The quest for surrogate markers of angiogenesis: a paradigm for translational research in tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis trials.

Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis suppresses tumor growth and metastatic spreading in many experimental models, suggesting that anti-angiogenic drugs may be used to treat human cancer. During the past decade more than eighty molecules that showed anti-angiogenic activity in preclinical studies were tested in clinical cancer trials, but most of them failed to demonstrate any measurable anti-tumor activity and none have been approved for clinical use. Recent results stemming from trials with anti-VEGF antibodies, used alone or in combination with chemotherapy, suggest that systemic anti-angiogenic therapy may indeed have a measurable impact on cancer progression and patient survival. From the clinical studies it became nevertheless clear that the classical endpoints used in anti-cancer trials do not bring sufficient discriminative power to monitor the effects of anti-angiogenic drugs. It is therefore necessary to identify and validate molecular, cellular and functional surrogate markers of angiogenesis to monitor activity and efficacy of anti-angiogenic drugs in patients. Availability of such markers will be instrumental to re-evaluate the role of tumor angiogenesis in human cancer, to identify new molecular targets and drugs, and to improve planning, monitoring and interpretation of future studies. Future anti-angiogenesis trials integrating biological endpoints and surrogate markers or angiogenesis will require close collaboration between clinical investigators and laboratory-based researchers.

Schizophrenia: glutathione deficit as a new vulnerability factor for disconnectivity syndrome

(from the journal abstract) Schizophrenia, a major psychiatric disease, affects individuals in the centre of their personality. Its aetiology is not clearly established. In this review, we will present evidence that patients suffering of schizophrenia present a brain deficit in glutathione, a major endogenous redox regulator and antioxidant. We will also show that, in experimental models, a decrease in glutathione, particularly during development, induces morphological, electrophysiological and behavioural anomalies consistent with those observed in the disease. In the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive schizophrenics, glutathione level was decreased by 27% and its direct metabolite of glutathione by 16%. Glutathione level in prefrontal cortex of patients, measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was 52% lower than in controls. Patients' fibroblasts reveal a decrease in mRNA levels of the two glutathione synthesising enzymes, glutamatecysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM) and glutathione synthetase. GCLM expression level in fibroblasts correlates negatively with symptoms severity. Glutathione is an important endogenous redox regulator and neuroactive substance. It is protecting cells from damage by reactive oxygen species generated, among others, by dopamine metabolism. A glutathione deficit-induced oxidative stress would lead to lipid peroxidation and micro-lesions at the level of dendritic spines, a synaptic damage responsible for abnormal nervous connections or structural disconnectivity. On the other hand, a glutathione deficit could also lead to a functional disconnectivity by depressing NMDA neurotransmission, in analogy to phencyclidine effects. Present experimental data are consistent with the proposed hypothesis: decreasing pharmacologically glutathione level in experimental models, with or without blocking dopamine (DA) uptake (GBR12909), induces morphological, electrophysiological and behavioural changes similar to those observed in patients. In summary, a deficit of glutathione and/or glutathione-related enzymes during early development would lead to both a functional and a structural disconnectivity, which could be at the basis of some perceptive, cognitive and behavioural troubles of the disease. It could constitute a major vulnerability factor for schizophrenia. Attempts to restore physiological glutathione functions could open new therapeutic avenues. This translational research, made possible by a close interaction between clinicians and neuroscientists, should also pave the way to the identification of biological markers for schizophrenia. In turn, they should allow early diagnostic and hopefully preventive intervention to this devastating disease. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)

Multimodal Investment Analysis Methodology, Phase One: The Conceptual Model, 1998

The purpose of this project is to develop an investment analysis model that integrates the capabilities of four types of analysis for use in evaluating interurban transportation system improvements. The project will also explore the use of new data warehousing and mining techniques to design the types of databases required for supporting such a comprehensive transportation model. The project consists of four phases. The first phase, which is documented in this report, involves development of the conceptual foundation for the model. Prior research is reviewed in Chapter 1, which is composed of three major sections providing demand modeling background information for passenger transportation, transportation of freight (manufactured products and supplies), and transportation of natural resources and agricultural commodities. Material from the literature on geographic information systems makes up Chapter 2. Database models for the national and regional economies and for the transportation and logistics network are conceptualized in Chapter 3. Demand forecasting of transportation service requirements is introduced in Chapter 4, with separate sections for passenger transportation, freight transportation, and transportation of natural resources and commodities. Characteristics and capacities of the different modes, modal choices, and route assignments are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 concludes with a general discussion of the economic impacts and feedback of multimodal transportation activities and facilities.

Quantification of Myocardial Blood Flow in Absolute Terms Using (82)Rb PET Imaging: The RUBY-10 Study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) estimates from rubidium-82 positron emission tomography ((82)Rb PET) data using 10 software packages (SPs) based on 8 tracer kinetic models. BACKGROUND: It is unknown how MBF and MFR values from existing SPs agree for (82)Rb PET. METHODS: Rest and stress (82)Rb PET scans of 48 patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease were analyzed in 10 centers. Each center used 1 of 10 SPs to analyze global and regional MBF using the different kinetic models implemented. Values were considered to agree if they simultaneously had an intraclass correlation coefficient >0.75 and a difference <20% of the median across all programs. RESULTS: The most common model evaluated was the Ottawa Heart Institute 1-tissue compartment model (OHI-1-TCM). MBF values from 7 of 8 SPs implementing this model agreed best. Values from 2 other models (alternative 1-TCM and Axially distributed) also agreed well, with occasional differences. The MBF results from other models (e.g., 2-TCM and retention) were less in agreement with values from OHI-1-TCM. CONCLUSIONS: SPs using the most common kinetic model-OHI-1-TCM-provided consistent results in measuring global and regional MBF values, suggesting that they may be used interchangeably to process data acquired with a common imaging protocol.

Making better biogeographical predictions of species' distributions

1. Biogeographical models of species' distributions are essential tools for assessing impacts of changing environmental conditions on natural communities and ecosystems. Practitioners need more reliable predictions to integrate into conservation planning (e.g. reserve design and management). 2. Most models still largely ignore or inappropriately take into account important features of species' distributions, such as spatial autocorrelation, dispersal and migration, biotic and environmental interactions. Whether distributions of natural communities or ecosystems are better modelled by assembling individual species' predictions in a bottom-up approach or modelled as collective entities is another important issue. An international workshop was organized to address these issues. 3. We discuss more specifically six issues in a methodological framework for generalized regression: (i) links with ecological theory; (ii) optimal use of existing data and artificially generated data; (iii) incorporating spatial context; (iv) integrating ecological and environmental interactions; (v) assessing prediction errors and uncertainties; and (vi) predicting distributions of communities or collective properties of biodiversity. 4. Synthesis and applications. Better predictions of the effects of impacts on biological communities and ecosystems can emerge only from more robust species' distribution models and better documentation of the uncertainty associated with these models. An improved understanding of causes of species' distributions, especially at their range limits, as well as of ecological assembly rules and ecosystem functioning, is necessary if further progress is to be made. A better collaborative effort between theoretical and functional ecologists, ecological modellers and statisticians is required to reach these goals.

Independent sources of condition dependency and multiple pathways determine a composite trait: lessons from carotenoid-based plumage colouration.

Many colour ornaments are composite traits consisting of at least four components, which themselves may be more complex, determined by independent evolutionary pathways, and potentially being under different environmental control. To date, little evidence exists that several different components of colour elaboration are condition dependent and no direct evidence exists that different ornamental components are affected by different sources of variation. For example, in carotenoid-based plumage colouration, one of the best-known condition-dependent ornaments, colour elaboration stems from both condition-dependent pigment concentration and structural components. Some environmental flexibility of these components has been suggested, but specifically which and how they are affected remains unknown. Here, we tested whether multiple colour components may be condition dependent, by using a comprehensive 3 × 2 experimental design, in which we carotenoid supplemented and immune challenged great tit nestlings (Parus major) and quantified effects on different components of colouration. Plumage colouration was affected by an interaction between carotenoid availability and immune challenge. Path analyses showed that carotenoid supplementation increased plumage saturation via feather carotenoid concentration and via mechanisms unrelated to carotenoid deposition, while immune challenge affected feather length, but not carotenoid concentration. Thus, independent condition-dependent pathways, affected by different sources of variation, determine colour elaboration. This provides opportunities for the evolution of multiple signals within components of ornamental traits. This finding indicates that the selective forces shaping the evolution of different components of a composite trait and the trait's signal content may be more complex than believed so far, and that holistic approaches are required for drawing comprehensive evolutionary conclusions.

The embryonic blood-CSF barrier has molecular elements for specific glucose transport and for the general transport of molecules via transcellular routes.

In vertebrates, early brain development takes place at the expanded anterior end of the neural tube, which is filled with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (E-CSF). We have recently identified a transient blood-CSF barrier that forms between embryonic days E3 and E4 in chick embryos and that is responsible for the transport of proteins and control of E-CSF homeostasis, including osmolarity. Here we examined the presence of glucose transporter GLUT-1 as well the presence of caveolae-structural protein Caveolin1 (CAV-1) in the embryonic blood-CSF barrier which may be involved in the transport of glucose and of proteins, water and ions respectively across the neuroectoderm. In this paper we demonstrate the presence of GLUT-1 and CAV-1 in endothelial cells of blood vessels as well as in adjacent neuroectodermal cells, located in the embryonic blood-CSF barrier. In blood vessels, these proteins were detected as early as E4 in chick embryos and E12.7 in rat embryos, i.e. the point at which the embryonic blood-CSF barrier acquires this function. In the neuroectoderm of the embryonic blood-CSF barrier, GLUT-1 was also detected at E4 and E12.7 respectively, and CAV-1 was detected shortly thereafter in both experimental models. These experiments contribute to delineating the extent to which the blood-CSF embryonic barrier controls E-CSF composition and homeostasis during early stages of brain development in avians and mammals. Our results suggest the regulation of glucose transport to the E-CSF by means of GLUT-1 and also suggest a mechanism by which proteins are transported via transcellular routes across the neuroectoderm, thus reinforcing the crucial role of E-CSF in brain development.

The role of Notch receptor signaling in T helper 17 cell differentiation

Antigenic recognition by naive CD4+ T cells induces their proliferation and differentiation into functionally distinct T helper (Th) cell. Each CD4+ Th cell subset expresses specific transcription factors and produces signature cytokines that coordinate immune responses against encountered pathogens. Among the factors influencing CD4+ Th cell differentiation, Notch signaling pathway has been reported to play a role in the differentiation and function of multiple CD4+Thcell subsets. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-to-cell signaling cascade involved in many cell fate decision processes. How Notch signaling modulates the differentiation of CD4+ Th cell subsets and whether Notch signaling alone is sufficient or not for the differentiation of CD4+ Th cells is still a matter of debate. Th17 cells are a distinct subset of CD4+ Th cells. They play a role in the control of extracellular bacterial and fungal infections and may lead to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases if not properly regulated. Th17 cells are defined by the expression of RAR-related orphan receptor (ROR)a and RORyT transcription factors and their secretion of IL-17A, IL-17F cytokines. The involvement of Notch signaling in Th17 cell differentiation has mostly been studied in vitro. However, neither the experimental conditions when Notch signaling might be involved in Th17 cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo nor the precise role of Notch in this process remain clear. To better define how Notch signaling impacts Th17 differentiation, we used mice with T cell specific ablation of Notchl and Notch2 (N1 N2ACD4Cre) or of Notch transcriptional repressor RBP- JK (RBP-J ACD4Cre). We show that impaired Notch signaling in T cells, when TCR activating signal were reduced, increased RORyT and IL-17 mRNA levels during in vitro Th17 cell differentiation. Following immunization with OVA in CFA, an adjuvant that induces mostly Th17 cell response, increased IL-17A mRNA and intracellular IL-17A levels were observed in draining lymph nodes of Notch-deficient CD4+T cells. Our data suggest that Notch limited Th17 cell differentiation. Despite high levels of IL-17 mRNA and intracellular IL-17 proteins observed in Notch-deficient T cells, their release of Th17 cytokines ex vivo was markedly decreased, indicating a role for Notch signaling. During the second part of this thesis, we observed that the impact of Notch on Th17 cell differentiation and effector functions was context-dependent using different in vivo experimental models, in which Th17 cells and IL-17A were reported to contribute in the disease development. Collectively, our data reveal that Notch signaling controls the fine-tuning of Th17 cell differentiation and effector functions by limiting their differentiation but promoting selectively cytokine release through Notch-dependent mechanisms that still need to be defined. -- Lors d'une réponse immunitaire et grâce à la reconnaissance antigénique, les lymphocytes CD4+ T naïfs prolifèrent, puis se différencient en CD4+ T auxiliaires ("T helper" ou Th) fonctionnellement distincts. Chaque sous-population de lymphocytes CD4+ T auxiliaires exprime des facteurs de transcription et des cytokines spécifiques qui coordonnent la réponse immunitaire contre les pathogènes rencontrés. Parmi les facteurs influençant la différenciation des lymphocytes CD4+ T auxiliaires, la voie de signalisation Notch a été identifiée comme ayant un rôle dans la différenciation et la fonction des différents sous-types de cellules CD4+ T auxiliaires. La voie de signalisation Notch est une voie évolutivement conservée, qui est impliquée dans la signalisation entre les cellules et dans de nombreux processus de décisions cellulaires. La manière dont la voie de signalisation Notch régule la différenciation des lymphocytes CD4+ T en sous-types de cellules CD4+ auxiliaires, mais également la question de savoir si la voie de signalisation Notch est capable ou non d'induire la différenciation des cellules CD4+T auxiliaires, restent à débattre. Les cellules T auxiliaires 17 (Th17) sont un sous-type distinct de cellules CD4+T. Elles jouent un rôle important dans la défense immunitaire contre des pathogènes tels que les bactéries extracellulaires et les champignons. Une dérégulation de la réponse des cellules Th17 peut conduire à des inflammations mais également à des maladies auto-immunes. Les cellules Th17 sont définies par l'expression de leurs facteurs de transcription RAR-related orphan receptor (ROR)a, RORyT et par la sécrétion de cytokines comme IL-17A, IL-17F. Le rôle de la voie de signalisation Notch dans la différenciation des cellules Th17 a principalement été démontré in vitro. Malgré tout, ni les conditions expérimentales dans lesquelles cette voie pourrait être impliquée dans la différenciation des cellules Th17 in vitro et in vivo, mais également ni la fonction exacte de Notch dans ces processus, ne sont des questions résolues. Afin de mieux définir comment la voie de signalisation Notch est impliquée dans la différenciation des cellules Th17, nous avons utilisé des souris avec une déficience spécifique dans les cellules T des récepteurs Notchl et Notch2 (N1N2ACD4Cre) ou du répresseur transcriptionnel de Notch RBP-JK (RBP-J ACD4Cre). Nous avons montré que lorsque la voie de signalisation Notch est déficiente, les niveaux d'ARN messager (ARNm) de RORyT et de IL-17A sont augmentés dans les cellules Th17 pendant la différenciation in vitro, en présence de niveaux réduits des signaux activant les cellules T CD4+. Une augmentation dans les niveaux d'ARNm de IL-17A et de IL-17A intracellulaire au niveau protéinique a été observée dans les cellules T CD4+ Notch déficientes, au niveau des ganglions drainants après immunisation avec l'OVA dans le CFA, un adjuvant induisant une réponse des cellules Th17. Nos résultats suggèrent que Notch pourrait réguler négativement l'expression de IL-17A au niveau transcriptionnel mais également protéinique. Malgré une augmentation de IL-17A au niveau de l'ARNm et protéinique dans les cellules CD4+ T Notch déficientes, paradoxalement la sécrétion de IL-17A mais également de cytokines associées aux fonctions effectrices des cellules Th17 sont profondément diminuées 6X vivo, suggérant un rôle de la voie de signalisation Notch dans ce processus. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse, nous avons observé que l'impact de Notch dans la différenciation des cellules Th17 et dans leurs fonctions effectrices était dépendant du contexte dans d'autres modèles expérimentaux in vivo, où les cellules Th17 et l'IL-17A ont été identifiées comme ar-.riCociêSM dans le développement ds la pathologie. En résumé, nous avons montré que la voie de la signalisation Notch contrôle la régulation précise de la différenciation des cellules Th17 en limitant leur différenciation, mais en promouvant sélectivement leur relâchement en cytokines associés aux cellules Th17 par l'intermédiaire de mécanismes dépendant de Notch, qui restent toujours à déterminer. -- Lors d'une réponse immunitaire et grâce à la reconnaissance antigénique, les lymphocytes CD4+ T naïfs prolifèrent, puis se différencient en CD4+ T auxiliaires ("T helper" ou Th) fonctionnellement distincts. Chaque sous-population de lymphocytes T auxiliaires exprime des facteurs de transcription et des cytokines spécifiques qui coordonnent une réponse immunitaire contre différents pathogènes. Les mécanismes liés à la différenciation des lymphocytes CD4+ T auxiliaires sont complexes et régulés. Une mauvaise régulation de la différenciation des lymphocytes CD4+ T auxiliaires peut conduire à des maladies auto-immunes, mais également à des processus inflammatoires. Parmi les facteurs influençant la différenciation des lymphocytes T auxiliaires, la voie de signalisation Notch a été identifiée comme ayant un rôle dans la différenciation et la fonction des différents sous-types de cellules CD4+ T auxiliaires. La voie de signalisation Notch est une voie évolutivement conservée, qui est impliquée dans la signalisation entre les cellules, mais également dans de nombreux processus de décisions cellulaires. Quelle est l'implication de la voie de signalisation Notch dans la différenciation des lymphocytes CD4+ en sous-types de cellules CD4+T auxiliaires et comment cette voie agit dans ce processus, sont des questions débattues. Les cellules T auxiliaires 17 (Th17) sont une sous-population distincte de lymphocytes CD4+. Elles jouent un rôle important dans la défense immunitaire contre les bactéries extracellulaires et les champignons. Une dérégulation de la réponse des cellules Th17 a été associée à des maladies auto-immunes et à l'inflammation. Les cellules Th17 sont définies par l'expression du facteur de transcription RAR-related orphan receptor (ROR)yT et des cytokines comme IL-17A, IL-17F. Le rôle de la voie de signalisation Notch dans la différenciation des cellules Th17 a été principalement démontré dans des études expérimentales in vitro. Malgré tout, les conditions expérimentales exactes dans lesquelles la voie de signalisation de Notch pourrait être impliquée dans la différenciation des cellules Th17, mais également le rôle de Notch dans ce processus ne sont pas encore clairement élucidés. Afin de mieux définir comment la voie de signalisation Notch est impliquée dans la différenciation des cellules Th17, nous avons utilisé des souris avec une déficience spécifique dans les cellules T des récepteurs Notchl et Notch2 (N1 N2ACD4Cre) ou du répresseur transcriptionnel de Notch RBP-JK (RBP-JACD4CRE). Nous avons montré que lorsque la voie de signalisation Notch est déficiente, les niveaux d'ARN messager (ARNm) de RORyT et de IL-17 sont augmentés dans les cellules Th17 pendant leur différenciation in vitro. Cet effet de Notch sur la transcription apparaît être facultatif lorsque les conditions environnementales sont en excès in vitro. Après immunisation avec un adjuvant qui induit principalement une réponse des cellules Th17, nous avons observé que les niveaux de ARNm de IL-17A et aussi de IL-17A intracellulaire au niveau protéinique étaient augmentés dans les ganglions drainants dans les cellules CD4+ Notch déficientes. Ces résultats suggèrent que Notch pourrait réguler négativement l'expression de IL- 17 au niveau transcriptionnel mais également protéinique. Malgré des niveaux plus élevés de IL- 17 ARNm et aussi IL-17A intracellulaire dans les cellules T Notch déficientes, le relâchement en cytokines Th17 est profondément diminué indiquant un rôle de la voie de signalisation Notch dans ces processus de sécrétion. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons observé que le rôle de Notch dans ia différenciation dss cellules Ti,17 et dans leurs fonctions effectrices était dépendant du contexte dans d'autres modèles expérimentaux, qui ont été rapportés comme une réponse induisant des cellules Th17. En résumé, nos données montrent que la voie de la signalisation Notch contrôle la régulation précise de la différenciation des cellules Th17 en limitant leur différenciation mais en promouvant sélectivement le relâchement en cytokines associées aux cellules Th17 par des mécanismes dépendant de Notch qui restent toujours à déterminer. Par conséquent, l'inhibition de la voie de signalisation Notch pourrait être utilisée dans des situations inflammatoires ou d'auto-immunité où la réponse des cellules Th17 est exacerbée.

Tipping the balance both ways: drug resistance and virulence in Candida glabrata.

Among existing fungal pathogens, Candida glabrata is outstanding in its capacity to rapidly develop resistance to currently used antifungal agents. Resistance to the class of azoles, which are still widely used agents, varies in proportion (from 5 to 20%) depending on geographical area. Moreover, resistance to the class of echinocandins, which was introduced in the late 1990s, is rising in several institutions. The recent emergence of isolates with acquired resistance to both classes of agents is a major concern since alternative therapeutic options are scarce. Although considered less pathogenic than C. albicans, C. glabrata has still evolved specific virulence traits enabling its survival and propagation in colonized and infected hosts. Development of drug resistance is usually associated with fitness costs, and this notion is documented across several microbial species. Interestingly, azole resistance in C. glabrata has revealed the opposite. Experimental models of infection showed enhanced virulence of azole-resistant isolates. Moreover, azole resistance could be associated with specific changes in adherence properties to epithelial cells or innate immunity cells (macrophages), both of which contribute to virulence changes. Here we will summarize the current knowledge on C. glabrata drug resistance and also discuss the consequences of drug resistance acquisition on the balance between C. glabrata and its hosts.

The role of the renal mineralocorticoid versus the glucocorticoid receptor in renal sodium and potassium transport

Dans le néphron distal sensible à l'aldostérone, le récepteur aux minéralocorticoïdes (RM) et le récepteur aux glucocorticoids (RG) sont exprimés et peuvent être liés et activés par l'aldostérone et le Cortisol, respectivement. La réabsorption rénale de sodium est principalement contrôlée par le RM. Cependant, des modèles expérimentaux in vitro et in vivo suggèrent que le RG pourrait également jouer un rôle dans le transport rénal du sodium. Afin d'étudier l'implication du RG et/ou du RM exprimés dans les cellules épithéliales adultes dans le transport rénal du sodium, nous avons généré deux modèles de souris, dans lesquelles l'expression du RG (Nr3c1Pax8/LC1) ou du RM (Nr3c2Pax8/LC1) peut être abolie de manière inductible et cela spécifiquement dans les tubules rénaux. Les souris déficientes pour le gène du RM survivent mais développent un phénotype sévère de PHA-1, caractérisé par un retard de croissance, une augmentation des niveaux urinaires de Na+, une diminution de la concentration du Na+ dans le plasma, une hyperkaliémie et une augmentation des niveaux d'aldostérone plasmatique. Ce phénotype empire et devient létal lorsque les souris sont nourries avec une diète déficiente en sodium. Les niveaux d'expression en protéine de NCC, de la forme phosphorylée de NCC et de aENaC sont diminués, alors que l'expression en ARN messager et en protéine du RG est augmentée. Une diète riche en Na+ et pauvre en K+ ne corrige pas la concentration élevée d'aldostérone dans le plasma pour la ramener à des niveaux conformes, mais est suffisante pour corriger la perte de poids et les niveaux anormaux des électrolytes dans le plasma et l'urine. -- In the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, both the mineralocorticoid (MR) and the glucocorticoid (GR) receptor are expressed. They can be bound and activated by aldosterone and Cortisol, respectively. Renal Na+ reabsorption is mainly controlled by MR. However, in vitro and in vivo experimental models suggest that GR may play a role in renal Na+ transport. Therefore, to investigate the implication of MR and/or GR in adult epithelial cells in renal sodium transport, we generated inducible renal tubule- specific MR (Nr3c2Pax8/LC1) and GR (Nr3c1Pax8/LC1) knockout mice. MR-deficient mice survived but developed a severe PHA-1 phenotype with failure to thrive, higher urinary Na+, decreased plasma Na+ levels, hyperkalemia and higher levels of plasma aldosterone. This phenotype further worsened and became lethal under a sodium-deficient diet. NCC protein expression and its phosphorylated form, as well as aENaC protein level were downregulated, whereas the mRNA and protein expression of GR was increased. A diet rich in Na+and low in K+ did not normalize plasma aldosterone to control levels, but was sufficient to restore body weight, plasma and urinary electrolytes. Upon switch to a Na+-deficient diet, GR-mutant mice exhibited transient increased urinary Na+ and decreased K+ levels, with transitory higher plasma K+ concentration preceded by a significant increase in plasma aldosterone levels within the 12 hours following diet switch. We found no difference in urinary aldosterone levels, plasma Na+ concentration and plasma corticosterone levels. Moreover, NHE3, NKCC2, NCC

Differential Regulation of c-FLIP Isoforms Through Post-translational Modifications

Cells are constantly responding to signals from the surrounding tissues and the environment. To dispose of infected and potentially dangerous cells, to ensure the optimal execution of developmental processes and to maintain tissue homeostasis, a multicellular organism needs to tightly control both the number and the quality of its cells. Apoptosis is a form of active cellular self-destruction that enables an organism to regulate its cell number by deleting damaged or potentially dangerous cells. Apoptosis can be induced by death ligands, which bind to death receptors on the cell surface. Ligation of the receptors leads to the formation of an intracellular death inducing signaling complex (DISC). One of the DISC components is caspase-8, a protease that triggers the caspase cascade and is thereby a key initiator of programmed cell death. The activation of caspase-8 is controlled by the cellular FLICE-inhibitory proteins (c-FLIPs). Consequently, sensitivity towards receptor-mediated apoptosis is determined by the amount of c-FLIP, and the c-FLIP levels are actively regulated for example during erythroid differentiation of K562 erythroleukemia cells and by hyperthermia in Jurkat leukemia cells. The aim of my thesis was to investigate how c-FLIP is regulated during these processes. We found that c-FLIP isoforms are short-lived proteins, although c-FLIPS had an even shorter half-life than c-FLIPL. In both experimental models, increased death receptor sensitivity correlated with induced ubiquitylation and consequent proteasomal degradation of c-FLIP. Furthermore, we elucidated how phosphorylation regulates the biological functions and the turnover of c-FLIP, thereby contributing to death receptor sensitivity. We mapped the first phosphorylation sites on c-FLIP and dissected how their phosphorylation affects c-FLIP. Moreover, we demonstrated that phosphorylation of serine 193, a phosphorylated residue common to all c-FLIPs, is primarily mediated by the classical PKC. Furthermore, we discovered a novel connection between the phosphorylation and ubiquitylation of c-FLIP: phosphorylation of S193 protects c-FLIP from ubiquitylation. Surprisingly, although all c-FLIP isoforms are phosphorylated on this conserved residue, the biological outcome is different for the long and short isoforms, since S193 specifically prolongs the half-lives of the short c-FLIP isoforms, but not c-FLIPL. To summarize, we show that c-FLIP proteins are modified by ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, and that the biological outcomes of these modifications are isoform-specifically determined.

Biodegradação de fenol por uma nova linhagem de A spergillus sp. isolada de um solo contaminado do sul do Brasil

The main goal of this work was to study the biodegradation of phenol in batch mode by a filamentous fungus isolated from a contaminated site in Southern Brazil. A better performance was obtained by previous adaptation of the microorganism to the toxic chemical. A 2³ experimental design was proposed and it could be observed total phenol degradation in 72 h using 500 mg L-1 glucose, inoculum of 20% and agitation of 200 rpm, resulting a biodegradation rate of 3.76 mg L-1 h-1. In relation to phenol tolerance, Aspergillus sp. LEBM2 was able to consume up to 989 ± 15 mg L-1.

Determination of sulfur in diesel using ATR/FTIR and multivariate calibration

The aim of this present work was to provide a more fast, simple and less expensive to analyze sulfur content in diesel samples than by the standard methods currently used. Thus, samples of diesel fuel with sulfur concentrations varying from 400 and 2500 mgkg-1 were analyzed by two methodologies: X-ray fluorescence, according to ASTM D4294 and by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The spectral data obtained from FTIR were used to build multivariate calibration models by partial least squares (PLS). Four models were built in three different ways: 1) a model using the full spectra (665 to 4000 cm-1), 2) two models using some specific spectrum regions and 3) a model with variable selected by classic method of variable selection stepwise. The model obtained by variable selection stepwise and the model built with region spectra between 665 and 856 cm-1 and 1145 and 2717 cm-1 showed better results in the determination of sulfur content.

Studies on 68Ga-Based Agents for PET Imaging of Cancer and Inflammation

Studies on ⁶⁸Ga-Based Agents for PET Imaging of Cancer and Inflammation Positron emission tomography (PET) is based on the use of radiolabeled agents and facilitates in vivo imaging of biological processes, such as cancer. Because the detection of cancer is demanding and is often obscured by inflammation, there is a demand for better PET imaging agents. The aim was to preliminarily evaluate new PET agents for imaging cancer and inflammation using experimental models. ⁶⁸Ga-chloride and peptides, ⁶⁸Ga-labeled through 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were tested for tumor imaging. In addition, a ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-conjugated peptide targeting vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), was tested for inflammation imaging. The ⁶⁸Ga-based imaging agents described here showed potential features by passing the essential in vitro tests, proceeding further to preclinical in vivo evaluation and being able to visualize the target. The target uptake and target-to-background ratios of ⁶⁸Ga-based agents were, however, not optimal. ⁶⁸Ga-chloride showed slow clearance caused by its binding to blood transferrin. In the case of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-peptides low in vivo stability and/or low lipophilicity led to too rapid blood clearance and urinary excretion. The properties of ⁶⁸Ga-labeled peptides are modifiable, as shown with matrix metalloproteinase-9 targeting ligands. In the conclusion of this PhD thesis, ⁶⁸Ga-based agents for PET imaging of cancer and inflammation could be applied in the development of drugs, earlier diagnostics and following-up of the efficacy of therapies.

New perspectives on the melanocortins and their cardiovascular effects: Potential implications for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases with melanocortin analogues

The melanocortin peptides, including melanocyte-stimulating hormones, α-, β- and γ-MSH, are derived from the precursor peptide proopiomelanocortin and mediate their biological actions via five different melanocortin receptors, named from MC1 to MC5. Melanocortins have been implicated in the central regulation of energy balance and cardiovascular functions, but their local effects, via yet unidentified sites of action, in the vasculature, and their therapeutic potential in major vascular pathologies remain unclear. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to characterise the role of melanocortins in circulatory regulation, and to investigate whether targeting of the melanocortin system by pharmacological means could translate into therapeutic benefits in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. In experiments designed to elucidate the local effects of α-MSH on vascular tone, it was found that α-MSH improved blood vessel relaxation via a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanism without directly contracting or relaxing blood vessels. Furthermore, α-MSH was shown to regulate the expression and function of endothelial NO synthase in cultured human endothelial cells via melanocortin 1 receptors. In keeping with the vascular protective role, pharmacological treatment of mice with α-MSH analogues displayed therapeutic efficacy in conditions associated with vascular dysfunction such as obesity. Furthermore, α-MSH analogues elicited marked diuretic and natriuretic responses, which together with their vascular effects, seemed to provide protection against sodium retention and blood pressure elevation in experimental models of hypertension. In conclusion, the present results identify novel effects for melanocortins in the local control of vascular function, pointing to the potential future use of melanocortin analogues in the treatment of cardiovascular pathologies.