791 resultados para règles législatives
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This paper studies monetary policy in an economy where the central banker's preferences are asymmetric around optimal inflation. In particular, positive deviations from the optimum can be weighted more, or less, severely than negative deviations in the policy maker's loss function. It is shown that under asymmetric preferences, uncertainty can induce a prudent behavior on the part of the central banker. Since the prudence motive can be large enough to override the inflation bias, optimal monetary policy could be implemented even in the absence of rules, reputation, or contractual mechanisms. For certain parameter values, a deflationary bias can arise in equilibrium.
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We analyze collective choice procedures with respect to their rationalizability by means of profiles of individual preference orderings. A selection function is a generalization of a choice function where selected alternatives may depend on a reference (or status quo) alternative in addition to the set of feasible options. Given the number of agents n, a selection function satisfies efficient and non-deteriorating n-rationalizability if there exists a profile of n orderings on the universal set of alternatives such that the selected alternatives are (i) efficient for that profile, and (ii) at least as good as the reference option according to each individual preference. We analyze efficient and non-deteriorating collective choice in a general abstract framework and provide a characterization result given a universal set domain.
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In a linear production model, we characterize the class of efficient and strategy-proof allocation functions, and the class of efficient and coalition strategy-proof allocation functions. In the former class, requiring equal treatment of equals allows us to identify a unique allocation function. This function is also the unique member of the latter class which satisfies uniform treatment of uniforms.
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This paper studies the interdependence between fiscal and monetary policies, and their joint role in the determination of the price level. The government is characterized by a long-run fiscal policy rule whereby a given fraction of the outstanding debt, say d, is backed by the present discounted value of current and future primary surpluses. The remaining debt is backed by seigniorage revenue. The parameter d characterizes the interdependence between fiscal and monetary authorities. It is shown that in a standard monetary economy, this policy rule implies that the price level depends not only on the money stock, but also on the proportion of debt that is backed with money. Empirical estimates of d are obtained for OECD countries using data on nominal consumption, monetary base, and debt. Results indicate that debt plays only a minor role in the determination of the price level in these economies. Estimates of d correlate well with institutional measures of central bank independence.
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This paper derives optimal monetary policy rules in setups where certainty equivalence does not hold because either central bank preferences are not quadratic, and/or the aggregate supply relation is nonlinear. Analytical results show that these features lead to sign and size asymmetries, and nonlinearities in the policy rule. Reduced-form estimates indicate that US monetary policy can be characterized by a nonlinear policy rule after 1983, but not before 1979. This finding is consistent with the view that the Fed's inflation preferences during the Volcker-Greenspan regime differ considerably from the ones during the Burns-Miller regime.
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In the last decade, the potential macroeconomic effects of intermittent large adjustments in microeconomic decision variables such as prices, investment, consumption of durables or employment – a behavior which may be justified by the presence of kinked adjustment costs – have been studied in models where economic agents continuously observe the optimal level of their decision variable. In this paper, we develop a simple model which introduces infrequent information in a kinked adjustment cost model by assuming that agents do not observe continuously the frictionless optimal level of the control variable. Periodic releases of macroeconomic statistics or dividend announcements are examples of such infrequent information arrivals. We first solve for the optimal individual decision rule, that is found to be both state and time dependent. We then develop an aggregation framework to study the macroeconomic implications of such optimal individual decision rules. Our model has the distinct characteristic that a vast number of agents tend to act together, and more so when uncertainty is large. The average effect of an aggregate shock is inversely related to its size and to aggregate uncertainty. We show that these results differ substantially from the ones obtained with full information adjustment cost models.
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Illustré par une photographie de Daniel Margueron
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L’analyse économique du droit met au jour, en faisant appel à des concepts empruntés à la science économique, une rationalité sous-jacente des règles juridiques et les principaux effets prévisibles de leur changement. Elle propose une lecture des règles juridiques qui les juge par leurs effets incitatifs et par les changements de comportement des citoyens en réponse à ces incitations. Elle fournit des éléments pour un jugement éclairé sur les institutions juridiques et sur des réformes proposées. Elle est, de ce fait, un outil précieux pour le législateur et le juge ainsi que pour la doctrine, qu'elle rappelle à sa mission noble de mettre en lumière des fondements du droit et de montrer la voie des adaptations aux réalités nouvelles. En même temps, elle offre aux économistes un outil pour appréhender le droit.
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Présentation donnée le 17 mai 2007 aux professeurs de la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Montréal.
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Un résumé en anglais est également disponible.
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Article publié avec l'autorisation de la Chambre des notaires du Québec et dans le cadre des cours de perfectionnement du notariat.
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Contrairement à ce qui s’est produit dans les colonies espagnoles, en Nouvelle-Fance, les Français ont privilégié le maintien de relations pacifiques avec les peuples autochtones. Même si les représentants de la couronne sont autorisés à les assujettir par la force, très rapidement, le roi exige le respect des traités conclus avec eux. Ces alliances constituent d’ailleurs la première étape d’un processus de sédentarisation et de conversion qui doit, dans l’esprit des autorités, culminer par l’assujettissement des Autochtones à la couronne. Pour l’heure, au début du XVIIe siècle, ils sont considérés comme des alliés vivant selon leurs propres coutumes. C’est pourquoi Champlain doit renoncer à appliquer le droit français dans les cas où un Français a été tué par un Autochtone, alors qu’il n’envisage même pas d’imposer ces règles quand les protagonistes sont tous autochtones.
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Article également disponible sur http://www.ircm.qc.ca/bioethique/obsgenetique
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This paper is an examination of the Supreme Court of Canada's interpretation of federalism since constitutional repatriation in 1982. It argues that the lure of centralist efficiency is overpowering a fundamentally important part of our federal order: regionalism. The author contends that changes made by the Court to certain fundamental concepts of Canadian constitutional law now provide Parliament with greater latitude than before in the exercise of its legislative powers. According to the author, these changes are disturbing because they are structured so as to preclude consideration of the legitimate concerns of regional polities. Furthermore, he argues that the Court has reinforced the central government's power to regulate the economy, including intraprovincial matters affecting trade, by resorting to highly functional tests that emphasize economic efficiency over other criteria. This, he claims, makes it more difficult to invoke legitimate regional interests that would lead to duplication, overlapping and even, in the eyes of some, inefficiency. The author the focuses on the Court's treatment of environmental protection in an attempt to show the tension between the Court's desire to use a functional approach and the need to recognize regional interests. Finally, through an examination of recent case law, he attemps to demonstrate that the Court's dominant perspective remains functional despite its endorsement of a more community-oriented undestanding of federalism in Secession Reference. If the Court chooses to proceed in this manner, it will alienate regional polities and may encourage them to choose more radical means of asserting their differences. Further, the author argues that strict adherence to the functional effectiveness approach will undermine the very values that federalism is meant to promote.
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La vie en société s’organise autour de systèmes structurants : politique, économique, juridique, religieux, etc. En démocratie, le droit a pour mission essentielle d’assurer la paix, la stabilité et la sécurité ; pour ce faire, il tend à rendre toute chose prévisible, en normalisant les comportements, en uniformisant les règles. Ainsi, les rapports privés s’incarneront dans la fixité et la linéarité autour d’une figure relationnelle unique, le duo. La mouvance sociale, l’effervescence économique semblent faire fi de ce moule trop contraignant. Les acteurs s’inscrivent dans la pluralité et tissent des rapports densément enchevêtrés. Selon la théorie juridique classique, le droit doit alors adopter une stratégie de simplification : fragmenter les situations, circonscrire des espaces clos autour de la cellule nucléaire d’origine, en chasser ceux qu’il perçoit comme des parasites. La tactique consiste à se donner une structure binaire, à opposer par exemple les parties aux tiers. L’auteure soutient que la seule présence des tiers, identifiés juridiquement à des étrangers, constitue la marque indélébile du bouillonnement communicationnel. Que le droit refuse d’en rendre compte expressément dévoile l’artificialité de sa construction.