A Qualidade da Vinculação e o Comportamento Social em Jovens Institucionalizados

A qualidade da vinculação é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das crianças e adolescentes e tem uma enorme importância tanto a nível social como a nível emocional O presente estudo teve como objetivo averiguar a associação entre a qualidade da vinculação e os comportamentos sociais entre adolescentes institucionalizados que constituíram a sua amostra (34 jovens, de ambos os sexos e com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 18 anos). O protocolo de investigação incluiu um questionário sociodemográfico e a versão portuguesa do Inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA, Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). Os resultados dão conta da perceção normativa dos comportamentos sociais, a despeito de se tratar de uma população de adolescentes institucionalizados. Relativamente à qualidade da vinculação, este estudo dá conta que, apesar da aparente instabilidade da retaguarda familiar, uma parte destes adolescentes tem, ainda assim, a perceção de uma vinculação segura aos pais. / The quality of attachment is essential for the healthy development of children and adolescents, both socially and emotionally. The goal of this study was to analyze the eventual association between the quality of attachment and social behaviors among the institutionalized adolescents in study (34 adolescents from both genders aged 11 to 18 years-old). The research protocol included a social-demographic questionnaire and the Portuguese language version of "Inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA, Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). The results show that the perception of social behavior among these adolescents is normative, despite their institutionalization. In what relates to attachment data shows that, regardless of the apparent disorganization of the familial background, these adolescents have the perception of a secure attachment to their parents.

Impacts moléculaires d’un excès d’acides gras sur l’androgenèse des cellules surrénaliennes

Le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) touche entre 5 à 10 % des femmes en âge de procréer et est associé à de nombreuses complications. Ce désordre endocrinien est caractérisé par des niveaux circulants élevés d’androgènes, dont la production est principalement modulée par la P450c17 et son cofacteur, soit la P450oxydoréductase (POR). Plusieurs études démontrent que l’hyperandrogénie présente chez les femmes SOPK pourrait être causée par la formation de phénomènes toxiques survenant à la suite de l’exposition des tissus non adipeux à un excès d’acides gras non estérifiés (AGNE), appelé lipotoxicité. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer les mécanismes cellulaires sous-jacents à l’hyperandrogénie induite par la surexposition des cellules productrices d’androgènes aux AGNE. Pour y arriver, les cellules surrénaliennes bovines (CSB) ont été exposées en présence de forskoline (Fsk; 1X/2 jours; 10 µM; activateur des adénylates cyclases) et d’oléate (acide gras monoinsaturé, 2X/jour; 200 µM) durant 48 heures. Par la suite, le milieu de culture a été prélevé afin de doser le DHEA (principal androgène surrénalien) par ELISA. De plus, les protéines ont été récoltées afin de déterminer l’expression protéique de la P450c17 et de POR par Western blot. Finalement, pour déterminer les activités 17αhydroxylase et 17,20-lyase de la P450c17, la concentration de plusieurs stéroïdes a été déterminé par LC-MS/MS et le ratio produit/substrat a été effectué. Les résultats sont présentés en moyenne ± SEM. Ainsi, sous stimulation à la Fsk, la présence de 200 µM d’oléate (vs absence d’oléate) augmente la production de DHEA de 114% par les CSB (n=17; 214 ± 20% vs 100 ± 0%; p<0,0001). De plus, l’ajout d’oléate n’affecte pas l’expression de la P450c17 (n=8; 98 ± 6% vs 100 ± 0%; p=0,74) et de POR (n=7; 119 ± 13% vs 100 ± 0%; p= 0,22). Finalement, la présence d’oléate augmente l’activité 17αhydroxylase de la P450c17 de 124% (n=7; 224 ± 19% vs 100 ± 0%; p= 0,02) et tends à augmenter l’activité 17,20-lyase de la P450c17 de 81% (n=7; 181 ± 28% vs 100 ± 0%; p= 0,08). Ainsi, l’augmentation de la production des androgènes induite par les AGNE pourrait être due principalement à leurs effets sur l’augmentation des deux activités enzymatiques de la P450c17, sans effet significatifs sur l’expression de la P450c17 ni de son cofacteur POR. Les mécanismes sous-jacents à l’augmentation des activités de la P450c17 demeurent à élucider.

Création d’un guide pédagogique pour outiller les enseignants en insertion professionnelle au 2e cycle du primaire dans leur gestion de classe en début d’année scolaire

La chercheuse a consulté plusieurs écrits afin de définir l’insertion professionnelle et de soulever les principales difficultés des enseignants novices. Constatant que la gestion de classe est leur plus grande difficulté en début de carrière, elle a approfondi ses recherches sur ce concept en le définissant et le décrivant plus explicitement possible. Puisqu’il semble y avoir peu d’ouvrages pédagogiques fournissant des outils pratiques et complets pour les premiers jours avant et après la rentrée scolaire, la pertinence d’une recherche développement est justifiée. En plus de répondre aux besoins des enseignants novices du 2e cycle du primaire en début d’année scolaire et de s’appuyer rigoureusement sur le concept à la base de cette recherche, soit la gestion de classe, le guide a aussi été évalué par trois personnes expertes : Mme Fanny Dessain, enseignante en insertion professionnelle, Mme Odile Morin, enseignante au 2e cycle du primaire ainsi que Mme Nathalie Poulin, psychoéducatrice et formatrice à la CSDM (Commission scolaire de Montréal) pour les enseignants novices. À la suite de la lecture de leurs commentaires, des améliorations ont été apportées au guide pour lui procurer encore plus de rigueur et pour qu’il soit le plus près possible de la réalité des milieux scolaires actuels.

Training-related risk of common illnesses in elite swimmers over a 4-yr period

Use of satellite observations for operational oceanography: recent achievements and future prospects

The paper gives an overview of the development of satellite oceanography over the past five years focusing on the most relevant issues for operational oceanography. Satellites provide key essential variables to constrain ocean models and/or serve downstream applications. New and improved satellite data sets have been developed and have directly improved the quality of operational products. The status of the satellite constellation for the last five years was, however, not optimal. Review of future missions shows clear progress and new research and development missions with a potentially large impact for operational oceanography should be demonstrated. Improvement of data assimilation techniques and developing synergetic use of high resolution satellite observations are important future priorities.

Psicoanálisis, ¿ciencia o pseudociencia?: de Popper a Ricoeur, y de Freud a Modell

Más de cien años de literatura en torno al psicoanálisis parece que no han sido suficientes para ponernos de acuerdo en la naturaleza epistemológica del psicoanálisis y si éste puede considerarse una ciencia o no, dado que por sus características y ámbito de investigación tiene fronteras permeables entre ciencia, filosofía y hermenéutica. Nos proponemos revisar los conceptos de ciencia, desde el positivismo de Popper hasta la hermenéutica de Dilthey y Ricoeur, así como considerar algunas posturas epistemológicas que se han sostenido dentro del propio psicoanálisis. Coincidimos con Modell en que el planteamiento epistemológico que hace más justicia al psicoanálisis es el "principio de la complementariedad" (entre ciencia y hermenéutica), propuesto en la física atómica por Niels Bohr.

The Herculaneum Graffiti Project: Initial Field Season, 2014

This article describes the goals and activities for the first field season of The Herculaneum Graffiti Project. Our project fo-cuses on documenting and digitizing to make more broadly accessible the first-century handwritten wall-inscriptions, also called graffiti, in Herculaneum. Following an overview of the presence of ancient graffiti in Herculaneum, this report details the methodology we used to locate and document the inscriptions and the preservation status of ancient graffiti in each insula, or city-block, of the excavations. We further describe the preliminary results of the project’s documentation efforts. We are currently studying, processing, and digitizing these inscriptions and contributing them for inclusion in the Epigraphic Database Roma and EAGLE, the Europeana network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy. We conclude with a brief mention of development of The Ancient Graffiti Project, the digital resource and search engine devoted to ancient handwritten inscriptions.

Antarctic icebergs distributions 1992-2014

Basal melting of floating ice shelves and iceberg calving constitute the two almost equal paths of freshwater flux between the Antarctic ice cap and the Southern Ocean. The largest icebergs (>100 km2) transport most of the ice volume but their basal melting is small compared to their breaking into smaller icebergs that constitute thus the major vector of freshwater. The archives of nine altimeters have been processed to create a database of small icebergs (<8 km2) within open water containing the positions, sizes, and volumes spanning the 1992–2014 period. The intercalibrated monthly ice volumes from the different altimeters have been merged in a homogeneous 23 year climatology. The iceberg size distribution, covering the 0.1–10,000 km2 range, estimated by combining small and large icebergs size measurements follows well a power law of slope −1.52 ± 0.32 close to the −3/2 laws observed and modeled for brittle fragmentation. The global volume of ice and its distribution between the ocean basins present a very strong interannual variability only partially explained by the number of large icebergs. Indeed, vast zones of the Southern Ocean free of large icebergs are largely populated by small iceberg drifting over thousands of kilometers. The correlation between the global small and large icebergs volumes shows that small icebergs are mainly generated by large ones breaking. Drifting and trapping by sea ice can transport small icebergs for long period and distances. Small icebergs act as an ice diffuse process along large icebergs trajectories while sea ice trapping acts as a buffer delaying melting.

FluxEngine: A flexible processing system for calculating atmosphere-ocean carbon dioxide gas fluxes and climatologies

The air-sea flux of greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, CO2) is a critical part of the climate system and a major factor in the biogeochemical development of the oceans. More accurate and higher resolution calculations of these gas fluxes are required if we are to fully understand and predict our future climate. Satellite Earth observation is able to provide large spatial scale datasets that can be used to study gas fluxes. However, the large storage requirements needed to host such data can restrict its use by the scientific community. Fortunately, the development of cloud-computing can provide a solution. Here we describe an open source air-sea CO2 flux processing toolbox called the ‘FluxEngine’, designed for use on a cloud-computing infrastructure. The toolbox allows users to easily generate global and regional air-sea CO2 flux data from model, in situ and Earth observation data, and its air-sea gas flux calculation is user configurable. Its current installation on the Nephalae cloud allows users to easily exploit more than 8 terabytes of climate-quality Earth observation data for the derivation of gas fluxes. The resultant NetCDF data output files contain >20 data layers containing the various stages of the flux calculation along with process indicator layers to aid interpretation of the data. This paper describes the toolbox design, the verification of the air-sea CO2 flux calculations, demonstrates the use of the tools for studying global and shelf-sea air-sea fluxes and describes future developments.

Perfil epidemiológico de la colelitiasis aguda en pacientes de 0 a 18 años en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom durante el período de Enero 2010 a Diciembre 2014

La Colelitiasis biliar se define como la presencia de material sólido, cálculos o lodo, en el tracto biliar, generalmente en la vesícula biliar. El concepto de enfermedad vesicular indica cambios funcionales y/o morfológicos (inflamación o fibrosis) en la vía biliar, secundarios al desarrollo de bilis con capacidad para formar cálculos o asociados a la litiasis vesicular. En el caso de nuestro estudio, definimos como cuadro agudo, el cuadro que se acompaña de dolor de inicio súbito, vómito, diarrea, y / o síntomas dispépticos, así como ictericia, que obligan a consultar de forma inmediata en un centro asistencial. El interés del pediatra por determinar la causa específica del dolor abdominal en niños, ha obligado a ampliar los conocimientos teóricos, a mejorar la sospecha clínica, a la identificación temprana de factores de riesgo, y la mejora en los manejos para la mayor supervivencia de niños con patología que predisponen a la colelitiasis biliar. Con el avance en las exploraciones ultrasonográficas, se ha descrito con mayor frecuencia casos de colelitiasis biliar en la edad pediátrica, con una incidencia mayor a la esperada hasta hace algunos años, para los diferentes grupos poblacionales.

Emerging trends in the sea state of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas

The sea state of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas is controlled by the wind forcing and the amount of ice-free water available to generate surface waves. Clear trends in the annual duration of the open water season and in the extent of the seasonal sea ice minimum suggest that the sea state should be increasing, independent of changes in the wind forcing. Wave model hindcasts from four selected years spanning recent conditions are consistent with this expectation. In particular, larger waves are more common in years with less summer sea ice and/or a longer open water season, and peak wave periods are generally longer. The increase in wave energy may affect both the coastal zones and the remaining summer ice pack, as well as delay the autumn ice-edge advance. However, trends in the amount of wave energy impinging on the ice-edge are inconclusive, and the associated processes, especially in the autumn period of new ice formation, have yet to be well-described by in situ observations. There is an implicit trend and evidence for increasing wave energy along the coast of northern Alaska, and this coastal signal is corroborated by satellite altimeter estimates of wave energy.

Wave climate in the Arctic 1992-2014: seasonality and trends

Over the past decade, the diminishing Arctic sea ice has impacted the wave field, which depends on the ice-free ocean and wind. This study characterizes the wave climate in the Arctic spanning 1992–2014 from a merged altimeter data set and a wave hindcast that uses CFSR winds and ice concentrations from satellites as input. The model performs well, verified by the altimeters, and is relatively consistent for climate studies. The wave seasonality and extremes are linked to the ice coverage, wind strength, and wind direction, creating distinct features in the wind seas and swells. The altimeters and model show that the reduction of sea ice coverage causes increasing wave heights instead of the wind. However, trends are convoluted by interannual climate oscillations like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In the Nordic Greenland Sea the NAO influences the decreasing wind speeds and wave heights. Swells are becoming more prevalent and wind-sea steepness is declining. The satellite data show the sea ice minimum occurs later in fall when the wind speeds increase. This creates more favorable conditions for wave development. Therefore we expect the ice freeze-up in fall to be the most critical season in the Arctic and small changes in ice cover, wind speeds, and wave heights can have large impacts to the evolution of the sea ice throughout the year. It is inconclusive how important wave–ice processes are within the climate system, but selected events suggest the importance of waves within the marginal ice zone.

Efecto de la alimentación con hojas de ojushte (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) y hojas de chaya (Cnidoscolus chayamansa) en la ganancia de peso de conejos de engorde de la raza neozelandés.

RESUMEN: La investigación se realizó en la propiedad ubicada en Col. Libertad Av. Morazán, San Salvador, en el periodo de julio del año 2015 a enero del año 2016. Debido a la falta de proteína animal accesible para la población humana, se evaluó el efecto de dos fuentes de proteína vegetal ojushte (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) y chaya (Cnidoscolus chayamansa) con el propósito de mejorar el rendimiento en canal y el contenido de proteína en la carne de los conejos de engorde de la raza neozelandés. Al identificar estas fuentes como una alternativa de alimentación animal en rubros pecuarios como la cunicultura, se logrará producir proteína de origen animal de alta calidad, utilizando follajes de estas plantas nativas de nuestro territorio para contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria de la población. Las variables en estudio fueron ganancia de peso, rendimiento en canal y contenido proteico. Los tratamientos en estudio fueron T0: cuatro onzas de concentrado, T1: cuatro onzas de concentrado + cuatro onzas de chaya, T2: cuatro onzas de concentrado + cuatro onzas de Ojushte. Utilizando 18 unidades experimentales en total asignando seis conejos para cada tratamiento. Para el análisis de resultados se utilizó el software Infostat en el cual se aplicó a los datos análisis de varianza y la prueba de contrastes ortogonales con un nivel de significancia del (α=0.05). Para cuantificar el contenido proteico de las muestras de carne de las canales de los conejos de cada tratamiento se realizó un análisis bromatológico con el método de Kjeldahl (n*6.25).De acuerdo al análisis de varianza, los valores obtenidos para la ganancia de peso y elrendimiento en canal no presentaron diferencia significativa; pero al aplicar la prueba de contrastes ortogonales en la variable rendimiento en canal se obtuvo que la suplementación de la ración con hojas de chaya es 0.20 unidades mejor que el uso de hojas de Ojushte. En el análisis de contenido proteico de las muestras de carne de conejo se observa un mayor contenido de proteína en la muestra de carne de conejos del T1 (concentrado comercial + chaya) con (18.87%) comparado con las muestras de los otros tratamientos. Se concluye que la adición de hojas frescas de chaya como suplemento en la ración diaria de conejos de engorde produce efectos positivos en la ganancia de peso, rendimiento en canal y un mayor contenido de proteína en la carne de dichos conejos. Palabras clave: chaya, ojushte, contenido proteico, conejos.

Characterizing, modelling and understanding the climate variability of the deep water formation in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea

Observing, modelling and understanding the climate-scale variability of the deep water formation (DWF) in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea remains today very challenging. In this study, we first characterize the interannual variability of this phenomenon by a thorough reanalysis of observations in order to establish reference time series. These quantitative indicators include 31 observed years for the yearly maximum mixed layer depth over the period 1980–2013 and a detailed multi-indicator description of the period 2007–2013. Then a 1980–2013 hindcast simulation is performed with a fully-coupled regional climate system model including the high-resolution representation of the regional atmosphere, ocean, land-surface and rivers. The simulation reproduces quantitatively well the mean behaviour and the large interannual variability of the DWF phenomenon. The model shows convection deeper than 1000 m in 2/3 of the modelled winters, a mean DWF rate equal to 0.35 Sv with maximum values of 1.7 (resp. 1.6) Sv in 2013 (resp. 2005). Using the model results, the winter-integrated buoyancy loss over the Gulf of Lions is identified as the primary driving factor of the DWF interannual variability and explains, alone, around 50 % of its variance. It is itself explained by the occurrence of few stormy days during winter. At daily scale, the Atlantic ridge weather regime is identified as favourable to strong buoyancy losses and therefore DWF, whereas the positive phase of the North Atlantic oscillation is unfavourable. The driving role of the vertical stratification in autumn, a measure of the water column inhibition to mixing, has also been analyzed. Combining both driving factors allows to explain more than 70 % of the interannual variance of the phenomenon and in particular the occurrence of the five strongest convective years of the model (1981, 1999, 2005, 2009, 2013). The model simulates qualitatively well the trends in the deep waters (warming, saltening, increase in the dense water volume, increase in the bottom water density) despite an underestimation of the salinity and density trends. These deep trends come from a heat and salt accumulation during the 1980s and the 1990s in the surface and intermediate layers of the Gulf of Lions before being transferred stepwise towards the deep layers when very convective years occur in 1999 and later. The salinity increase in the near Atlantic Ocean surface layers seems to be the external forcing that finally leads to these deep trends. In the future, our results may allow to better understand the behaviour of the DWF phenomenon in Mediterranean Sea simulations in hindcast, forecast, reanalysis or future climate change scenario modes. The robustness of the obtained results must be however confirmed in multi-model studies.

Responsabilidad social medioambiental y huella ecológica

116 p.