The importance of language : the impact of linguistic vitality on intergroup tensions

Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre les tensions ethniques. Ceci est fait en explorant, dans une étude en quatre parties, l'une de ses caractéristiques les plus importantes mais sévèrement négligées: la langue. S’inspirant des traditions de recherche de la sociolinguistique, de la psychologie sociale et de la science politique, cette thèse fournit une analyse en profondeur de l'influence de la langue sur les relations intergroupes. Elle le fait, spécifiquement, en se concentrant sur l'influence que la vitalité linguistique, la santé sociale d'une langue, a sur les tensions sociales. Cette thèse propose un cadre théorique dans lequel le niveau de vitalité linguistique contribue à générer des griefs culturels qui ont une incidence par la suite sur les relations intergroupes. Le premier article explore la relation macro entre la vitalité linguistique et l'intensité des conflits intergroupes. Les résultats, dérivés de données de l'Atlas UNESCO des langues en danger dans le monde et du projet Minorities at Risk (MAR), démontrent une relation curvilinéaire où les niveaux bas et élevé de vitalité linguistique génèrent une intensité inférieure au niveau modéré de vitalité. Ces résultats confirment que la vitalité linguistique est un déterminant important des tensions ethniques fondées sur la langue d'une manière générale, mais encore davantage pour les pays ayant plusieurs minorités linguistiques. Le deuxième article explore l'influence de la vitalité linguistique sur la confiance politique. Il utilise des données de l'Atlas UNESCO des langues en danger dans le monde ainsi que des données du European Social Survey (ESS). Les résultats soutiennent un modèle de médiation dans lequel la vitalité linguistique influence positivement la confiance politique d'une manière directe ainsi qu’indirectement par le biais de la discrimination perçue. Le troisième article cherche à isoler la séquence socio-psychologique qui relie la vitalité linguistique aux tensions intergroupes. Des données de sondage originales ont été recueillies auprès de francophones du Québec, de l'Ontario, du Nouveau-Brunswick et du Manitoba. Les résultats d’analyses de régression multiple soutiennent une séquence socio-psychologique dans laquelle la menace endogroupe influence les attitudes envers l’exogroupe par le biais de la menace perçue comme étant causée par l’exogroupe. Ainsi, ces constats soulignent l'importance des perceptions de la vitalité linguistique pour les attitudes intergroupes. Le quatrième article, produit en collaboration avec Patrick Fournier et Veronica Benet-Martinez, utilise un protocole expérimental pour déterminer le rôle causal de la vitalité linguistique sur les attitudes intergroupes. Les résultats démontrent que le type d'information, positif ou négatif, au sujet de la vitalité linguistique influence les perceptions de menace envers une langue. Cependant, les résultats quant à l'impact de l’information à propos de la vitalité linguistique sur les attitudes envers l’exogroupe, l’appui à la souveraineté et l'identité subjective sont moins évidents. Cette thèse permet de mieux comprendre les tensions intergroupes en démontrant le rôle important que joue la vitalité linguistique sur des phénomènes macros ainsi que sur les attitudes des individus.

Linear Low Density Polyethylene-Biodegradability Using Bacteria from Marine Benthic Environment and Photodegradability Using Ultraviolet Light

Various compositions of linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE) containing bio-filler(either starch or dextrin)of various particle sizes were prepared.The mechanical,thermal,FTIR,morphological(SEM),water absorption and melt flow(MFI) studies were carried out.Biodegradability of the compositions were determined using a shake culture flask containing amylase producing bacteria(vibrios),which were isolated from marine benthic environment and by soil burial test. The effect of low quantities of metal oxides and metal stearate as pro-oxidants in LLDPE and in the LLDPE-biofiller compositions was established by exposing the samples to ultraviolet light.The combination of bio-filler and a pro-oxidant improves the degradation of linear low density polyethylene.The maleation of LLDPE improves the compatibility of the c blend components and thepro-oxidants enhance the photodegradability of the compatibilised blends.The responsibility studies on the partially biodegradable LLDPE containing bio-fillers and pro-oxidants suggest that the blends could be repeatedly reprocessed without deterioration in mechanical properties.

Investigations on the Radiation Characteristics of Broadband Strip Loaded Slotted Microstrip Antennas

With the recent progress and rapid increase in mobile terminals, the design of antennas for small mobile terminals is acquiring great importance. In view of this situation, several design concepts are already been addressed by the scientists and engineers. Compactness and efficiency are the major criteria for mobile terminal antennas. The challenging task of the microwave scientists and engineers is to device compact printed radiating systems having broadband behavior, together with good efficiency. Printed antenna technology has received popularity among antenna scientists after the introduction of microstrip antenna in 1970s. The successors in this kind such as printed monopoles and planar inverted F are also equally important. Scientists and Engineers are trying to explore this technology as a viable coast effective solution for forthcoming microwave revolution. The transmission line perspectives of antennas are very interesting. The concept behind any electromagnetic radiator is simple. Any electromagnetic system with a discontinuity is radiating electromagnetic energy. The size, shape and the orientation of the discontinuities controls the radiation characteristics of the system such as radiation pattern, gain, polarization etc. It can be either resonant or non resonant structure. Microstrip antennas are suitable for wireless applications due to their low cost, high gain and ease of fabrication. But the major disadvantage of micro strip antennas is their inherent narrow bandwidth. A lot of techniques are introduced by the researchers all over the world to enhance the bandwidth of micro strip patch antennas. The thesis addresses an attempt to enhance the bandwidth of micro strip patch antennas by incorporating impedance matching strip as a part of the micro strip patch antenna. The first part of the thesis deals with the broadband operation of the tilted square slot and polygonal slot loaded square micro strip patch antennas. The resonant mechanisms are clearly mentioned using the simulation and experimental studies. The bandwidth of the polygonal slotted broadband patch antenna is again enhanced by implementing an Lstrip feed mechanism. In the second major part of the thesis, a novel gain enhancement technique for single band and broadband square micro strip patch antennas is achieved by implementing offset stacked configurations.

Chaotic dynamics of electric-field domains in periodically driven superlattices

Self-sustained time-dependent current oscillations under dc voltage bias have been observed in recent experiments on n-doped semiconductor superlattices with sequential resonant tunneling. The current oscillations are caused by the motion and recycling of the domain wall separating low- and high-electric-field regions of the superlattice, as the analysis of a discrete drift model shows and experimental evidence supports. Numerical simulation shows that different nonlinear dynamical regimes of the domain wall appear when an external microwave signal is superimposed on the dc bias and its driving frequency and driving amplitude vary. On the frequency-amplitude parameter plane, there are regions of entrainment and quasiperiodicity forming Arnold tongues. Chaos is demonstrated to appear at the boundaries of the tongues and in the regions where they overlap. Coexistence of up to four electric-field domains randomly nucleated in space is detected under ac+dc driving.

Texture Description of low grade and high grade Glioma using Statistical features in Brain MRIs

Low grade and High grade Gliomas are tumors that originate in the glial cells. The main challenge in brain tumor diagnosis is whether a tumor is benign or malignant, primary or metastatic and low or high grade. Based on the patient's MRI, a radiologist could not differentiate whether it is a low grade Glioma or a high grade Glioma. Because both of these are almost visually similar, autopsy confirms the diagnosis of low grade with high-grade and infiltrative features. In this paper, textural description of Grade I and grade III Glioma are extracted using First order statistics and Gray Level Co-occurance Matrix Method (GLCM). Textural features are extracted from 16X16 sub image of the segmented Region of Interest(ROI) .In the proposed method, first order statistical features such as contrast, Intensity , Entropy, Kurtosis and spectral energy and GLCM features extracted were showed promising results. The ranges of these first order statistics and GLCM based features extracted are highly discriminant between grade I and Grade III. In this study which gives statistical textural information of grade I and grade III Glioma which is very useful for further classification and analysis and thus assisting Radiologist in greater extent.

Analysis of Pleistocene paleodrainage evolution in the Po Basin (Italy) by multivariate statistical techniques

In order to obtain a high-resolution Pleistocene stratigraphy, eleven continuously cored boreholes, 100 to 220m deep were drilled in the northern part of the Po Plain by Regione Lombardia in the last five years. Quantitative provenance analysis (QPA, Weltje and von Eynatten, 2004) of Pleistocene sands was carried out by using multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis, PCA, and similarity analysis) on an integrated data set, including high-resolution bulk petrography and heavy-mineral analyses on Pleistocene sands and of 250 major and minor modern rivers draining the southern flank of the Alps from West to East (Garzanti et al, 2004; 2006). Prior to the onset of major Alpine glaciations, metamorphic and quartzofeldspathic detritus from the Western and Central Alps was carried from the axial belt to the Po basin longitudinally parallel to the SouthAlpine belt by a trunk river (Vezzoli and Garzanti, 2008). This scenario rapidly changed during the marine isotope stage 22 (0.87 Ma), with the onset of the first major Pleistocene glaciation in the Alps (Muttoni et al, 2003). PCA and similarity analysis from core samples show that the longitudinal trunk river at this time was shifted southward by the rapid southward and westward progradation of transverse alluvial river systems fed from the Central and Southern Alps. Sediments were transported southward by braided river systems as well as glacial sediments transported by Alpine valley glaciers invaded the alluvial plain. Kew words: Detrital modes; Modern sands; Provenance; Principal Components Analysis; Similarity, Canberra Distance; palaeodrainage

Factores asociados a fenómeno de no reflujo coronario en pacientes adultos llevados a angioplastia

Introducción: La disminución de flujo en los vasos coronarios sin presencia de oclusión, es conocido como fenómeno de no reflujo, se observa después de la reperfusión, su presentación oscila entre el 5% y el 50% dependiendo de la población y de los criterios diagnósticos, dicho suceso es de mal pronóstico, aumenta el riesgo de morir en los primeros 30 días posterior a la angioplastia (RR 2,1 p 0,038), y se relaciona con falla cardiaca y arritmias, por eso al identificar los factores a los cuales se asocia, se podrán implementar terapias preventivas. Metodología: Estudio de casos y controles pareado por médico que valoró el evento, para garantizar que no existieron variaciones inter observador, con una razón 1:4 (18:72), realizado para identificar factores asociados a la presencia de no reflujo en pacientes llevados a angioplastia, entre noviembre de 2010 y mayo de 2014, en la Clínica San Rafael de Bogotá, D.C. Resultados: La frecuencia del no reflujo fue del 2.89%. El Infarto Agudo de Miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMCEST) fue la única variable que mostró una asociación estadísticamente significativa con este suceso, valor de p 0,002, OR 8,7, IC 95% (2,0 – 36,7). Discusión: El fenómeno de no reflujo en esta población se comportó de manera similar a lo descrito en la literatura, siendo el IAMCEST un factor fuertemente asociado.

Efectes del fotoperíode sobre la qualitat espermàtica de mascles porcins Sus domesticus

En el presente estudio se analizan los efectos de los fotoperiodos ambientales de otoño e invierno y los fotoperiodos experimentales de 24, 12 y 0 horas de luz artificial sobre la calidad del semen de machos reproductores porcinos de raza Landrace. El estudio se realizó sobre 30 machos postpuberales de 8 meses de edad y testados con el fin de comprobar la homogeneidad. Los machos fueron distribuidos aleatóriamente en los 3 grupos de luz artificial durante 3 meses. El tratamiento de 12 horas de luz artificial fue considerado como grupo control. Previamente al inicio de cada tratamiento, se sometió a cada grupo de machos al fotoperiodo ambiental correspondiente a la época del año; así, se caracterizó también la calidad seminal en otoño e invierno, manteniendo la temperatura constante. La nave experimental que acogió a los machos tiene una superficie de 100 m2 y una altura de 3,5 m. Un pasillo central divide la nave en dos hileras de 5 y 6 celdas respectivamente. En una de las celdas pequeñas se instaló el maniquí y fue utilizada para las extracciones de semen. La iluminación artificial se consiguió con la instalación de 6 lámparas fluorescentes en el techo del pasillo central que proporcionaron una luz homogénea superior a 200 lux. Así mismo, la nave se mantuvo en todo momento a 21±1ºC y la humedad relativa osciló entre el 60-75%. A todos los verracos se les proporcionó una dieta nutritiva y equilibrada y se les sometió a un regimen de extracciones de semen de 2 veces por semana, habiendo sido previamente entrenados en la monta del maniquí. Les muestras de semen fueron recogidas según la técnica de la mano enguantada (Martín, 1982; Daza, 1992) y se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: el volumen y el pH seminales, la concentración, la vitalidad y la motilidad espermáticas, la resistencia acrosómica de los espermatozoides, la morfología espermàtica a partir de la frecuencia de los espermatozoides maduros, inmaduros y aberrantes, la producción testicular y el número de dosis seminales. Se analizó, además, bioquímicamente el plasma seminal al principio y al final de cada tratamiento experimental de luz artificial a partir de la concentración de proteína total, de la identificación de residuos fosforilados de proteína y del contenido de azúcares. También se determinaron los índices de fertilidad y prolificidad. El volumen y el pH de los eyaculados se utilizaron como marcadores del estado funcional de las glándulas sexuales accesorias; la concentración espermàtica como un indicador de la actividad testicular (Pinart y col., 1999). La vitalidad y la motilidad espermáticas fueron estimadores del grado de diferenciación del espermatozoide tanto a nivel testicular como epididimario; la resistencia acrosómica fue utilizada para valorar el nivel de diferenciación de la membrana acrosómica durante la espermiogénesis y/o maduración epididimària (Briz i col., 1996; Pinart i col., 1999). Referente a la morfología espermática, los espermatozoides inmaduros fueron marcadores de anomalías en la maduración de éstos a lo largo del conducto epididimario y los espermatozoides aberrantes se utilizaron como marcadores de una diferenciación defectuosa a nivel de testículo (anomalías primarias) y a nivel de conducto epididimario (anomalías secundarias) (Briz i col., 1996). La concentración de proteína total se utilizó para valorar la integridad funcional de las membranas del espermatozoide y la actividad de las glándulas sexuales accesorias. La identificación de proteínas con residuos de tirosina fosforilados fue un estimador de la viabilidad celular y la actividad de las glándulas sexuales, y el contenido de azúcares como un indicador de la producción de las vesículas seminales. La determinación del volumen y el pH de los eyaculados se realizó en las instalaciones de la granja a partir de semen fresco el mismo día de la extracción. El resto de parámetros se analizaron en el laboratorio durante las 48 horas posteriores a la extracción a partir de semen diluido en BTS (diluyente de Bestville) (Daza, 1992) y transportado y conservado a 15ºC. Las muestras fueron previamente filtradas con el fin de eliminar la tapioca. El estudio estadístico de los resultados obtenidos se realizó a partir del análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) con un nivel de significación de =0,05. En cuanto al estudio comparativo de los fotoperiodos ambientales estacionales se ha observado un incremento significativo del pH del eyaculado en los machos expuestos a otoño (P0,0001), mientras que el volumen seminal se mantiene en valores similares en ambos tratamientos (P=0,1650). La concentración espermàtica, la producción espermàtica y el número de dosis seminales que se pueden preparar a partir de un eyaculado se duplica en los verracos sometidos al fotoperiodo de primavera (P0,0001). La vitalidad y la motilidad espermáticas no experimentan cambios significativos entre tratamientos (P=0,3440 y P=0,9220, respectivamente). La resistencia osmótica de los acrosomas desciende únicamente en los machos expuestos a condiciones estacionales de otoño (P0,0001). En referencia a la morfología espermàtica aunque no se observan diferencias entre primavera y otoño (P0,05), sí se detecta un incremento de los porcentajes de espermatozoides inmaduros y aberrantes en ambos fotoperiodos estacionales, y en especial en los machos expuestos a condiciones fotoperiódicas de otoño. Según los resultados obtenidos en este estudio la calidad seminal de los verracos es inferior en el fotoperiodo de otoño debido a un descenso de la concentración y la producción espermáticas, un aumento del pH seminal, una disminución de la resistencia de la membrana acrosómica y a un incremento en la frecuencia de espermatozoides inmaduros y aberrantes. Parece ser, pues, que en el otoño tiene lugar la disminución de la producción testicular, cambios en la actividad de las glándulas sexuales accesorias y disfunciones en el proceso de diferenciación testicular y epididimària de los espermatozoides y especialmente del acrosoma. En relación a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de los diferentes fotoperiodos artificiales se observa que la iluminación continua provoca un aumento significativo del volumen del eyaculado en el primer y segundo mes de tratamiento (P0,0001), disminuyendo en el tercer mes. La oscuridad absoluta no modifica este parámetro (P0,05). En cuanto al pH seminal la iluminación continua provoca un incremento progresivo del valor del pH a lo largo del periodo experimental (P0,0001), mientras que la oscuridad absoluta tiene un efecto más irregular. La exposición de los machos a iluminación continua y a oscuridad absoluta se manifiesta en un descenso de la concentración y la producción espermáticas que se mantiene hasta el segundo mes de tratamiento (P0,0001), observándose un incremento en el tercer mes de exposición de los machos a oscuridad absoluta (P=0,1010). De todas maneras, este descenso es mas severo en los machos sometidos a iluminación continua ya que no presentan recuperación. La vitalidad y la motilidad espermáticas no se ven alteradas por la iluminación continua y la oscuridad absoluta, ni tampoco el contenido de los azúcares mayoritarios del plasma seminal (P0,005). La glucosa aparece como un azúcar minoritario y sí que presenta concentraciones inferiores en los tratamientos experimentales de luz continua y de oscuridad absoluta (P0,0001 y P=0,0002, respectivamente). La resistencia osmótica de los acrosomas desciende en ambos tratamientos artificiales extremos de luz continua y oscuridad total (P0,0001), aunque en los machos expuestos a iluminación continua se produce una recuperación a partir del segundo mes de tratamiento (P=0,4930). Dado que tampoco se han observado diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de proteína total (P0,05), es probable que las anomalías de la membrana acrosómica se originen durante el proceso de espermiogénesis y/o maduración epididimària. La exposición de los verracos a oscuridad absoluta no altera la morfología espermàtica de los eyaculados, aunque se observa un aumento de la frecuencia de espermatozoides con anomalías en la forma de la cola en el primer mes (P0,0001), y un aumento de la frecuencia de espermatozoides inmaduros con gota distal y de espermatozoides con anomalías en el número de colas en el tercer mes de experimentación (P=0,0030 y P0,0001). La luz continua, sin embargo, provoca un incremento de la frecuencia de espermatozoides inmaduros con gota distal (P0,0001) y de espermatozoides con anomalías en la forma de la cola (P=0,0040) ya en el primer mes. El fotoperiodo provoca un descenso de la fertilidad de los machos expuestos a oscuridad absoluta en el tercer mes de tratamiento (P0,0001) y un incremento de ésta en los machos sometidos a iluminación continua (P=0,0005). La prolificidad no se ve modificada por ambas condiciones extremas de luz artificial (P0,05). Así pues, los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el fotoperiodo afecta la actividad testicular, provoca alteraciones en la actividad de las glándulas sexuales accesorias, altera el proceso de expulsión de la gota citoplasmática y provoca anomalías en el proceso de diferenciación de la cola tanto a nivel testicular como epididimario, siendo los verracos expuestos a luz continua más sensibles a estos parámetros que los verracos sometidos a oscuridad absoluta. El fotoperiodo, sin embargo, no altera de forma esencial la integridad de las membranas del espermatozoide ni la capacidad fecundante de éste.

Uncertainties in annual riverine phosphorus load estimation: Impact of load estimation methodology, sampling frequency, baseflow index and catchment population density

Models developed to identify the rates and origins of nutrient export from land to stream require an accurate assessment of the nutrient load present in the water body in order to calibrate model parameters and structure. These data are rarely available at a representative scale and in an appropriate chemical form except in research catchments. Observational errors associated with nutrient load estimates based on these data lead to a high degree of uncertainty in modelling and nutrient budgeting studies. Here, daily paired instantaneous P and flow data for 17 UK research catchments covering a total of 39 water years (WY) have been used to explore the nature and extent of the observational error associated with nutrient flux estimates based on partial fractions and infrequent sampling. The daily records were artificially decimated to create 7 stratified sampling records, 7 weekly records, and 30 monthly records from each WY and catchment. These were used to evaluate the impact of sampling frequency on load estimate uncertainty. The analysis underlines the high uncertainty of load estimates based on monthly data and individual P fractions rather than total P. Catchments with a high baseflow index and/or low population density were found to return a lower RMSE on load estimates when sampled infrequently than those with a tow baseflow index and high population density. Catchment size was not shown to be important, though a limitation of this study is that daily records may fail to capture the full range of P export behaviour in smaller catchments with flashy hydrographs, leading to an underestimate of uncertainty in Load estimates for such catchments. Further analysis of sub-daily records is needed to investigate this fully. Here, recommendations are given on load estimation methodologies for different catchment types sampled at different frequencies, and the ways in which this analysis can be used to identify observational error and uncertainty for model calibration and nutrient budgeting studies. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Acoustic and petrophysical relationships in low-shale sandstone reservoir rocks

This paper describes the measurements of the acoustic and petrophysical properties of two suites of low-shale sandstone samples from North Sea hydrocarbon reservoirs, under simulated reservoir conditions. The acoustic velocities and quality factors of the samples, saturated with different pore fluids (brine, dead oil and kerosene), were measured at a frequency of about 0.8 MHz and over a range of pressures from 5 MPa to 40 MPa. The compressional-wave velocity is strongly correlated with the shear-wave velocity in this suite of rocks. The ratio V-P/V-S varies significantly with change of both pore-fluid type and differential pressure, confirming the usefulness of this parameter for seismic monitoring of producing reservoirs. The results of quality factor measurements were compared with predictions from Biot-flow and squirt-flow loss mechanisms. The results suggested that the dominating loss in these samples is due to squirt-flow of fluid between the pores of various geometries. The contribution of the Biot-flow loss mechanism to the total loss is negligible. The compressional-wave quality factor was shown to be inversely correlated with rock permeability, suggesting the possibility of using attenuation as a permeability indicator tool in low-shale, high-porosity sandstone reservoirs.

Numbers of antral follicles during follicular waves in cattle: Evidence for high variation among animals, very high repeatability in individuals, and an inverse association with serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations

The extent, causes, and physiological significance of the variation in number of follicles growing during ovarian follicular waves in human beings and cattle are unknown. Therefore, the present study examined the variability and repeatability in numbers of follicles 3 mm or greater in diameter during the follicular waves in bovine estrous cycles, and we determined if the variation in number of follicles during waves was associated with alterations in secretion of FSH, estradiol, inhibin, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Dairy cattle were subjected to twice-daily ultrasound analysis to count total number of antral follicles 3 mm or greater in diameter throughout 138 different follicular waves. In another study, blood samples were taken at frequent intervals from cows that consistently had low or very high numbers of follicles during waves and were subjected to immunoassays. Results indicate the following: First, despite an approximately sevenfold variation in number of follicles during waves among animals and marked differences in age, stage of lactation, and season of the year, a very highly repeatable (0.95) number of follicles 3 mm or greater in diameter is maintained during the ovulatory and nonovulatory follicular waves of individuals. Second, variation in number of follicles 3 mm or greater in diameter during waves and the inverse association of number of follicles during waves with FSH are not directly explained by alterations in the patterns of secretion of estradiol, inhibin, or IGF-I. Third, ovarian ultrasound analysis can be used reliably by investigators to identify cattle that consistently have low or high numbers of follicles during waves, thus providing a novel experimental model to determine the causes and physiological significance of the high variation in antral follicle number during follicular waves among single-ovulating species, such as cattle or humans.

Proteome analysis for identification of target proteins of genistein in primary human endothelial cells stressed with oxidized LDL or homocysteine

Background Epidemiological studies suggest that soy consumption contributes to the prevention of coronary heart disease. The proposed anti-atherogenic effects of soy appear to be carried by the soy isoflavones with genistein as the most abundant compound. Aim of the study To identify proteins or pathways by which genistein might exert its protective activities on atherosclerosis, we analyzed the proteomic response of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVEC) that were exposed to the pro-atherosclerotic stressors homocysteine or oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Methods HUVEC were incubated with physiological concentrations of homocysteine or ox-LDL in the absence and presence of genistein at concentrations that can be reached in human plasma by a diet rich in soy products (2.5 muM) or by pharmacological intervention ( 25 muM). Proteins from HUVEC were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and those that showed altered expression level upon genistein treatment were identified by peptide mass fingerprints derived from tryptic digests of the protein spots. Results Several proteins were found to be differentially affected by genistein. The most interesting proteins that were potently decreased by homocysteine treatment were annexin V and lamin A. Annexin V is an antithrombotic molecule and mutations in nuclear lamin A have been found to result in perturbations of plasma lipids associated with hypertension. Genistein at low and high concentrations reversed the stressor-induced decrease of these anti-atherogenic proteins. Ox-LDL treatment of HUVEC resulted in an increase in ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 12, a protein involved in foam cell formation. Treatment with genistein at both doses reversed this effect. Conclusions Proteome analysis allows the identification of potential interactions of dietary components in the molecular process of atherosclerosis and consequently provides a powerful tool to define biomarkers of response.

Determination of turbulent heat fluxes using a large aperture scintillometer over undulating mixed agricultural terrain

Scintillometry is an established technique for determining large areal average sensible heat fluxes. The scintillometer measurement is related to sensible heat flux via Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, which was developed for ideal homogeneous land surfaces. In this study it is shown that judicious application of scintillometry over heterogeneous mixed agriculture on undulating topography yields valid results when compared to eddy covariance (EC). A large aperture scintillometer (LAS) over a 2.4 km path was compared with four EC stations measuring sensible (H) and latent (LvE) heat fluxes over different vegetation (cereals and grass) which when aggregated were representative of the LAS source area. The partitioning of available energy into H and LvE varied strongly for different vegetation types, with H varying by a factor of three between senesced winter wheat and grass pasture. The LAS derived H agrees (one-to-one within the experimental uncertainty) with H aggregated from EC with a high coefficient of determination of 0.94. Chronological analysis shows individual fields may have a varying contribution to the areal average sensible heat flux on short (weekly) time scales due to phenological development and changing soil moisture conditions. Using spatially aggregated measurements of net radiation and soil heat flux with H from the LAS, the areal averaged latent heat flux (LvELAS) was calculated as the residual of the surface energy balance. The regression of LvELAS against aggregated LvE from the EC stations has a slope of 0.94, close to ideal, and demonstrates that this is an accurate method for the landscape-scale estimation of evaporation over heterogeneous complex topography.

An experimental test of response consistency in contingent valuation

We compare hypothetical and observed (experimental) willingness to pay (WTP) for a gradual improvement in the environmental performance of a marketed good (an office table). First, following usual practices in marketing research, subjects’ stated WTP for the improvement is obtained. Second, the same subjects participate in a real reward experiment designed to replicate the scenario valued in the hypothetical question. Our results show that, independently of the degree of the improvement, there are no significant median differences between stated and experimental data. However, subjects reporting extreme values of WTP (low or high) exhibit a more moderate behavior in the experiment.

Nightside studies of coherent HF Radar spectral width behaviour

A previous case study found a relationship between high spectral width measured by the CUTLASS Finland HF radar and elevated electron temperatures observed by the EISCAT and ESR incoherent scatter radars in the postmidnight sector of magnetic local time. This paper expands that work by briefly re-examining that interval and looking in depth at two further case studies. In all three cases a region of high HF spectral width (>200 ms−1) exists poleward of a region of low HF spectral width (<200 ms^{−1}). Each case, however, occurs under quite different geomagnetic conditions. The original case study occurred during an interval with no observed electrojet activity, the second study during a transition from quiet to active conditions with a clear band of ion frictional heating indicating the location of the flow reversal boundary, and the third during an isolated substorm. These case studies indicate that the relationship between elevated electron temperature and high HF radar spectral width appears on closed field lines after 03:00 magnetic local time (MLT) on the nightside. It is not clear whether the same relationship would hold on open field lines, since our analysis of this relationship is restricted in latitude. We find two important properties of high spectral width data on the nightside. Firstly the high spectral width values occur on both open and closed field lines, and secondly that the power spectra which exhibit high widths are both single-peak and multiple-peak. In general the regions of high spectral width (>200 ms−1) have more multiple-peak spectra than the regions of low spectral widths whilst still maintaining a majority of single-peak spectra. We also find that the region of ion frictional heating is collocated with many multiplepeak HF spectra. Several mechanisms for the generation of high spectral width have been proposed which would produce multiple-peak spectra, these are discussed in relation to the data presented here. Since the regions of high spectral width are observed both on closed and open field lines the use of the boundary between low and high spectral width as an ionospheric proxy for the open/closed field line boundary is not a simple matter, if indeed it is possible at all.