Tien rakentajan ja kunnossapitäjän ympäristöriskit ja -vastuut moottoritien elinkaarihankkeessa

Diplomityössä on tarkasteltu moottoritien rakentajan ja kunnossapitäjän ympäristöriskejä ja -vastuita moottoritien elinkaarihankkeessa. Työssä esitellään malli ympäristöriskien analysoimiseksi. Mallin avulla tuotetun tiedon pohjalta yrityksessä on mahdollista päättää ympäristöriskien hallintastrategiasta. Työssä on tutustuttu keskeiseen ympäristölainsäädäntöön ja sen yrityksen ympäristövastuulle asettamiin vaatimuksiin. Imagotekijöitä on käsitelty osana ympäristövastuuseen liittyvää yrityskohtaista päätöksentekoa. Hankekohtainen ympäristöriskien tunnistaminen ja arviointi on tehty E18 Muurla – Lohja moottoritiehankkeen tarjouslaskentavaiheessa. Tarjousvaiheessa tehty riskianalyysi palvelee päätöksentekoa yrityksessä valittaessa ympäristöriskien hallintastrategiaa. Analyysillä tuotetun tiedon avulla voidaan ohjata suunnittelua, tarjouksen hinnoittelua ja tarjouksen liitteeksi tuotettavan ympäristömateriaalin sisältöä. Tien rakentamisen ja kunnossapidon aikana materiaalia voidaan edelleen hyödyntää ympäristöasioiden hallinnassa.

Välimiesmenettely, yrityksen vaihtoehtoinen riidanratkaisumenetelmä

Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia yrityksen näkökulmasta niin kansallista kuin kansainvälistä ad hoc välimiesmenettelyä, välimiesmenettelylain ja YK:n kansainvälisen kauppaoikeuden toimikunnan UNCITRAL:in sääntöjen pohjalta. Tutkielmassa käsitellään välimiesmenettelyn käynnistymisen edellytyksiä ja itse menettelyä välimiesoikeudessa sekä ulkomaisen välitystuomion tunnustamista ja täytäntöönpanoa Suomessa. Tutkimuksessa käytettävä tutkimusmetodologia on käsiteanalyyttinen. Välimiesmenettely on lisännyt suosiotaan vaihtoehtoisena riidanratkaisumenetelmänä ja sitä käytetään varsinkin kaupan, teollisuuden ja rakennustoiminnan piirissä. Välimiesmenettelyn merkitys on suuri kansainvälisen kaupan alalla ja se on vakiinnuttanut asemansa yritysten välisten riitojen ratkaisukeinona sen tuomien etuuksien, kuten joustavuuden, nopeuden ja kansainvälisyyden johdosta.

Determination and characterization of quinolones in foodstuffs of animal origin by CE-UV, LC-UV, LC-Fl, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS

In this work methods for the multiresidue determination of the series of quinolones include in the European regulation in food of animal origin are de veloped and validated in line with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC in terms of linearity, decision limit, capability detection, precision and stability. Mult iresidue methods were established to allow the determination of quinolones covered by EU legislation in 2377/90/EC in muscle of chicken, turkey, pig and cow, plasma of cow and pig, liver of pig and milk of cow. First an extraction step was optimized and a SPE step was applied to clean!up and preconcentrate quinolones prior to their separation by CE or LC and determination by CE!UV, LC!UV, LC!Fl, LC!MS with different ion sources (ESI ,ApCI) and different mass analyser (Q, ToF) and LC!E SI!QqQ tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of quantification obtained are always lower than Maxim um Residue Limit (MRL) established by EU for quinolones in animal products and they can be applied to the control of quinolones in foodstuffs of animal origin . Finally the proposed methods were applied to determine quinolones in samples of turkey and pig muscle, pig plasma and milk of cow. Excellent quality parameters and reduced time of analysis were obtained when LC!ESI!MS/MS is used, although the others techniques presented too satisfactory results.

Conservation banking and the economization of nature : an institutional analysis

During the last decade, conservation banking mechanisms have emerged in the environmental discourse as new market instruments to promote biodiversity conservation. Compensation was already provided for in environmental law in many countries, as the last step of the mitigation hierarchy. The institutional arrangements developed in this context have been redefined and reshaped as market-based instruments (MBIs). As such, they are discursively disentangled from the complex legal-economic nexus they are part of. Monetary transactions are given prominence and tend to be presented as stand alone agreements, whereas they take place in the context of prescriptive regulations. The pro-market narrative featuring conservation banking systems as market-like arrangements as well as their denunciation as instances of nature commodification tend to obscure their actual characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to describe the latter, adopting an explicitly analytical stance on these complex institutional arrangements and their performative dimensions. Beyond the discourse supporting them and notwithstanding the diversity of national policies and regulatory frameworks for compensation, the constitutive force of these mechanisms probably lies in their ability to redefine control, power and the distribution of costs and in their impacts in terms of land use rather than in their efficiency.

Perspectiva del derecho del medio ambiente y de políticas ambientales de la Unión Europea

El artículo expone la actividad de las instituciones en el ámbito de la política europea de medio ambiente. Se analiza también el papel de la Unión Europea en materia de cambio climático y biodiversidad.

Peróxido de hidrogênio: importância e determinação

A brief discussion about the hydrogen peroxide importance and its determination is presented. It was emphasized some consideration of the H2O2 as reagent (separated or combined), uses and methods of analysis (techniques, detection limits, linear response intervals, sensor specifications). Moreover, it was presented several applications, such as in environmental, pharmaceutical, medicine and food samples.

Implantación de la ISO 14001 en una planta de tratamiento de vehículos fuera de uso (VFU)

Nos hemos propuesto implantar la ISO 14001 en un centro autorizado de tratamiento de vehículos fuera de uso, denominado Recycling Gandía, S.L., con el fin de que dicho centro pueda obtener una ventaja competitiva, respecto de otros centros ubicados próximamente, dada la fuerte competencia existente. Con la implantación de un Sistema de Gestión Medioambiental y más concretamente la ISO 14001, se puede conseguir una mejora de la imagen de la empresa, un ahorro de costes, se pueden mejorar las relaciones con la Administración e incluso con las entidades financieras, se puede contribuir a la motivación de los trabajadores, se asegura el cumplimiento de la legislación ambiental. La actividad que nos ocupa, se dedica a la recepción y descontaminación de vehículos al final de su vida útil, reutilizando piezas o componentes de recambio., Los objetivos del presente trabajo van a ser fundamentalmente, el implantar el Manual de Gestión Ambiental en la planta de tratamiento de vehículos fuera de uso y el describir todos los procedimientos genéricos a seguir. Como conclusiones de este trabajo, tendremos las auditorías con las no conformidades detectadas, así como el compromiso adquirido en todos los niveles y departamentos de la empresa, lo cual se traducirá en una mejor satisfacción de los clientes y por tanto un aumento en el número de vehículos a tratar.

Química Sem Fronteiras: o desafio da energia

Coal, natural gas and petroleum-based liquid fuels are still the most widely used energy sources in modern society. The current scenario contrasts with the foreseen shortage of petroleum that was spread out in the beginning of the XXI century, when the concept of "energy security" emerged as an urgent agenda to ensure a good balance between energy supply and demand. Much beyond protecting refineries and oil ducts from terrorist attacks, these issues soon developed to a portfolio of measures related to process sustainability, involving at least three fundamental dimensions: (a) the need for technological breakthroughs to improve energy production worldwide; (b) the improvement of energy efficiency in all sectors of modern society; and (c) the increase of the social perception that education is a key-word towards a better use of our energy resources. Together with these technological, economic or social issues, "energy security" is also strongly influenced by environmental issues involving greenhouse gas emissions, loss of biodiversity in environmentally sensitive areas, pollution and poor solid waste management. For these and other reasons, the implementation of more sustainable practices in our currently available industrial facilities and the search for alternative energy sources that could partly replace the fossil fuels became a major priority throughout the world. Regarding fossil fuels, the main technological bottlenecks are related to the exploitation of less accessible petroleum resources such as those in the pre-salt layer, ranging from the proper characterization of these deep-water oil reservoirs, the development of lighter and more efficient equipment for both exploration and exploitation, the optimization of the drilling techniques, the achievement of further improvements in production yields and the establishment of specialized training programs for the technical staff. The production of natural gas from shale is also emerging in several countries but its production in large scale has several problems ranging from the unavoidable environmental impact of shale mining as well as to the bad consequences of its large scale exploitation in the past. The large scale use of coal has similar environmental problems, which are aggravated by difficulties in its proper characterization. Also, the mitigation of harmful gases and particulate matter that are released as a result of combustion is still depending on the development of new gas cleaning technologies including more efficient catalysts to improve its emission profile. On the other hand, biofuels are still struggling to fulfill their role in reducing our high dependence on fossil fuels. Fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) from vegetable oils and ethanol from cane sucrose and corn starch are mature technologies whose market share is partially limited by the availability of their raw materials. For this reason, there has been a great effort to develop "second-generation" technologies to produce methanol, ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, biogas (methane), bio-oils, syngas and synthetic fuels from lower grade renewable feedstocks such as lignocellulosic materials whose consumption would not interfere with the rather sensitive issues of food security. Advanced fermentation processes are envisaged as "third generation" technologies and these are primarily linked to the use of algae feedstocks as well as other organisms that could produce biofuels or simply provide microbial biomass for the processes listed above. Due to the complexity and cost of their production chain, "third generation" technologies usually aim at high value added biofuels such as biojet fuel, biohydrogen and hydrocarbons with a fuel performance similar to diesel or gasoline, situations in which the use of genetically modified organisms is usually required. In general, the main challenges in this field could be summarized as follows: (a) the need for prospecting alternative sources of biomass that are not linked to the food chain; (b) the intensive use of green chemistry principles in our current industrial activities; (c) the development of mature technologies for the production of second and third generation biofuels; (d) the development of safe bioprocesses that are based on environmentally benign microorganisms; (e) the scale-up of potential technologies to a suitable demonstration scale; and (f) the full understanding of the technological and environmental implications of the food vs. fuel debate. On the basis of these, the main objective of this article is to stimulate the discussion and help the decision making regarding "energy security" issues and their challenges for modern society, in such a way to encourage the participation of the Brazilian Chemistry community in the design of a road map for a safer, sustainable and prosper future for our nation.

Toimintamallin luominen pohjavesien suojelemiseksi puolustusvoimien ampuma- ja harjoitusalueilla

Työssä tutkitaan puolustusvoimien pohjavesialueilla sijaitsevien ampuma- ja harjoitus-alueiden toimintojen riskejä ja määritellään niiden perusteella toimintamallia pohjavesien suojelemiseksi. Työn tilaajana on puolustusvoimat, jolla on useita harjoitusalueita luokitelluilla pohjavesialueilla. Pohjavesi on rajallinen maanalainen vesivarasto, joka on haavoittuvainen ympäristövai-kutuksille vaikean puhdistettavuutensa takia. Pohjaveden pilaaminen on lailla kielletty. Lainsäädäntö velvoittaa toiminnanharjoittajia olemaan selvillä toimintojen ympäristö-vaikutuksista ja ennalta ehkäisemään mahdollisia vaikutuksia. Työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää ampuma- ja harjoitusalueiden toimintojen riskejä poh-javedensuojelua ajatellen. Riskejä arvioitiin sijainnin ja päästöjen kannalta, satunnais-päästöriskianalyysiä käyttäen. Riskit luokiteltiin merkittävyyden kannalta eri riskiluok-kiin, joista merkittävimmille laadittiin toimenpide-ehdotuksia. Esimerkkikohteena käy-tettiin Taipalsaaren ampuma- ja harjoitusaluetta, jolle laadittiin riskianalyysin perusteella tarkkailusuunnitelmaehdotus. Työn lopputuloksena syntyi toimintamalliehdotus riskien arvioimiselle ja tarkkailu-suunnitelman laatimiselle. Tätä mallia voidaan käyttää hyväksi ampuma- ja harjoitus-alueiden ympäristövaikutuksien hallinnan suunnittelussa.

Lannoitetehtaan prosessivesien käsittelyvaihtoehtojen soveltuvuuden arviointi

Phosphorus and nitrogen cause eutrophication of water bodies, causing severe damage to the ecosystem. Eutrophication of the waters causes oxygen depletion, which in turn increases fish mortality, releasing toxins in waters. The released toxins can cause damage to animals and humans, which is the reason in many countries to set emission limits for waste water. Nutrients exist naturally, but due to human activities there is high nutrient leaching to water bodies. Human activity is one of the main reasons to the eutrophication. The aim of this thesis was to estimate the suitability of different water treatment options for Yara Finland’s fertilizer plant’s process waters in Siilinjärvi. The fertilizer plant process waters are high concentrate and especially nitrogen concentrations are high, which bring challenge to the treatment. At the theoretical part was investigated conventional and as well advanced wastewater treatment methods like reverse osmosis, adsorption and ion exchange. Beside different treatment methods corporate environmental requirements, responsibility and strategies were researched. At the empirical part of the thesis the goal was to find out possibil-ities to intensify the efficiency of purification at lamella clarifier with chemical precipitation. In addition possibility to use already existing chemical purifying plant for process waters was estimated. As a result of the research Yara has a possibility to intensify lamella clarifier’s action by addi-tion of calcium hydroxide and thus to obtain the phosphorus and fluorine to precipitate out of the water. But in practice this would be too expensive. It is possible to eliminate nitrogen compounds by adsorption or ammonia stripping, both methods requires additional testing. It is possible to process waters in chemical purifying plant, if ammonium nitrogen has been reduced before. Reverse osmosis is possible to exploit for the phosphoric acid plant’s waters.

Precision agriculture in Australia: present status and recent developments

A brief account of the present status of Precision Agriculture (PA) in Australia is presented, and areas of opportunity in the grains, sugar and wine industries are identified. In particular, these relate to the use of spatially-distributed experimentation to fine-tune management so as to achieve production efficiencies, reduced risk of environmental impact and enhanced food security, and the management of crop quality through selective harvesting and product streaming. The latter may be an important avenue by which farmers can take a more active role in the off-farm part of agricultural value chains. The important role of grower groups in facilitating PA adoption is also discussed.

Public-private partnership in marine litter waste management

Marine litter is an international environmental problem that causes considerable costs to coastal communities and the fishing industry. Several international and national treaties and regulations have provisions to marine litter and forbid disposal of waste into the sea. However, none of these regulations state a responsibility for public authorities to recover marine litter from the sea, like they do for marine litter that washes up on public beaches. In a financial evaluation of a value chain for marine litter incineration it was found out that the total costs of waste incineration are approximately 100 ─ 200 % higher than waste fees offered by waste contractors of ports. The high costs of incineration are derived from the high calorific value of marine litter and therefore a high incineration cost for the waste, and long distances between ports that are taking part in a project for marine litter recovery from the sea and an Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facility. This study provides a possible solution to diverting marine litter from landfills to more environmentally sustainable EfW use by using a public-private partnership (PPP) framework. PPP would seem to fit as a suitable cooperative approach for answering problems of current marine litter disposal in theory. In the end it is up to the potential partners of this proposed PPP to decide whether the benefits of cooperation justify the required efforts.

Aging based maintenance and reinvestment scheduling of electric distribution

The maintenance of electric distribution network is a topical question for distribution system operators because of increasing significance of failure costs. In this dissertation the maintenance practices of the distribution system operators are analyzed and a theory for scheduling maintenance activities and reinvestment of distribution components is created. The scheduling is based on the deterioration of components and the increasing failure rates due to aging. The dynamic programming algorithm is used as a solving method to maintenance problem which is caused by the increasing failure rates of the network. The other impacts of network maintenance like environmental and regulation reasons are not included to the scope of this thesis. Further the tree trimming of the corridors and the major disturbance of the network are not included to the problem optimized in this thesis. For optimizing, four dynamic programming models are presented and the models are tested. Programming is made in VBA-language to the computer. For testing two different kinds of test networks are used. Because electric distribution system operators want to operate with bigger component groups, optimal timing for component groups is also analyzed. A maintenance software package is created to apply the presented theories in practice. An overview of the program is presented.