Effect of acaricides on Calepitrimerus vitis (Napela, 1905) (Acari: Eriophyidae) and on the production os vineyards.

2016

La Roya del café en Costa Rica: Epidemias, innovación y medio ambiente, 1950-1995

Resumen La historia de los cultivos tropicales en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, es en gran parte, una historia de innovación. Un análisis de esa historia de innovación nos permite vislumbrar la historia ambiental de esos cultivos. Mucha de la innovación de esa época, se hizo para controlar una ola de enfermedades y plagas vegetales sin precedentes. Recuperar la historia de esas enfermedades, nos permitirá, al mismo tiempo, comprender el aumento de la fragilidad ecológica de los principales cultivos en América Central. Este artículo analiza justamente esa problemática a partir del enfoque particular de la historia de la roya del cafeto -Hemileia vastatrix- en América Central, con énfasis en Costa Rica. Abstract The history of tropical crops in the second half of the twentieth century is, in large part, a history of innovation. An analysis of this history of innovation allows us to glimpse the environmental history of these crops. Much of the innovation in this period was done to counter an unprecedented wave of crop diseases and pests. Recovering the history of these diseases, in turn, allows us to understand the increasingly fragile ecology of the main crops in Central America. This article analyzes these themes through a history of the coffee rust - Hemileia vastatrix- in Central America, with particular emphasis on Costa Rica.

Seleção de progênies de cafeeiros do grupo Catucaí.

O melhoramento genético do cafeeiro tem dado efetiva contribuição à cafeicultura brasileira em todas as regiões produtoras de café, por meio do desenvolvimento de cultivares com alta capacidade produtiva, aliada a outras caraterísticas de interesse agronômico e tecnológico para os cafeicultores e consumidores de café. Reunir a expressão favorável para os caracteres de interesse em uma cultivar é o objetivo dos programas de melhoramento. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar progênies de cafeeiros do grupo Catucaí, portadoras de caracteres de interesse para o agronegócio café. Dessa forma, foram selecionados genótipos de cafeeiros com características favoráveis de produtividade, tamanho de grãos, vigor vegetativo e resistência à ferrugem. O experimento foi instalado no Campo Experimental de Três Pontas, na EPAMIG SUL,utilizando-se 36 tratamentos, sendo 33 progênies derivadas do cruzamento entre cafeeiros do grupo Icatu e cafeeiros do grupo Catuaí e 3 cultivares testemunhas (Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, Catucaí Amarelo 2 SL e Icatu Precoce IAC 3282). O delineamento experimental foi o látice quadrado 6 x 6, com 3 repetições e as avaliações foram realizadas durante quatro colheitas (2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12 e 2012/2013). As características avaliadas foram: produtividade média (sacas ha-1), porcentagem de frutos retidos em peneira 17 e acima, vigor vegetativo, incidência e severidade da ferrugem. Os resultados permitem concluir que os tratamentos apresentaram variabilidade para as características produtividade, tamanho de grãos, incidência e severidade de ferrugem. As progênies H 6-47-10 Cova 3 e H 4-35-11 Cv 10 apresentam produtividade superior às demais progênies e cultivares, com características favoráveis de tamanho de grãos e vigor vegetativo, embora tenham exibido maior infecção de ferrugem. As progênies H MS Cv 13 e H MS Cv 11 merecem destaque, pois além de apresentarem alta produtividade média e elevado vigor vegetativo, pertencem ao grupo de progênies com menor infecção de ferrugem; apesar de estarem posicionadas no segundo agrupamento, em relação ao tamanho de grãos, juntamente com as cultivares comerciais Catuai Amarelo IAC 62 e Catucai Amarelo 2SL.

BRS Ártico: common bean cultivar with export-standard white grain.

BRS Ártico is a common bean cultivar with white grains with international standard size (62 g per 100 seeds), appropriate for cultivation in the Central region of Brazil and the state of Paraná. The cycle is semi-early, the yield potential 2677 kg ha-1 and BRS Ártico has moderate resistance to rust and curtobacterium wilt.

The infection of soybean leaves by Phakopsora pachyrhizi during conditions of discontinuous wetness.

The ability of Phakopsora pachyrhizi to cause infection under conditions of discontinuous wetness was investigated. In in vitro experiments, droplets of a uredospore suspension were deposited onto the surface of polystyrene. After an initial wetting period of either 1, 2 or 4 h, the drops were dried for different time intervals and then the wetness was restored for 11, 10 or 8 h. Germination and appressorium formation were evaluated. In in vivo experiments, soybean plants were inoculated with a uredospore suspension. Leaf wetness was interrupted for 1, 3 or 6 h after initial wetting periods of 1, 2 or 4 h. Then, the wetting was re-established for 11, 10 or 8 h, respectively. Rust severity was evaluated 14 days after inoculation. The germination of the spores and the formation of the appressoria on the soybean leaves after different periods of wetness were also quantified in vivo by scanning electron microscopy. P. pachyrhizi showed a high infective capacity during short periods of time. An interruption of wetness after 1 h caused average reductions in germination from 56 to 75% and in appressorium formation from 84 to 96%. Rust severity was lower in all of the in vivo treatments with discontinuous wetness when compared to the control plants. Rust severity was zero when the interruption of wetness occurred 4 h after the initial wetting. Wetting interruptions after 1 and 2 h reduced the average rust severity by 83 and 77%, respectively. The germination of the uredospores on the soybean leaves occurred after 2 h of wetness, with a maximum germination appearing after 4 h of wetness. Wetness interruption affected mainly the spores that had initiated the germination.

Identification of resistance factors to the main wheat diseases in the Mediterranean area

Several diseases challenge bread and durum wheat productions worldwide. The importance of these cereals requires adequate protection to pathogens that can cause strong yield and grain quality losses. The main work of this thesis was related to phenotype GDP (Global Durum Panel) in the Mediterranean region (Italy, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and Turkey) and Argentina across three years (2019-2021) for yellow rust resistance (infection type and severity). GWAS shows in particular, loci in chromosome 1B, 2B, 4B, 5A, 6A, 7B showed high significance across nurseries/years, with various patterns of GxE. The second chapter is about Zymoseptoria tritici, agent of STB (Septoria Tritici Blotch), a foliar pathogen that yearly causes high damages if not controlled. In recent years research in durum wheat breeding is focused on the identification of novel, underexploited resistance genes to be subsequently and conveniently moved into the pre-breeding and breeding stream. The plants were phenotyped for disease height characters, infection type at the flag leaf and infection type at the level of the canopy below the flag leaf. This experiment opens up a rich scenario of analysis and opportunities to investigate and discover new loci of resistance to STB. Third chapter is about Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease caused by pathogens belonging to the genus Fusarium. In particular, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum species cause severe grain yield losses and accumulation of mycotoxins in wheat that compromise food safety. Over 250 QTL/genes for FHB resistance have been identified in bread wheat, such as Fhb 1 and Fhb 5 but only a small number of FHB resistance loci have been mapped in durum wheat. The aim of this work is to find loci of partial resistance to FHB already present in durum and bread wheat germplasm and therefore easily cumulative.