Convergencias de la Educación Secundaria inferior en la Unión Europea.

Se persigue: 1) Conocer la situación y los proyectos de reforma de la Educación Secundaria inferior en los países pertenecientes a la Unión Europea. 2) Señalar las convergencias, divergencias y tendencias de la Educación Secundaria en los países miembros de la UE. 3) Valorar la conveniencia de impulsar la convergencia de los países europeos avanzando hacia un espacio educativo común. Para ello, se analizan los siguientes parámetros: 1) Administración educativa y gestión de centros. 2) Desarrollo de la enseñanza: organización curricular y evaluación. 3) Profesorado: formación y situación laboral.

Efeitos de um programa de aconselhamento de atividade física, na aptidão cardio-respiratória, na força inferior e na qualidade de vida, em idosas ativas

Objetivo. O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo reunir a informação existente, sobre a associação entre um Programa de Aconselhamento de Atividade Física, aplicado a um grupo de idosos, e a Condição física e a Qualidade de vida. No segundo estudo, pretendeu-se analisar o Efeito de um Programa de Aconselhamento de Atividade Física, com a duração de 12 semanas, sobre a Aptidão Cardio-respiratória, a Força Inferior, e a Qualidade de Vida, aplicado a um grupo de idosas ativas. Método. Numa primeira fase foi elaborada uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura com base em estudos experimentais e transversais e, numa segunda fase foi realizado um estudo longitudinal no qual participaram 20 mulheres idosas ativas entre os 65 e os 89 anos de idade(M=72.55±7.5). Para todas as provas estatísticas foi utilizado o programa EZAnalyZe, versão 3.0. Este programa foi usada para testar a hipótese de que o Aconselhamento em Atividade Física melhora a Aptidão cardio-espiratória, a Força Inferior, e a Qualidade de vida, de um grupo de idosas ativas. Resultados. Na revisão sistemática foram encontrados 7 estudos, 5 são RCT e apresentam amostras randomizadas nos grupos de intervenção e de controlo, 1 é um estudo clínico não controlado e o outro é um estudo observacional transversal. Todos os estudos reportaram associações positivas entre um Programa de Aconselhamento de Atividade Física e a Qualidade de Vida em idosas. Apenas um estudo reportava uma associação positiva entre um Programa de Aconselhamento de Atividade Física e a Condição Física. No nosso estudo, houve um aumento significativo(p <0.05) relativamente à Aptidão Cardio-respiratória e à Qualidade de Vida, no entanto, a Força Inferior não se alterou significativamente (p>0.05). Conclusão. Existe uma associação positiva entre Programas de Aconselhamento de Atividade Física para idosas ativas e a Aptidão Cardio-respiratória e a Qualidade de Vida.

Impacto da tomografia computorizada versus radiografia no prognóstico pós-cirúrgico do carcinoma espinocelular oral no cão

Objectivos: Neste estudo retrospectivo pretendeu-se determinar o impacto da tomografia computorizada na sobrevivência pós-cirúrgica do cão com carcinoma espinocelular na cavidade oral, comparativamente à radiografia. Enfatizando desta forma, a sua importância no diagnóstico, no planeamento cirúrgico e prognóstico. O segundo objectivo consistiu em determinar as características tomográficas dos carcinomas espinocelulares da cavidade oral em cães. Material e Métodos: Foram analisados 7 canídeos com diagnóstico de carcinoma espinocelular. Os critérios de inclusão foram: cães com carcinoma espinocelular diagnosticado por biópsia, exame imagiológico complementar (radiografia simples ou tomografia computorizada), elegibilidade para cirurgia, execução de tratamento cirúrgico e acompanhamento pós-cirúrgico durante 2 anos. Foi registada a idade, o sexo, a raça, a localização anatómica, o estadiamento T e N, as características radiográficas e tomográficas dos tumores, o tempo de recorrência e por fim o tempo de sobrevivência global descrito nos registos consultados. Procedeu-se também ao registo das variáveis das imagens radiográficas e tomográficas obtidas: definição das margens neoplásicas, presença ou ausência de reacção perióstea e de destruição de osso cortical adjacente, presença de deslocação dentária e de reabsorção dentária e densidade óssea local. Resultados: Nenhum dos meios imagiológicos permitiu uma visualização bem definida das margens neoplásicas. A nível da destruição de osso cortical adjacente, foi visível em 66,67% dos casos avaliados com radiografia e em todos os casos que foram avaliados com tomografia computorizada (100%). Foi visível reacção perióstea em 33,33% dos canídeos avaliados por radiografia e em nenhum dos avaliados por tomografia (0%). A densidade óssea local estava diminuída em todos os casos avaliados por radiografia simples ou por tomografia. A nível de reabsorção dentária estava presente em 33,33% dos avaliados por radiografia e em 25% dos avaliados por tomografia. Foi possível visualizar deslocação dentária em 66,67% dos avaliados por radiografia e em todos os avaliados por tomografia (100%). A nível de percentagem de casos com recorrência local, nenhum caso avaliado com radiografia recorreu e apenas 1 caso avaliado por tomografia recorreu em 289 dias. O tempo médio de sobrevivência foi superior no grupo dos avaliados com radiografia (1091,7 dias) relativamente ao grupo avaliado por tomografia (404 dias). Ao fim de 2 anos, 66,67% dos casos avaliados por radiografia estavam vivos e somente 25% dos casos avaliados com tomografia sobreviveram. Discussão/conclusão: Não foi possível determinar o impacto real dos dois meios de diagnóstico no prognóstico pós-cirúrgico do carcinoma espinocelular oral no cão, devido à reduzida amostra e aos tumores com pior prognóstico (por localização e estadiamento) terem sido remetidos para tomografia.

Efeitos agudos do tratamento de radioterapia em doentes com carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço: IMRT vs RapidArc

A Radioterapia é parte integrante, standart, da abordagem multidisciplinar do tratamento de Carcinomas de Cabeça e Pescoço (CPP). A perceção e descrição dos efeitos provocados pelo tratamento ao nível dos tecidos normais é importante para avaliação clínica do doente, já que com o aparecimento de efeitos agudos severos/graves ao tratamento, este é interrompido, o que afetando diretamente a sobrevida do doente. Este estudo incidiu na avaliação de 6 semanas de tratamento de 46 doentes, contemplando a avaliação dos efeitos agudos do tratamento em cinco áreas anatómicas distintas: Pele, Mucosa, Glândulas Salivares, Faringe/Esófago e Laringe. Fundamentada nos critérios de classificação do Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria da Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). Após a avaliação e análise dos dados, verificou-se que os efeitos agudos obtidos com a técnica de RapidArcTM surgiram mais precocemente, quando comparados com técnica de IMRT. Por outro lado, com a técnica de IMRT registaram-se efeitos mais exacerbados, de alto Grau.

Expression profiles in the progression of ductal carcinoma in the breast

An understanding of the multi-step nature of cancer as it is in the breast, as a series of pivotal genetic/epigenetic modifications is irrefutably a milestone in diagnostics, prognostics and eventually providing a cure. Here we have utilised a variant of analysis of variance (ANOVA) as a model for the identification and tracking of specific mRNA species whose transcription has been significantly altered at each grade in the progression of ductal carcinoma, making it possible to correlate histological progression with the genetic events underlying breast cancer. We show that in the progression of ductal carcinomas, from grade 1 to 3, there is a reduction in the actual number of mRNA species, which are significantly over or under expressed. We also show that this technique can be employed to generate differential gene expression patterns, whereby the combined expression profile of the tailored spectra of genes in the comparison of each ductal grade is sufficient to render them on clearly separate arms of an array-wise hierarchical cluster dendrogram.

Differential induction of apoptosis in human colonic carcinoma cells (Caco-2) by Atopobium, and commensal, probiotic and enteropathogenic bacteria: mediation by the mitochondrial pathway

The induction of apoptosis in mammalian cells by bacteria is well reported. This process may assist infection by pathogens whereas for non-pathogens apoptosis induction within carcinoma cells protects against colon cancer. Here, apoptosis induction by a major new gut bacterium, Atopobium minutum, was compared with induction by commensal (Escherichia coli K-12 strains), probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium latis) and pathogenic (E. coli: EPEC and VTEC) gut bacteria within the colon cancer cell line, Caco-2. The results show a major apoptotic effect for the pathogens, mild effects for the probiotic strains and A. minutum, but no effect for commensal E. coli. The mild apoptotic effects observed are consistent with the beneficial roles of probotics in protection against colon cancer and suggest, for the first time, that A. minutum possesses similar advantageous, anti-cancerous activity. Although bacterial infection increased Caco-2 membrane FAS levels, caspase-8 was not activated indicating that apoptosis is FAS independent. Instead, in all cases, apoptosis was induced through the mitochondrial pathway as indicated by BAX translocation, cytorchrome c release, and caspase-9 and -3 cleavage. This suggests that an intracellular stimulus initiates the observed apoptosis responses.

Substituted titanocenes induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma cells in vitro and exhibit antitumour activity in vivo

Titanocene compounds are a novel series of agents that exhibit cytotoxic effects in a variety of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of two titanocenes (Titanocenes X and Y) was evaluated in human epidermoid cancer cells in vitro. Titanocenes X and Y induce apoptotic cell death in epidermoid cancer cells, with IC50 values that are comparable to cisplatin. Characterisation of the cell death pathway induced by titanocene compounds in A431 cells revealed that apoptosis is preceded by cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of cell proliferation. The induction of apoptosis is dependent on the activation of caspase-3 and -7 but not caspase-8. Furthermore, the antitumour activity of Titanocene Y was tested in an A431 xenograft model of epidermoid cancer. Results indicate that Titanocene Y significantly reduced the growth of A431 xenografts with an antitumour effect similar to cisplatin. These results suggest that titanocenes represent a novel series of promising antitumour agents.

Isolation of novel multipotent neural crest-derived stem cells from adult human inferior turbinate

Adult human neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs) are of extraordinary high plasticity and promising candidates for the use in regenerative medicine. Here we describe for the first time a novel neural crest-derived stem cell population within the respiratory epithelium of human adult inferior turbinate. In contrast to superior and middle turbinates, high amounts of source material could be isolated from human inferior turbinates. Using minimally-invasive surgery methods isolation is efficient even in older patients. Within their endogenous niche, inferior turbinate stem cells (ITSCs) expressed high levels of nestin, p75(NTR), and S100. Immunoelectron microscopy using anti-p75 antibodies displayed that ITSCs are of glial origin and closely related to nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Cultivated ITSCs were positive for nestin and S100 and the neural crest markers Slug and SOX10. Whole genome microarray analysis showed pronounced differences to human ES cells in respect to pluripotency markers OCT4, SOX2, LIN28, and NANOG, whereas expression of WDR5, KLF4, and c-MYC was nearly similar. ITSCs were able to differentiate into cells with neuro-ectodermal and mesodermal phenotype. Additionally ITSCs are able to survive and perform neural crest typical chain migration in vivo when transplanted into chicken embryos. However ITSCs do not form teratomas in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Finally, we developed a separation strategy based on magnetic cell sorting of p75(NTR) positive ITSCs that formed larger neurospheres and proliferated faster than p75(NTR) negative ITSCs. Taken together our study describes a novel, readily accessible source of multipotent human NCSCs for potential cell-replacement therapy.

Distribution analysis of the putative cancer marker S100A4 across invasive squamous cell carcinoma penile tissue

MS-based proteomic methods were utilised for the first time in the discovery of novel penile cancer biomarkers. MALDI MS imaging was used to obtain the in situ biomolecular MS profile of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis which was then compared to benign epithelial MS profiles. Spectra from cancerous and benign tissue areas were examined to identify MS peaks that best distinguished normal epithelial cells from invasive squamous epithelial cells, providing crucial evidence to suggest S100A4 to be differentially expressed. Verification by immunohistochemistry resulted in positive staining for S100A4 in a sub-population of invasive but not benign epithelial cells.

Recurrent sores by ill-fitting dentures and intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma in smokers

Objectives: To examine whether denture use and recurrent sores caused by ill-fitting dentures are associated with intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma (IO-SCC) in individuals exposed to tobacco. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study. The study population comprised 124 patients with IO-SCC and the same number of controls (individually paired according to gender and age) recruited from outpatient units of the same hospital. Conditional logistic regression analysis assessed the effect of denture use and recurrent oral sores by ill-fitting dentures, adjusted by covariates on the lifetime exposure to alcohol and tobacco, socioeconomic standings, and dietary patterns. Results: The use of dentures showed no association with IO-SCC [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.40, 95 percent confidence interval 0.51-3.87, P = 0.513] in an assessment controlled by socioeconomic position, lifetime exposure to alcohol and tobacco, and dietary patterns. However, the report of recurrent sores caused by ill-fitting dentures showed significant association with the disease (adjusted OR 4.58, 95 percent confidence interval 1.52-13.76, P = 0.007). Conclusions: The association between recurrent oral sores caused by ill-fitting dentures and squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth in smokers is in agreement with the hypothesis that the chronic physical irritation of oral mucosa contributes to the topical carcinogenic effect of tobacco, which must be taken into careful consideration in the planning of dental services for adults and the elderly.

Comparison of biological behavior between early-stage adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Objectives: (1) To compare the anatomopathological variables and recurrence rates in patients with early-stage adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix; (2) to identify the independent risk factors for recurrence. Study design: This historical cohort study assessed 238 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix (113 and IIA), who underwent radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection between 1980 and 1999. Comparison of category variables between the two histological types was carried out using the Pearson`s X-2 test or Fisher exact test. Disease-free survival rates for AC and SCC were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the curves were compared using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the independent risk factors for recurrence. Results: There were 35 cases of AC (14.7%) and 203 of SCC (85.3%). AC presented lower histological grade than did SCC (grade 1: 68.6% versus 9.4%; p < 0.001), lower rate of lymphovascular space involvement (25.7% versus 53.7%; p = 0.002), lower rate of invasion into the middle or deep thirds of the uterine cervix (40.0% versus 80.8%; p < 0.001) and lower rate of lymph node metastasis (2.9% versus 16.3%; p = 0.036). Although the recurrence rate was lower for AC than for SCC (11.4% versus 15.8%), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.509). Multivariate analysis identified three independent risk factors for recurrence: presence of metastases in the pelvic lymph nodes, invasion of the deep third of the uterine cervix and absence of or slight inflammatory reaction in the cervix. When these variables were adjusted for the histological type and radiotherapy status, they remained in the model as independent risk factors. Conclusion: The AC group showed less aggressive histological behavior than did the SCC group, but no difference in the disease-free survival rates was noted. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Paullinia cupana Mart. var. sorbilis, Guarana, Increases Survival of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) Bearing Mice by Decreasing Cyclin-D1 Expression and Inducing a G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in EAC Cells

The objective of this work is to report the antiproliferative effect of P. cupana treatment in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC)-bearing animals. Female mice were treated with three doses of powdered P. cupana (100, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) for 7 days, injected with 10(5) EAC cells and treated up to day 21. In addition, a survival experiment was carried out with the same protocol. P. cupana decreased the ascites volume (p = 0.0120), cell number (p = 0.0004) and hemorrhage (p = 0.0054). This occurred through a G1-phase arrest (p < 0.01) induced by a decreased gene expression of Cyclin D1 in EAC cells. Furthermore, P. cupana significantly increased the survival of EAC-bearing animals (p = 0.0012). In conclusion, the P. cupana growth control effect in this model was correlated with a decreased expression of cyclin D1 and a G1 phase arrest. These results reinforce the cancer therapeutic potential of this Brazilian plant. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.