Produção de matéria seca e de grãos por plantas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivadas em solos tratados com metais pesados

This work aimed at evaluating the contents of extractable Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu with a solution of DTPA (diethyleneaminopentacetic acid) and to relate them with the production of dry material and grain production of bean plants under two conditions of experimentally contaminated soil materials with Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn: (i) samples of distrofic red latosol and (ii) humic yellow-red latosol. A decrease in the yield of dry matter was observed for all treatments, if compared with the zero-dose control sample; the grain yield was affected for the soil samples treated with Cd and Cu but only slightly for those treated with Pb and Zn.

Determinação voltamétrica de ciclamato de sódio em produtos dietéticos empregando um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro

The use of square-wave voltammetry in conjunction with a cathodically pre-treated diamond electrode for the analytical determination of sodium cyclamate is described. The samples were analyzed as received in a 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 solution in the concentration range from 5.0 × 10-5 mol L-1 to 4.1 × 10-4 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 4.8 × 10-6 mol L-1. The RSD was smaller than 1.2 % and the proposed method was applied with success in the determination of sodium cyclamate in several dietary products.

Preparação e caracterização espectroscópica de complexos de boro: uma proposta para uma prática integrada de química inorgânica

As a proposal for an undergraduate second or third year inorganic laboratory course, the present paper describes the preparation of three representative boron complexes: potassium tetrafluoroborate, pyridoxin boron complex and potassium bis(oxalato)borate. The complexes are characterised by infrared and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H, 11B and 19F) where isotopic effects are demonstrated.

Potencialidades do uso de ultrassom na determinação do pesticida carbaril empregando eletrodos de diamante

The potentiality of the use of ultrasound radiation in association with a boron-doped diamond electrode was evaluated on the voltammetric determination of the pesticide carbaryl. Improvements in the sensitivity, limit of detection and reproducibility of the measurements were observed due to both, the enhancement of mass transport and the cleaning of the electrode surface provided by ultrasound. Satisfactory recovery levels for carbaryl in pure water (96-98%) and pineapple juice (89-92%) for quiescent and sonovoltammetric methodologies were obtained. These methodologies can be alternative tools for the analyses of pesticides in fruit samples, mainly the insonated condition that improve the analytical performance and dispense intermediary cleanings of the electrode surface.

Degradação eletroquímica da vinhaça usando eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro

The degradation of vinasses in aqueous solution from ethanol industry has been investigated by electrochemical oxidation using a boron doped diamond electrode (BDD). Samples of vinasses were electrolyzed in medium of (0.1 mol L-1) Na2SO4 solutions at controlled potentials of +2.4, +3.0 and +4.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and exhibited considerable reduction of total organic carbon. The cyclic voltammetry studies indicate that the vinasses are oxidized irreversibly over the BDD at 2.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in diffusion controlled process. From the experimental results it is clear that the BDD electrode can be a valuable tool to the electrochemical degradation of vinasses in practical applications

Influência do eletrólito na eletrodeposição de nanopartículas de Cu sobre eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro

This paper presents the electrolyte influence on deposition and dissolution processes of Cu nanoparticles on boron doped diamond electrodes (BDD). Morphological, structural and electrochemical analysis showed BDD films with good reproducibility, quality and reversible in a specific redox system. Electrodeposition of Cu nanoparticles on DDB electrodes in three different solutions was influenced by pH and ionic strength of the electrolytic medium. Analyzing the process as function of the scan rate, it was verified a better efficiency in 0,5 mol L-1 Na2SO4 solution. Under the influence of the pH and ionic strength, Cu nanoparticles on DDB may be obtained with different morphologies and it was important for defining the desired properties.

Os semimetais na origem e evolução da vida

Metalloids have characteristics between metals and non-metals which give them, in some cases, specific properties. At least two of this chemical elements, boron and silicon, are essential to a significant number of living organisms and since some years ago it has been observed that the same metalloids may be involved in the synthesis and stabilization of some molecules relevant to the origin of life.

Distribution of chemical compartments of soil organic matter and c stocks of a cambisol from south Brazil as affected by Pinus afforestation

Distribution and stocks of soil organic matter (SOM) compartments after Pinus monoculture introduction in a native pasture area of a Cambisol, Santa Catarina, Brazil, were investigated. Pinus introduction increased soil acidity, content of exchangeable Al+3 and diminished soil nutrients. Nevertheless, soil C stock increased in all humic fractions of the 0-5 cm layer after Pinus afforestation. In the subsurface, the vegetation change only promoted SOM redistribution from the NaOH-extractable humic substances to a less hydrophobic humin fraction. Under Pinus, soil organo-mineral interactions were relevant up to a 15 cm depth, while in pasture environment, this mechanism occurred mainly in the surface layer.

Classificação de resíduos de madeira tratada com preservativos à base de arseniato de cobre cromatado e de boro/flúor

Classification of waste wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and boron/fluorine preservatives, according to NBR 10004, was investigated. The leaching test (ABNT NBR 10005) for As and Cr, and solubilization test (ABNT NBR 10006) for F, were applied to out-of-service wooden poles. Concentrations of As and Cr in leachates were determined by ICP-MS and of F by ESI. Values for As were higher than 1 mg L-1 classifying the waste as hazardous material (Class I) whereas values for F (> 1.5 mg L-1) were non-hazardous but indicated non-inert material (Class IIA).

Determinação rápida de hidroquinona usando análise por injeção em batelada (BIA) com detecção amperométrica

A fast analytical method for determination of hydroquinone in pharmaceutical formulations employing batch injection analysis (BIA) with amperometric detection using a boron-doped diamond electrode is described. The supporting electrolyte was a 0.1 mol L-1 H2SO4 solution (the single reagent used for analysis). The method showed good repeatability (RSD of 0.45%, n=20), wide linear range (from 10 to 2000 µmol L-1, R=0.9999), low detection limit (0.016 µmol L-1) and satisfactory recovery values (91-96%). Accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparative analyses using high-performance liquid-chromatography. The ability to replace the electronic pipette by disposable syringes (injection procedure) in BIA systems was also shown.

Determinação de nimesulida por análise por injeção em fluxo com detecção amperométrica de múltiplos pulsos

A simple and fast method for the determination of nimesulide (NI) using flow injection analysis with multiple-pulse amperometric (FIA-MPA) detection at a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was developed. The method was based mainly on the application of a four-potential waveform, E1(det) = -0.8 V / 30 ms, E2(det) = 0.6 V / 30 ms, E3(det) = -0.4 V / 30 ms and E4(cleaning) = -0.45 V / 300 ms versus Ag/AgCl (3.0 mol L-1 KCl). NI was detected at three different electrode potentials, at which the nitro group undergoes different redox reactions. The proposed method was selective and sensitive (detection limit of 81.0 nmol L-1), and successfully applied for the determination of NI in pharmaceutical formulations, yielding similar results to those obtained by the reference method.

Solo contaminado com cádmio: extratibilidade do metal e cinética química de degradação da matéria orgânica de torta de filtro

The chemical kinetics of sugarcane filter cake (FC) organic matter degradation at rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 t ha-1) in non-contaminated and different degrees of cadmium-contaminated Oxisol (0.19, 28, 56, 112 and 200 mg Cd kg-1) and DTPA-extractable Cd was studied. FC degradation was determined by quantifying CO2 emitted from soil samples during 72 days of incubation. DTPA-extractable Cd was performed after the incubation period. FC degradation was described by a two-stage equation of chemical kinetics. FC degradation rates were between 15 and 33%. Total CO2 emitted from FC declined with increasing degree in Cd-contamination and the DTPA-extractable Cd declined with FC rates.

Determinação voltamétrica de amitriptilina em formulações farmacêuticas com eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro explorando medidas em meio ácido

A simple and reliable voltammetric method is presented for the determination of amitriptyline using a boron-doped diamond electrode in 0.1 mol L-1 sulfuric acid solution as the support electrolyte. Under optimized differential pulse voltammetry conditions (modulation time 5 ms, scan rate 70 mV s-1, and pulse amplitude 120 mV), the electrode provides linear responses to amitriptyline in the concentration range 1.05 to 92.60 µmol L-1 and at a detection limit of 0.52 µmol L-1. The proposed method was successfully applied in pharmaceutical formulations, with results similar to those obtained using UV-vis spectrophotometric method as reference (at 95% confidence level), as recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia.

MCR-ALS APLICADO NO MONITORAMENTO QUANTITATIVO DO PROCESSO DE ELETRODEGRADAÇÃO DA ATRAZINA USANDO ESPECTROS UV: RESULTADOS COMPARATIVOS COM HPLC-DAD COMO UM MÉTODO DE REFERÊNCIA

Electrodegradation of atrazine in water was performed using homemade (PA and PB) and purchased (PC) boron-doped diamond anodes. The degradation was monitored off-line by analyzing total organic carbon and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and at-line by UV spectroscopy. The spectra were recorded every 2 min. The rank deficiency problem was resolved by assembling an augmented column-wise matrix. HPLC was employed to separate the original and byproducts degradation components. Aiming the same goal, multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied to resolve the UV spectroscopic data. Comparison between HPLC and MCR-ALS separations is presented. By using MCR-ALS the spectra of atrazine and two byproducts were successfully resolved and the resulted concentration profiles properly represented the system studied. The ALS explained variance (R2) for PA, PB and PC was equal to 99.99% for all of them and the lack of fit for PA, PB and PC were 0.39, 0.34 and 0.54 respectively. The correlation (R) between the recovered and pure spectra were calculate for each electrodegradation, validating the MCR-ALS results. The average R was equal to 0.997. The spectral and concentration profiles described with this new approach are in agreement with HPLC-DAD results. The proposed method is an alternative to classical analyses for monitoring of the degradation process, mainly due to the simplicity, fast results and economy.

USO DO PLANEJAMENTO EXPERIMENTAL PARA OTIMIZAÇÃO DE UM PROCEDIMENTO VOLTAMÉTRICO PARA DETERMINAÇÃO SIMULTÂNEA DAS CONCENTRAÇÕES DOS METAIS Zn, Cd, Pb E Cu LIVRES EM ÁGUA DE COCO

Optimization of the main parameters of SWASV using boron-doped diamond electrode was described for the simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu free in coconut water. The values of electroanalytical parameters studied were optimized with the factorial design and center composite design. The optimized parameters for the preconcentration of metals were -1.50 V for potential, and 240 s for deposition time. For SWV, the optimized value was 11.56 mV for step potential. In addition, frequency and pulse height were defined at 100 Hz and 55 mV, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of the supporting electrolyte (acetate buffer, pH 4.7) was optimized in 0.206 mol L-1. The optimized procedure was applied in two samples of coconut water: natural and processed. The limits of detection (LOD) obtained for Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu were 7.2; 4.4; 3.3 and 1.5 µg L-1, respectively. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were not detected. On the other hand, the values found for the concentrations of Zn and Cu were: < LOD (29 µg L-1) and (6.8 ± 0.9) µg L-1 for the natural sample; and (85.8 ± 4.2) µg L-1 and (7.7 ± 0.6) µg L-1 for the processed sample, respectively.