Practical observations on the chronic enlargement of the prostate gland, in old people; with suggestions for the improved mode of treatment ...

Mode of access: Internet.

A contribution to the comparative anatomy of the prostate gland ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Evaluation of mammary-gland development in Holstein and Jersey calves as a measure of potential producing capacity /

Cover title.

Exposure of Thyroid Gland (3 of 5)

3B Carbon Dust, H and HH Carbon Pencils; Dr. Norman Thompson, University of Michigan Department of Surgery

Retraction of Thyroid Gland and Exposure of Prevertebral fascia (4 of 5)

3B Carbon Dust, H and HH Carbon Pencils; Dr. Norman Thompson, University of Michigan Department of Surgery

The mammary gland.

Includes bibliographies.

Salivary Gland and Tooth Abnormalities Massively Increase Caries Susceptibility in A Mouse Model of Cleft Lip/Palate

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-04

Scaling of rectal gland mass in the European lesser-spotted dogfish

In the European lesser-spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula, rectal gland mass in mg (M-Rg) followed the allometric relationship: M-Rg = 1.15 M-0.68, where M is body mass (g). The concept of allometric scaling is an important consideration in studies investigating the function Of osmoregulatory organs. (C) 2003 the Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Plasma osmolyte concentrations and rectal gland mass of bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas, captured along a salinity gradient

Bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) were captured across a salinity gradient from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW). Across all salinities, C leucas were hyperosmotic to the environment. Plasma osmolarity in FW-captured animals (642 +/- 7 mosM) was significantly reduced compared to SW-captured animals (1067 +/- 21 mosM). In FW animals, sodium, chloride and urea were 208 +/- 3, 203 +/- 3 and 192 +/- 2 mmol l(-1), respectively. Plasma sodium, chloride and urea in SW-captured C leucas were 289 +/- 3, 296 +/- 6 and 370 +/- 10 mmol l(-1), respectively. The increase in plasma osmolarity between FW and SW was not linear. Between FW (3 mosM) and 24%o SW (676 mosM), plasma osmolarity increased by 22% or 0.92% per 1parts per thousand rise in salinity. Between 24%o and 33parts per thousand, plasma osmolarity increased by 33% or 4.7% per 1 parts per thousand rise in salinity, largely due to a sharp increase in plasma urea between 28parts per thousand and 33parts per thousand. C. leucas moving between FW and SW appear to be faced with three major osmoregulatory challenges, these occur between 0-10parts per thousand, 11-20parts per thousand and 21-33parts per thousand. A comparison between C leucas captured in FW and estuarine environments (20-28%o) in the Brisbane River revealed no difference in the mass of rectal glands between these animals. However, a comparison of rectal gland mass between FW animals captured in the Brisbane River and Rio San Juan/Lake Nicaragua showed that animals in the latter system had a significantly smaller rectal gland mass at a given length than animals in the Brisbane River. The physiological challenges and mechanisms required for C leucas moving between FW and SW, as well as the ecological implications of these data are discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Brca1 inactivation induces p27Kip1-dependent cell cycle arrest and delayed development in the mouse mammary gland

One common characteristic of breast cancers arising in carriers of the predisposition gene BRCA1 is a loss of expression of the CDK inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27), suggesting that p27 interacts epistatically with BRCA1. To investigate this relationship, we examined expression of p27 in mice expressing a dominant negative allele of Brca1 (MMTV-trBr) in the mammary gland. While these mice rarely develop tumors, they showed a 50% increase in p27 protein and a delay in mammary gland development associated with reduced proliferation. In contrast, on a p27 heterozygote background, MMTV-trBrca1 mice showed an increase in S phase cells, and normal mammary development. p27 was the only protein in the cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase network to show altered expression, suggesting that it may be a central mediator of cell cycle arrest in response to loss of function of BRCA1. Furthermore, in human mammary epithelial MCF7 cells expressing BRCA1-specific RNAi and in the BRCA1-deficient human tumor cell line HCC1937, p27 is elevated at the mRNA level compared to cells expressing wild-type BRCA1. We hypothesize that disruption of BRCA1 induces an increase in p27 that inhibits proliferation. Accordingly, reduction in p27 expression leads to enhancement of cellular proliferation in the absence of BRCA1.

Freshwater to seawater acclimation of juvenile bull sharks ( Carcharhinus leucas): plasma osmolytes and Na +/K +-ATPase activity in gill, rectal gland, kidney and intestine

This study examined the osmoregulatory status of the euryhaline elasmobranch Carcharhinus leucas acclimated to freshwater (FW) and seawater ( SW). Juvenile C. leucas captured in FW ( 3 mOsm l(-1) kg(-1)) were acclimated to SW ( 980 - 1,000 mOsm l(-1) kg(-1)) over 16 days. A FW group was maintained in captivity over a similar time period. In FW, bull sharks were hyper-osmotic regulators, having a plasma osmolarity of 595 mOsm l(-1) kg(-1). In SW, bull sharks had significantly higher plasma osmolarities ( 940 mOsm l(-1) kg(-1)) than FW-acclimated animals and were slightly hypoosmotic to the environment. Plasma Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) concentrations were all significantly higher in bull sharks acclimated to SW, with urea and TMAO showing the greatest increase. Gill, rectal gland, kidney and intestinal tissue were taken from animals acclimated to FW and SW and analysed for maximal Na+/ K+-ATPase activity. Na+/ K+-ATPase activity in the gills and intestine was less than 1 mmol Pi mg(-1) protein h(-1) and there was no difference in activity between FW- and SW-acclimated animals. In contrast Na+/ K+-ATPase activity in the rectal gland and kidney were significantly higher than gill and intestine and showed significant differences between the FW- and SW-acclimated groups. In FW and SW, rectal gland Na+/ K+-ATPase activity was 5.6 +/- 0.8 and 9.2 +/- 0.6 mmol Pi mg(-1) protein h(-1), respectively. Na+/ K+-ATPase activity in the kidney of FW and SW acclimated animals was 8.4 +/- 1.1 and 3.3 +/- 1.1 Pi mg(-1) protein h(-1), respectively. Thus juvenile bull sharks have the osmoregulatory plasticity to acclimate to SW; their preference for the upper reaches of rivers where salinity is low is therefore likely to be for predator avoidance and/or increased food abundance rather than because of a physiological constraint.

Identification and analysis of venom gland-specific genes from the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and related species

Australian terrestrial elapid snakes contain amongst the most potently toxic venoms known. However, despite the well-documented clinical effects of snake bite, little research has focussed on individual venom components at the molecular level. To further characterise the components of Australian elapid venoms, a complementary (cDNA) microarray was produced from the venom gland of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and subsequently screened for venom gland-specific transcripts. A number of putative toxin genes were identified, including neurotoxins, phospholipases, a pseudechetoxin-like gene, a venom natriuretic peptide and a nerve growth factor together with other genes involved in cellular maintenance. Venom gland-specific components also included a calglandulin-like protein implicated in the secretion of toxins from the gland into the venom. These toxin transcripts were subsequently identified in seven other related snake species, producing a detailed comparative analysis at the cDNA and protein levels. This study represents the most detailed description to date of the cloning and characterisation of different genes associated with envenomation from Australian snakes.

A novel plant toxin, persin, with in vivo activity in the mammary gland, induces Bim-dependent apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Phytochemicals have provided an abundant and effective source of therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Here we describe the characterization of a novel plant toxin, persin, with in vivo activity in the mammary gland and a p53-, estrogen receptor-, and Bcl-2-independent mode of action. Persin was previously identified from avocado leaves as the toxic principle responsible for mammary gland-specific necrosis and apoptosis in lactating livestock. Here we used a lactating mouse model to confirm that persin has a similar cytotoxicity for the lactating mammary epithelium. Further in vitro studies in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines show that persin selectively induces a G(2)-M cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in sensitive cells. The latter is dependent on expression of the BH3-only protein Bim. Bim is a sensor of cytoskeletal integrity, and there is evidence that unique structure of the compound, persin could represent a novel class of microtubule-targeting agent with potential specificity for breast cancers.

Calcium transport and signaling in the mammary gland: Targets for breast cancer

The mammary gland is subjected to extensive calcium loads during lactation to support the requirements of milk calcium enrichment. Despite the indispensable nature of calcium homeostasis and signaling in regulating numerous biological functions, the mechanisms by which systemic calcium is transported into milk by the mammary gland are far from completely understood. Furthermore, the implications of calcium signaling in terms of reaulating proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in the breast are currently uncertain. Deregulation of calcium homeostasis and signaling is associated with mammary gland pathophysiology and as such, calcium transporters, channels and binding proteins represent potential drug targets for the treatment of breast cancer. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.