Le Parti Québécois, entre participation et centralisation : institutionnalisation d’une culture politique à travers les congrès de 1968 à 1984.

L’histoire des partis politiques canadiens et québécois semble avoir peu intéressé les historiens. En conséquence, la vie de ces organisations politiques complexes échappe encore à ce jour aux connaissances de la science historique. L’évolution de l’histoire politique, autrefois généralement axée presqu’exclusivement sur les grands hommes d’État, ouvre toutefois de nouvelles perspectives pour aborder ces organisations et c’est à travers la perspective de la culture politique que nous avons abordé le Parti Québécois, en nous intéressant plus particulièrement aux différentes luttes internes pour le contrôle de son orientation. Pour cibler cette culture politique, nous nous sommes attardés principalement au déroulement des neufs congrès nationaux prenant place sous le mandat de René Lévesque à la tête du parti, soit de 1968 à 1985. Nous abordons à travers cette étude l’évolution du rôle des militants, du programme, des structures, ainsi que la dynamique entre les principaux organes qui dirigent le parti (conseil exécutif, conseil national, aile parlementaire). Nous suggérons que malgré les apparences que lui confèrent ses statuts novateurs et démocratiques lors de sa fondation en 1968, le Parti Québécois n’a jamais réellement été ce qu’une partie de ses fondateurs et adhérents auraient souhaité. Nos conclusions tendent à démontrer que le parti n’a jamais été le regroupement démocratique et dirigé largement par ses membres que plusieurs ont essayé de créer initialement, mais que ses dirigeants, au contraire, ont tenté constamment à travers le temps de contrôler l’enthousiasme de ses membres, de contenir leurs « déviations » idéologiques en plus d’aller parfois contre leurs convictions, pourtant ratifiées par des congrès démocratiques. Il va sans dire également que René Lévesque a joué un rôle important dans cette opposition constante et parfois paradoxale, entre la base et le sommet du parti.

Blastocoel collapse associated with melatonin in the culture media improves bovine embryo viability after vitrification.

2016

The representation of the northeastern migrant: interstices and culture in the figure of Francisco da Silva in "Liberdade", by Ruth Laus

It serves as the object of analysis of this article the representation of the northeastern migrant in the figure of the male character Francisco da Silva, protagonist of the short story "Liberdade", by Ruth Laus, as a fictional character who lives "in an interrogatory, interstitial space between the act of representation [...] and the presence of community itself" (Bhabha, 1998, p. 22) where he comes to enter and to settle. Chico, as he is known, embarks on a crowded truck, and his fate, like that of many other migrants, is the Southeast region of Brazil, where, between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, he chooses the sea. To the same extent, beyond the concept(s) of culture(s), and the need to (re)think the concept of [cultural] human community - here adding the cultural term to the proposal of Bhabha (1998), as a way of thinking about the role of the individual - are taken and analyzed, also, the cultural identity concepts based on the difference itself. It is thought in what way, then, and through what imposing character, the wealth and the values ​​of the Northeast, although managed to be spread on national home soil, yet not are conspicuous by their guarantee of permanence of its inhabitants in their homeland.  

Skill development for innovative procurement environments in construction

The construction industry should be a priority to all governments because it impacts economically and socially on all citizens. Sector turnover in industrialised economies typically averages 8-12% of GDP. Further, construction is critical to economic growth. Recent Australian studies estimate that a 10% gain in efficiency in construction translates to a 2.5% increase in GDP Inefficiencies in the Australian construction industry have been identified by a number of recent studies modelling the building process. They have identified potential savings in time of between 25% and 40% by reducing non-value added steps in the process. A culture of reform is now emerging in the industry – one in which alternate forms of project delivery are being trialed. Government and industry have identified Alliance Contracting as a means to increase efficiency in the construction industry as part of a new innovative procurement environment. Alliance contracting requires parties to form relationships and work cooperatively to provide a more complete service. This is a significant cultural change for the construction industry, with its well-known adversarial record in traditional contracting. Alliance contracts offer enormous potential benefits, but the Australian construction industry needs to develop new skills to effectively participate in the new relationship environment. This paper describes a collaborative project identifying skill needs for clients and construction professionals to more effectively participate in an increasingly sophisticated international procurement environment. The aim of identifying these skill needs is to assist industry, government, and skill developers to prepare the Australian construction workforce for the future. The collaborating Australian team has been fortunate to secure the Australian National Museum in Canberra as its live case study. The Acton Peninsula Development is the first major building development in the world awarded on the basis of a joint alliance contract.