribed anti-depressive treatment, and family psychotherapy was recommended for grief elaboration.

Congenital vascular malformations update

Presently, there is controversy and misconception in the diagnosis and management of most congenital vascular malformations. The aim of this manuscript is to identify the current knowledge of these poorly understood and relatively uncommon pathologies. We will also review the updated terminology, classiication, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis approach and management

Ebola virus disease 2014

Ebola virus disease was irst described in 1976 originating from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, Ebola virus has become an important public health threat in Africa, and now it is of great concern worldwide due to the recent outbreaks (9216 cases with 4555 deaths up to October 20th, 2014), and it is so far the largest and deadliest recorded in history. Five Ebola virus species have been identiied (including Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Reston, and Bundibugyo Ebola virus), and four of them have proved to be highly pathogenic for both human and non-human primates, causing viral hemorrhagic fever with case fatality rates of up to 90%, for which no approved therapeutics or vaccines are currently available. Ebola virus infections are characterized by immune suppression and a systemic inlammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems, leading to multiorgan failure and shock, and thus, in some ways, resembling septic shock. The major affected countries, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and Nigeria, have been struggling to contain and to mitigate the outbreak. Gene sequencing of the 2014 virus (2014WA) outbreak has demonstrated 98% homology with the Zaire Ebola virus, with a 49% case fatality ratio across the affected countries. In this review the characteristics of the viruses, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and the cases reported in health care workers (HCW) are described, as well as a summary of outbreaks of the virus since its discovery, including these last two outbreaks in Africa.

Levels of insulin and HOMA-IR in adolescents in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

An alarming rise of obesity in adolescents has been observed, placing them at risk of developing resistance to insulin (IR) and its adverse metabolic consequences such as diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Objective: To know the prevalence of obesity, and the levels of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR and its association with the BMIz, waist circumference and the pubertal stage in a random sample of adolescents. Materials and methods: 292 adolescents between 12 and 15 years (152 female and 140 male), whose anthropometric measurements (weight, height and waist circumference) were taken, body mass index calculated and Z-score determined. Blood glucose and insulin levels were evaluated from a sample of blood and their HOMA-IR was determined. Results: The results showed that 32.5% were obese, 22.3% were overweight and 23.6% showed adolescent central obesity. Glucose levels (p = 0.016), insulin (p = 0.0001) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.0001) showed significant differences in the group with obesity. Values of the three parameters were increased with the stage of puberty. We found significant differences in the levels of glucose (p = 0.0388), insulin (p = 0.0005) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.0001) between the prepubertal and postpubertal stages.

Frecuencia y factores de riesgo de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica EPOC en pacientes del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso Cuenca. 1990-1994

Se realiza un estudio clínico descriptivo con el fin de determinar los principales factores de riesgo para Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica [EPOC] en los pacientes ingresados en el servicio de clínica del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso [HVCM]. Se estudian 106 casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de EPOC ingresados en el servicio de clínica del HVCM en 5 años de estudio [1990-1994] comparándolos con un grupo igual numericamente de pacientes que no presentaron sintomatología respiratoria. Se establece que el único factor de riesgo estadísticamente significativo entre los dos grupos es la presencia de infecciones respiratorias repetitivas. Los demás factores de riego [tabaquismo, exposición a polvos orgánico e inorgánicos, exposición a humos y reacciones alérgicas] no tienen resultados estadísticamente significativos al comprar los dos grupos objeto de la presente investigación. Se presentan las conclusiones pertientes, las sugerencias respectivas y se adjunta la referencia bilbiográfica actualizada

Frecuencia de la infección por Helicobacter Pylori en población asintomatica de 10-80 años. Cuenca - Azuay 1997

Se realiza un estudio clínico descriptivo en 210 personas asintomáticas voluntarias, con el fin de establecer la prevalencia por grupos etáreos de la infección por H. Pylori en personas asintomáticas entre los 10 y 80 años a través de la determinación de IgG, por el método de ELISA en suero sanguíneo. Se clasifican a los individuos de acuerdo a si presentan o no factores de riesgo, principalmente hacinamiento, en el aseo de manos, higiene bucal y convivencia con animales domésticos. Se concluye que la prevalencia de resultados positivos es del 63.3 por ciento en el examen serológico y es mayor sobre los 40 años sin que exista diferencia de sexo, siendo los principales factores de riesgo la convivencia con el gato y el cepillado dental no adecuado. En los pacientes con prueba serológica positiva a los que se realizó la endoscopía [40], se encontró un resultado histopatológico con reporte de gastritis aguda en el 42.5 por ciento y de gastritis crónica en el 30 por ciento; la positividad de H. pylori histopatológicamente fue del 52.5 por ciento. Las pruebas de sensiblidad de la ureasa y de la IGG fueron del 90.47 por ciento y del 95.2 por ciento, respectivamente y la especificidad de 84.2 en ambas pruebas

Estudio de casos y controles sobre factores asociados a retinopatía en pacientes con diabétes mellitus tipo 2 Fundación DONUM 2000-2005

Se trata de un estudio de casos y controles, pareado con edad, ocupación y sexo, realizado en pacientes diabéticos atendidos en la Fundación DONUM de la ciudad de Cuenca. De las 1.100 historias clínicas existntes en el período comprendido entre enero de 2001 y julio del 2005, se eligieron 408, de las cuales 101 pertenecieron a los casos (diabéticos con retinopatía) y 307 a controles (diabéticos sin retinopatía); se identificaron como variables independientes, la evolución en años de la diabetees, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial; hemoglobina glucosilada, concentración de glicemia, colesterol, triglicéridos y colesterol LDL. Resultados: no hubo diferencia entre los casos y controles en edad, ocupación y sexo. Entre los factores de riesgo asociados de manera significativa, se encontraron la evolución de más de 10 años de diabetes OR (Odds ratio) 10.63, IC 95(intervalo de confianza) 6.16-10.43; más de 5 años de dislipidemia OR 10.29, IC 85(3.82-13.40); presión arterial sistólica>- 130 mmHG. OR 2.91, IC 95(1.74-4.90); colesterol total >- 200mg/dl OR 1.97, IC 95(1.17-3.31); presión arterial diastolica >- 80mmHG. [OR 1.87, IC 95(1.09-3-23). Entre los factores asociados de manera no significativa están: colesterol LDL >- 100 mg/dl OR 1.90, IC 95(0.98-3.73); índice de masa corporal>- 30 Kg/m2 OR 1.43, IC 95(0.87-2.34). Conclusión: los factores asociados a retinopatía de manera significativa son tiempo de evolución de diabetes, de dislipidemia, de hieprtensión arterial, presión arterial sistólica>- 130mmHG., colesterol total >- 200mg/dl y presión arterial diastólica >- 80mmHG

Disfunción diastólica en pacientes con hipertensión arterial grado I - II Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca 2006

Estudio descriptivo realizado con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de disfunción diastólica en pacientes con hipertensión arterial grado I-III, en edades de 30-60 años; a través de ecocardiograma doppler pulsado de flujo transvalvular mitral, hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca 2006. Los pacientes fueron 76 seleccioados por asignación secuencial. Resultados: la edad media de los pacientes fue de 51 +- 6 años; 61,3corresponde al sexo femenino; con un índice de masa corporal de 26 kg (talla)2; el 60con hipertensión grado I y 40grado II; 72,5presentó hipertrofia ventricular izquierda; la alteración diastólica fue de 86,3(grado I 85,4y grado II 87,5), con predominio de patrón de relajación retardada (58,8). Conclusiones: el 86,3de pacientes con hipertensión arterial presentan disfución diastólica; con mínima diferencia entre hipertensión grado I y II (85,4y 87,5); concluyendo que a mayor grado de hipertensión arterial menor porcentaje de patrón normal de función diastólica, al igual que a mayor tiempo de hipertensión arterial (mayor de 10 años) mayor grado de disfunción diastólica. El patrón de disfunción diastólica predominante en hipertensión arterial grado I y II fue el de relajación retardada; incluso independientemente del peso

Manifestaciones extra articulares de la artritis reumatoide en los pacientes atendidos en los hospitales Vicente Corral Moscoso y José Carrasco Arteaga de Cuenca durante el período octubre 2001 a septiembre 2002

Se realiza un estudio descriptivo con el objetivo de conocer las prin-cipales manifestaciones extra articulares en los pacientes con Artritis Reumatoide que acuden a la consulta externa de los hospitales Vicente Corral Moscoso y José Carrasco Arteaga de la ciudad de Cuenca en el período Octubre 2001 a Septiembre 2.002. Material y método: la muestra se conformó con 100 pacientes escogidos aleatoriamente y que cumplieron con un mínimo de cuatro criterios diagnósticos del Colegio Americano de Reumatología. Se les aplicó un modelo de encuestas para los datos generales, resultados del examen físico e investigaciones de laboratorio. El análisis de los datos se lo hizo porcentualmente o por tasas, con promedios y desvío estándar, según el tipo de variable. Resultados y conclusiones: se encuentra manifestaciones extra articula-res en el 76% de los pacientes; siendo la anemia (36,8%), la queratoconjuntivitis sicca (35,5%), la eosinofilia (21,1%), la neuropatía periférica (21,1%) y la fibrosis pulmonar intersticial (19,7%) las más frecuentes. En relación con el sexo existe una proporción de 2:1 a 3:1 para mujeres y hombres respectivamente, y los pacientes se encuentran principalmente en la quinta década de la vida