Struttura e dinamica di popolazione di Axinella polypoides (Schmidt, 1862) (Porifera, Demospongiae) presso l’Isola Gallinara (SV)

I poriferi rappresentano un importante campo di ricerca anche in ambito applicativo in quanto potenzialmente utili come fonte di metaboliti secondari da impiegarsi in ambito clinico (antitumorali, antibiotici, antivirali, ecc.) e industriale (antifouling). I processi di biosilicificazione interessano invece per aspetti legati alle biotecnologie marine. Questo Phylum ha un importante ruolo strutturale e funzionale nell’ecologia dei popolamenti bentonici, in quanto può essere dominante in numerosi habitat e svolgere un ruolo ecologico fondamentale nelle dinamiche degli ecosistemi marini. Per questo, la variazione spaziale e temporale della loro abbondanza può avere effetti considerevoli su altri membri della comunità. Lo studio delle dinamiche di popolazione e del ciclo riproduttivo dei poriferi potrebbe permettere di valutare come i cambiamenti climatici ne influenzino la crescita e la riproduzione e potrebbe quindi fornire una base per lo sviluppo di corrette tecniche di gestione ambientale. La spugna Axinella polypoides è inserita all’interno delle liste di protezione della Convenzione di Berna e di Barcellona, dove sono elencate le specie da proteggere perché minacciate o in pericolo di estinzione. Questa specie, avendo una morfologia eretta, è fortemente minacciata soprattutto da attività antropiche quali pesca e ancoraggi, ma nonostante questo la letteratura relativa ad essa è scarsa, La sua importanza è legata soprattutto al recente utilizzo come modello per numerosi esperimenti. A. polypoides rappresenta, infatti, il più basso livello nella scala evolutiva in cui sono stati rinvenuti meccanismi biochimici cellulari di reazione all’aumento di temperatura (incremento dell’attività ADP-ribosil ciclasica, sintesi di ossido nitrico) tipici degli organismi superiori. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di aumentare le conoscenze sull’ecologia e sulla biologia di questo porifero, al fine di consentire una migliore predisposizione di eventuali piani di tutela. Dallo studio delle colonie effettuato presso l’Isola Gallinara (SV), emerge una dinamica di crescita lenta ed un ciclo riproduttivo estivo, coerentemente con quanto osservato per altre specie mediterranee del genere Axinella. Le analisi istologiche effettuate hanno mostrato variabilità temporale nella densità e nella dimensione di particolari cellule sferulose, che si ipotizza siano collegate a fenomeni di proliferazione cellulare e rigenerazione in seguito a danni. È stata individuata inoltre la presenza di una particolare tipologia cellulare dendritica la cui funzione si ritiene abbia affinità con le funzioni sensoriali di Phyla superiori. Queste osservazioni, e l’evidente vulnerabilità della specie agli impatti antropici, hanno evidenziato la necessità di sviluppare adeguati piani di monitoraggio e di conservazione.

Eduard Study (1862-1930) - ein mathematischer Mephistopheles im geometrischen Gärtchen

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Eduard Study (1862-1930), einem der deutschen Geometer um die Jahrhundertwende, der seine Zeit zum Einen durch seine Kontakte zu Klein, Hilbert, Engel, Lie, Gordan, Halphen, Zeuthen, Einstein, Hausdorff und Weyl geprägt hat, zum Anderen in ihr aber auch für seine beißenden und stilistisch ausgefeilten Kritiken ebenso berühmt wie berüchtigt war. Da sich Study mit einer Vielzahl mathematischer Themen beschäftigt hat, führen wir zunächst in die von ihm bearbeiteten Gebiete der Geometrie des 19. Jahrhunderts ein (analytische und synthetische Geometrie im Sinne von Monge, Poncelet, Plücker und Reye, Invariantentheorie Clebsch-Gordan'scher Prägung, abzählende Geometrie von Chasles und Halphen, die Werke Lie's und Grassmann’s, Liniengeometrie sowie Axiomatik und Grundlagenkrise). In seiner darauf folgenden Biographie finden sich als zentrale Stellen seine Habilitation bei Klein über die Chasles’sche Vermutung, sein Streit mit Zeuthen darüber als eine der Debatten der Mathematischen Annalen (aus der er historisch zwar nicht, mathematisch aber tatsächlich als Gewinner hätte herausgehen müssen, wie wir an der Lösung des Problems durch van der Waerden sehen werden) und seine Auseinandersetzungen als etablierter Bonner Professor mit Engel über Lie, Weyl über Invariantentheorie, zahlreichen philosophischen Richtungen über das Raumproblem, Pasch’s Axiomatik, Hilbert’s Formalismus sowie Brouwer’s und Weyl’s Intuitionismus.

Ernesto Nathan Rogers e le preesistenze ambientali. Itinerario teorico, 1948-1964

La tesi indaga il significato del concetto di “preesistenze ambientali” nel pensiero teorico dell’architetto Ernesto Nathan Rogers. Il tema è scelto come punto di vista privilegiato per indagare il contributo di Rogers al dibattito sull’eredità del Movimento Moderno in un momento, il secondo dopoguerra, in cui si intensifica la necessità di soffermare l’attenzione delle riflessioni teoriche sulle relazioni tra ambiente e progetto. Il problema fu inteso come la ricerca di un linguaggio adeguato all’era macchinista e di un ordine formale per lo sviluppo urbano recente da costruire in funzione del suo rapporto con la città consolidata. Esso fu sviluppato, all’interno dell’opera teorica rogersiana, come riflessione sulla dialettica contrapposizione tra intuizione e trasmissione del sapere, contingenza e universalità. La tesi mostra le ricche connessioni culturali tramite cui tale dialettica è capace di animare un discorso unitario che va dall’insegnamento del Movimento Moderno alle ricerche tipologiche e urbane della cultura italiana degli anni Sessanta. Riportando il concetto di preesistenze ambientali alla sua accezione originale, da un lato attraverso la ricostruzione delle relazioni intellettuali instaurate da Rogers con il Movimento Moderno e i CIAM, dall’altro mediante l’approfondimento del progetto editoriale costruito durante la direzione della rivista “Casabella continuità”, la tesi intende conferire alla nozione il valore di un contributo importante alla teoria della progettazione architettonica urbana. Il concetto di preesistenze ambientali diventa così la chiave analitica per indagare, in particolare, l’influenza del dibattito dell’VIII CIAM su Il Cuore della città e della partecipazione di Rogers al lavoro di redazione dell’Estudio del Plan di Buenos Aires nel 1948-1949 nella maturazione del progetto editoriale di “Casabella continuità” (1954-1965) attraverso l’attribuzione di un preciso valore all’archetipo, alla fenomenologia e alla tradizione nella definizione del rapporto architettura e storia.

The performativity of nonviolent protest in South Asia (1918 - 1948)

This study seeks to address a gap in the study of nonviolent action. The gap relates to the question of how nonviolence is performed, as opposed to the meaning or impact of nonviolent politics. The dissertation approaches the history of nonviolent protest in South Asia through the lens of performance studies. Such a shift allows for concepts such as performativity and theatricality to be tested in terms of their applicability and relevance to contemporary political and philosophical questions. It also allows for a different perspective on the historiography of nonviolent protest. Using concepts, modes of analysis and tropes of thinking from the emerging field of performance studies, the dissertation analyses two different cases of nonviolent protest, asking how politics is performatively constituted. The first two sections of this study set out the parameters of the key terms of the dissertation: nonviolence and performativity, by tracing their genealogies and legacies as terms. These histories are then located as an intersection in the founding of the nonviolent. The case studies at the analytical core of the dissertation are: fasting as a method in Gandhi's political arsenal, and the army of nonviolent soldiers in the North-West Frontier Province, known as the Khudai Khidmatgar. The study begins with an overview of current theorisations of nonviolence. The approach to the subject is through an investigation of commonly held misconceptions about nonviolent action, such as its supposed passivity, the absence of violence, its ineffectiveness and its spiritual basis. This section addresses the lacunae within existing theories of nonviolence and points to possible fertile spaces for further exploration. Section 3 offers an overview of the different shades of the concept of performativity, asking how it is used in various contexts and how these different nuances can be viewed in relation to each other. The dissertation explores how a theory of performativity may be correlated to the theorisation of nonviolence. The correlations are established in four boundary areas: action/inaction, violence/absence of violence, the actor/opponent and the body/spirit. These boundary areas allow for a theorising of nonviolent action as a performative process. The first case study is Gandhi's use of the fast as a method of nonviolent protest. Using a close reading of his own writings, speeches and letters, as well as a reading of responses to his fast in British newspapers and within India, the dissertation asks what made fasting into Gandhi's most favoured mode of protest and political action. The study reconstructs his unique praxis of the fast from a performative perspective, demonstrating how display and ostentation are vital to the political economy of the fast. It also unveils the cultural context and historical reservoir of body practices, which Gandhi drew from and adapted into 'weapons' of political action. The relationship of Gandhian nonviolence to the body forms a crucial part of the analysis. The second case study is the nonviolent army of the Pashtuns, Khudai Khidmatgar (KK), literally Servants of God. This anti-imperialist movement in the North-West Frontier Province of what is today the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan existed between 1929 and 1948. The movement adopted the organisational form of an army. It conducted protest activities against colonial rule, as well as social reform activities for the Pashtuns. This group was connected to the Congress party of Gandhi, but the dissertation argues that their conceptualisation and praxis of nonviolence emerged from a very different tradition and worldview. Following a brief introduction to the socio-political background of this Pashtun movement, the dissertation explores the activities that this nonviolent army engaged in, looking at their unique understanding of the militancy of an unarmed force, and their mode of combat and confrontation. Of particular interest to the analysis is the way the KK re-combined and mixed what appear to be contradictory ideologies and acts. In doing so, they reframed cultural and historical stereotypes of the Pashtuns as a martial race, juxtaposing the institutional form of the army with a nonviolent praxis based on Islamic principles and social reform. The example of the Khudai Khidmatgar is used to explore the idea that nonviolence is not the opposite of violent conflict, but in fact a dialectical engagement and response to violence. Section 5, in conclusion, returns to the boundary areas of nonviolence: action, violence, the opponent and the body, and re-visits these areas on a comparative note, bringing together elements from Gandhi's fasts and the practices of the KK. The similarities and differences in the two examples are assessed and contextualised in relation to the guiding question of this study, namely the question of the performativity of nonviolent action.

Legality and Human Rights: Administrative Justice in Russia 1862-1917

The question of how far pre-revolutionary Russia was from the ideal of a lawful state has received little academic attention, particularly as relates to the legal regulation of relations between person, society and state within the state administration. Pravilova explored the methods of settling disputes between individuals and the administration, and the emergence of legal controls of the administration, analysed projects for the organisation of administrative justice and studied the particular nature of concepts from Russian administrative justice. The idea of an organisation of special bodies examining complaints by private persons against the actions of officials and state bureaucratic organs first appeared in the early 1860s. In the 1870s-1890s various projects for the reform of administrative justice (reorganisation of the Senate and local administrative institutions) were proposed by the Ministries of Justice and Finance, but none of these was put into practice, largely due to resistance from the bureaucracy. At the same time, however, the rapid development of private enterprise, the activities of the zemstvo and self-government produced new norms and mechanisms for the regulation of authorities and social relations. Despite the lack of institutional conditions, the Senate did consider complaints from private persons against illegal actions by administrative officials, playing a role similar to that of the supreme administrative courts in France and Germany. The spread of concepts of a 'lawful state' aroused support for a system of administrative justice and the establishment of administrative tribunals was seen as a condition of legality and a guarantee of human rights. The government was forced to understand that measures to maintain legality were vital to preserve the stability of the system of state power, but plans for liberal reforms were pushed into the background by constitutional reforms. The idea of guarantees of human rights in relations with the authorities was in contradiction with the idea of the monarchy and it was only when the Provisional Government took power in 1917 that the liberal programme of legal reforms had any chance of being put into practice. A law passed in June 1917 ordained the organisation of local administrative justice bodies, but its implementation was hampered by the war, the shortage of qualified judges and the existing absolute legal illiteracy, and the few administrative courts that were set up were soon abolished by the new Soviet authorities. Pravilova concluded that the establishment of a lawful state in pre-revolutionary Russia was prevented by a number of factors, particularly the autocratic nature of the supreme authority, which was incompatible with the idea of administrative justice as a guarantee of the rights of citizens in their relations with the state.