DNA-Mediated Charge Transport Devices for Protein Detection

Detection of biologically relevant targets, including small molecules, proteins, DNA, and RNA, is vital for fundamental research as well as clinical diagnostics. Sensors with biological elements provide a natural foundation for such devices because of the inherent recognition capabilities of biomolecules. Electrochemical DNA platforms are simple, sensitive, and do not require complex target labeling or expensive instrumentation. Sensitivity and specificity are added to DNA electrochemical platforms when the physical properties of DNA are harnessed. The inherent structure of DNA, with its stacked core of aromatic bases, enables DNA to act as a wire via DNA-mediated charge transport (DNA CT). DNA CT is not only robust over long molecular distances of at least 34 nm, but is also especially sensitive to anything that perturbs proper base stacking, including DNA mismatches, lesions, or DNA-binding proteins that distort the π-stack. Electrochemical sensors based on DNA CT have previously been used for single-nucleotide polymorphism detection, hybridization assays, and DNA-binding protein detection. Here, improvements to (i) the structure of DNA monolayers and (ii) the signal amplification with DNA CT platforms for improved sensitivity and detection are described.

First, improvements to the control over DNA monolayer formation are reported through the incorporation of copper-free click chemistry into DNA monolayer assembly. As opposed to conventional film formation involving the self-assembly of thiolated DNA, copper-free click chemistry enables DNA to be tethered to a pre-formed mixed alkylthiol monolayer. The total amount of DNA in the final film is directly related to the amount of azide in the underlying alkylthiol monolayer. DNA monolayers formed with this technique are significantly more homogeneous and lower density, with a larger amount of individual helices exposed to the analyte solution. With these improved monolayers, significantly more sensitive detection of the transcription factor TATA binding protein (TBP) is achieved.

Using low-density DNA monolayers, two-electrode DNA arrays were designed and fabricated to enable the placement of multiple DNA sequences onto a single underlying electrode. To pattern DNA onto the primary electrode surface of these arrays, a copper precatalyst for click chemistry was electrochemically activated at the secondary electrode. The location of the secondary electrode relative to the primary electrode enabled the patterning of up to four sequences of DNA onto a single electrode surface. As opposed to conventional electrochemical readout from the primary, DNA-modified electrode, a secondary microelectrode, coupled with electrocatalytic signal amplification, enables more sensitive detection with spatial resolution on the DNA array electrode surface. Using this two-electrode platform, arrays have been formed that facilitate differentiation between well-matched and mismatched sequences, detection of transcription factors, and sequence-selective DNA hybridization, all with the incorporation of internal controls.

For effective clinical detection, the two working electrode platform was multiplexed to contain two complementary arrays, each with fifteen electrodes. This platform, coupled with low density DNA monolayers and electrocatalysis with readout from a secondary electrode, enabled even more sensitive detection from especially small volumes (4 μL per well). This multiplexed platform has enabled the simultaneous detection of two transcription factors, TBP and CopG, with surface dissociation constants comparable to their solution dissociation constants.

With the sensitivity and selectivity obtained from the multiplexed, two working electrode array, an electrochemical signal-on assay for activity of the human methyltransferase DNMT1 was incorporated. DNMT1 is the most abundant human methyltransferase, and its aberrant methylation has been linked to the development of cancer. However, current methods to monitor methyltransferase activity are either ineffective with crude samples or are impractical to develop for clinical applications due to a reliance on radioactivity. Electrochemical detection of methyltransferase activity, in contrast, circumvents these issues. The signal-on detection assay translates methylation events into electrochemical signals via a methylation-specific restriction enzyme. Using the two working electrode platform combined with this assay, DNMT1 activity from tumor and healthy adjacent tissue lysate were evaluated. Our electrochemical measurements revealed significant differences in methyltransferase activity between tumor tissue and healthy adjacent tissue.

As differential activity was observed between colorectal tumor tissue and healthy adjacent tissue, ten tumor sets were subsequently analyzed for DNMT1 activity both electrochemically and by tritium incorporation. These results were compared to expression levels of DNMT1, measured by qPCR, and total DNMT1 protein content, measured by Western blot. The only trend detected was that hyperactivity was observed in the tumor samples as compared to the healthy adjacent tissue when measured electrochemically. These advances in DNA CT-based platforms have propelled this class of sensors from the purely academic realm into the realm of clinically relevant detection.

Polimorfismo genético de citocinas na população do Rio de Janeiro

Citocinas são moléculas que controlam e modulam a atividade de numerosas células por se ligarem a seus receptores específicos. As diferenças observadas na produção de citocinas entre indivíduos podem ser, pelo menos em parte, explicadas pelos polimorfismos genéticos como o polimorfismo de um único nucleotídeo (SNP). Em 181 indivíduos saudáveis não-aparentados da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (região Sudeste - Brasil), nós analisamos os polimorfismos de citocinas em genes que codificam para Fator de Necrose Tumoral-alfa (TNF-a), Fator de Crescimento Transformante-beta (TGF-b), Interleucina-10, Interleucina-6 e Interferon-gama (IFN-g). Reação em cadeia da polimerase utilizando-se iniciadores sequencia-específicos foi realizada com auxílio do kit comercial CytGen (One Lambda Inc. Canoga Park, CA, USA). Ao todo, 8 polimorfismos foram analisados: TNF-a (-308G/A); TGF-b (códon 10C/T, códon 25C/G); IL-10 (-1082A/G, -819T/C, -592A/C); IL-6 (-174C/G) e IFN-g (+874T/A). Os dados observados foram comparados a três grupos de população de diferentes regiões do Brasil (São Paulo, Paraná e Bahia) e a três populações de outros continentes (Itália, Eslováquia e Negros Norte-Americanos). O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as comparações. Nossa análise da população do Rio de Janeiro mostrou que os as freqüências alélicas em IL-10, IL-6 e IFN-g são desigualmente distribuídos entre Brancos, Mulatos e Negros (p<0,05). A comparação com populações de outras regiões do Brasil revelou que Rio de Janeiro e Bahia possuem freqüências alélicas e genotípicas de TGF-b (códon 25) estatisticamente diferentes (p=0,004 e p=0,002, respectivamente). Ainda, a freqüência alélica na população do Rio de Janeiro é significativamente diferente quando comparada à população da Itália [IL-6 (-174), p=0,0092; e IFN-g (+874) p=0,0418)]; Eslováquia [IL-10(-1082), p=0,006; IL-6(-174), p=0,0002; e IFN-g(+874), p=0,0335]; e Afro-Americanos [IL-10(-819), p=0,0446; IL-6(-174), p<0,0001; e IFN-g(+874), p<0,0001]. Adicionalmente, observamos que a diferença na distribuição dos haplótipos em IL-10 (-1082/-819/-592) na população do Rio de Janeiro em comparação com a da Itália (p=0,0293) e Afro-Americanos (p=0,0025) é significativa. Portanto, concluímos que os polimorfismos em IL-10, IL-6 e IFN-g estão distribuídos de acordo com a etnia na população do Rio de Janeiro. A população do Rio de Janeiro possui freqüências de polimorfismos diferentes das populações de Bahia, Itália, Eslováquia e Afro-Americanos, mas semelhantes à população de São Paulo/Paraná. Nossas observações poderão ser úteis para futuros estudos e associação entre polimorfismos genéticos de citocinas e doenças na população do Rio de Janeiro.

Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-Fc1 Association with Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are repetitive sequences derived from ancestral germ-line infections by exogenous retroviruses and different HERV families have been integrated in the genome. HERV-Fc1 in chromosome X has been previously associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Northern European populations. Additionally, HERV-Fc1 RNA levels of expression have been found increased in plasma of MS patients with active disease. Considering the North-South latitude gradient in MS prevalence, we aimed to evaluate the role of HERV-Fc1on MS risk in three independent Spanish cohorts. Methods: A single nucleotide polymorphism near HERV-Fc1, rs391745, was genotyped by Taqman chemistry in a total of 2473 MS patients and 3031 ethnically matched controls, consecutively recruited from: Northern (569 patients and 980 controls), Central (883 patients and 692 controls) and Southern (1021 patients and 1359 controls) Spain. Our results were pooled in a meta-analysis with previously published data. Results: Significant associations of the HERV-Fc1 polymorphism with MS were observed in two Spanish cohorts and the combined meta-analysis with previous data yielded a significant association [rs391745 C-allele carriers: p(M-H) = 0.0005; ORM-H (95% CI) = 1.27 (1.11-1.45)]. Concordantly to previous findings, when the analysis was restricted to relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS samples, a slight enhancement in the strength of the association was observed [p(M-H) = 0.0003, ORM-H (95% CI) = 1.32 (1.14-1.53)]. Conclusion: Association of the HERV-Fc1 polymorphism rs391745 with bout-onset MS susceptibility was confirmed in Southern European cohorts.

Influência do polimorfismo genético de citocinas na hepatite C crônica em uma população do Rio de Janeiro

A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC) é uma das mais comuns infecções ao redor do mundo. Aproximadamente, 20% dos pacientes infectados eliminam espontaneamente o vírus, porém a maioria dos indivíduos infectados desenvolve infecção crônica com amplo espectro de lesões hepáticas, desde inflamação leve até cirrose. A resposta imune do hospedeiro exerce grande influência sobre o desfecho da infecção pelo VHC. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a influência dos polimorfismos genéticos de citocinas na susceptibilidade ou persistência da infecção por VHC e no clareamento espontâneo em uma amostra de pacientes da população do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Os polimorfismos genéticos das citocinas TNFA (-308), TGFB1 (codon 10 e 25), IL10 (-1082, -592), IL6 (-174) e IFNG (+874) foram analisados por PCR-SSP em 245 pacientes com hepatite C crônica (HCC), 41 pacientes que alcançaram o clareamento viral espontâneo e 189 indivíduos controle saudáveis. Além disso, os polimorfismos próximos ao gene da citocina IL28B (rs12979860, rs12980275 e rs8099917) foram analisados por PCR em tempo real em todos os grupos. O grau de fibrose e inflamação, a resposta ao tratamento e o genótipo do vírus também foram levados em consideração quanto ao desfecho da HCC Os genótipos IL28B rs12979860 CC e CT e rs12980275 AA e AG foram significativamente associados ao clareamento espontâneo e à resposta à terapia anti-viral. Da mesma forma, o alelo C (rs12979860) e o alelo A (rs12980275) foram significativamente maior no grupo Clareamento. O alelo C de IL6 (-174) foi associado com o Clareamento. Nenhuma associação entre as demais citocinas e o desfecho da HCC foi encontrada. O Genótipo TNFA (-308) GG parece estar associado com menor grau de inflamação. Além disso, a etnia auto declarada influencia a distribuição dos polimorfismos em IL6 (-174) e IL28B rs12979860 e rs8099917. Nossas observações indicam que os polimorfismos próximos ao gene da IL28B estão associados com o clareamento viral e resposta ao tratamento na população do Rio de Janeiro. Além disso, nossos resultados podem ser úteis para futuras investigações entre os polimorfismos de citocinas e a infecção por VHC numa população heterogênea como a Brasileira.

The Genomes of Oryza sativa: A history of duplications

We report improved whole-genome shotgun sequences for the genomes of indica and japonica rice, both with multimegabase contiguity, or almost 1,000-fold improvement over the drafts of 2002. Tested against a nonredundant collection of 19,079 full-length cDNAs, 97.7% of the genes are aligned, without fragmentation, to the mapped superscaffolds of one or the other genome. We introduce a gene identification procedure for plants that does not rely on similarity to known genes to remove erroneous predictions resulting from transposable elements. Using the available EST data to adjust for residual errors in the predictions, the estimated gene count is at least 38,000 - 40,000. Only 2% - 3% of the genes are unique to any one subspecies, comparable to the amount of sequence that might still be missing. Despite this lack of variation in gene content, there is enormous variation in the intergenic regions. At least a quarter of the two sequences could not be aligned, and where they could be aligned, single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP) rates varied from as little as 3.0 SNP/kb in the coding regions to 27.6 SNP/kb in the transposable elements. A more inclusive new approach for analyzing duplication history is introduced here. It reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication, a recent segmental duplication on Chromosomes 11 and 12, and massive ongoing individual gene duplications. We find 18 distinct pairs of duplicated segments that cover 65.7% of the genome; 17 of these pairs date back to a common time before the divergence of the grasses. More important, ongoing individual gene duplications provide a never-ending source of raw material for gene genesis and are major contributors to the differences between members of the grass family.

空间搭载水稻种子后代基因组多态性及其与空间重离子辐射关系的探讨

神舟三号飞船搭载带核径迹辐射探测器的水稻种子装置,回收后应用随机扩增多态性DNA(randomamplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)技术,分析了201粒升空种子长出植株的基因组多态性。在检测的189个基因座位范围内,30.2%的植株中发现与地面对照不同的扩增带,单株的多态性座位数为1￣25。特异扩增带的测序及单核苷酸多态性(single-nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)分析进一步证明了空间搭载水稻种子确实可导致当代植株基因组发生变异。同一技术分析个别种子连续世代的基因组多态性,结果显示,当代的部分多态性可遗传至后代。7粒受空间高原子序数、高能粒子轰击的种子,在当代植株均显示不同程度的基因组多态性,从胚受粒子击中的3粒种子后代中,筛选出农艺性状明显变异的突变株系,初步暗示了空间高能重离子辐射对诱导基因组的多态性,乃至遗传性表型变异的有效性。

Applications of homemade kit in mutation detection of genes

Several methods of mutation detection, such as single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), tandem SSCP/heteroduplex analysis and SNaPshot analysis were developed using homemade kit on ABI 310 genetic analyzer, and were successfully applied to mutation detection of 31 colorectal tumor samples. The sieving capability of homemade kit and commercial kit were compared, results demonstrate that homemade kit has higher resolution and shorter analysis time. In clinical tumor samples, 26% K-ras (exon 1) and 24% p53 (exons 7-8) were found to have mutations, and all mutations were single point variations. A majority of mutations occurred in one gene, only 1 tumor contained alterations in the two genes, which indicates that development of colorectal cancer lies on alternate pathways, and may correlate with different gene mutations.

Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009

This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Chromosomal localization and molecular marker development of the lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan binding protein gene in the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri (Jones et Preston) (Pectinoida, Pectinidae)

Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri(Jones et Preston) is an economically important species in China. Understanding its immune system would be of great help in controlling diseases. In the present study, an important immunity-related gene, the Lipopolysaccharide and Beta-1,3-glucan Binding Protein (LGBP) gene, was located on C. farreri chromosomes by mapping several lgbp-containing BAC clones through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Through the localization of various BAC clones, it was shown that only one locus of this gene existed in the genome of C. farreri, and that this was located on the long arm of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Molecular markers, consisting of eight single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) markers and one insertion-deletion (indel), were developed from the LGBP gene. Indel marker testing in an F1 family revealed slightly distorted segregation (p = 0.0472). These markers can be used to map the LGBP gene to the linkage map and assign the linkage group to the corresponding chromosome. Segregation distortion of the indel marker indicated genes with deleterious alleles might exist in the surrounding region of the LGBP gene.

皱纹盘鲍基因组单核苷酸多态标记开发与应用

本研究利用皱纹盘鲍的EST序列进行单核苷酸多态（SNP）标记开发；对等位基因特异性PCR（AS-PCR）方法进行了优化，使之适合SNP基因型分析；对一个作图家系开发基因相关SNP标记，并对标记在子代个体中的分离情况进行了分析，探讨了借助SNP在遗传连锁图谱上定位功能基因的方法。 对大约5800条EST序列进行拼接，共获得含有4条以上序列的contig 150个，在86个含有单碱基突变位点的contigs中发现SNP 302个，碱基置换类型A/G（C/T）、A/C（G/T）、A/T、C/G的位点数目分别为147、90、21、16个。50个contigs在BLASTx分析后具有匹配（E值小于1E-5），其中的220个SNPs全部为同义cSNPs，位于遗传密码子的第三简并位。粗略估算，皱纹盘鲍核基因组中SNP的平均分布密度不低于1%。 通过扩增DNA pool后产物直接测序共验证了28个SNP。PCR直接测序法操作简单，结果可靠，一次测序可能验证多个位点，有时还可以发现新的突变位点。通过重点研究引物3’端不同错配对PCR扩增的影响，对AS-PCR的引物设计原则及反应条件进行了探讨及优化，发现在AS引物的3’端倒数第二位引入额外的强错配后，AS-PCR检测SNP的特异性会得到很大的提高，从而使AS-PCR可以满足小规模的SNP基因型分析。 根据EST-contig或者单一的EST序列设计PCR引物74组，其中43组可以特异扩增皱纹盘鲍基因组DNA。用这些引物扩增一个作图家系的父母本，并对PCR产物纯化后分别进行双向直接测序，在18个基因片段中发现了86个SNP，其中82个是新SNP，并且绝大多数SNP位于内含子序列中。这些SNP在父母本中的基因型，在多数情形下，是一方为纯合（AA），而另一方为杂合（AB）；父母本均为杂合和均为纯合的形式则较少。在父母本中杂合形式的SNP位点，理论上可以在子代中发生分离。 在每个基因的内含子中选择父母本基因型为AA×AB或者AB×AA的SNP位点，设计AS-PCR分型引物并检测123个子代个体的基因型。在对9个基因中的11个SNP位点（包括5个母本标记和6个父本标记）进行子代基因型分析后发现，2个位点不符合孟德尔1：1分离（P < 0.05），符合预期分离比率的9个位点存在较大可能定位于遗传连锁图谱。通过分析两组父母本标记（F142和M142，F459和M459）发现，在根据父母本序列设计SNP分型引物时，可以设计指向同一基因的成对的父母本标记，从而使两个单亲标记可作为一个共同标记使用。

Host determinants of HIV-1 control in African Americans.

We performed a whole-genome association study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) set point among a cohort of African Americans (n = 515), and an intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the HLA-B gene showed one of the strongest associations. We use a subset of patients to demonstrate that this SNP reflects the effect of the HLA-B*5703 allele, which shows a genome-wide statistically significant association with viral load set point (P = 5.6 x 10(-10)). These analyses therefore confirm a member of the HLA-B*57 group of alleles as the most important common variant that influences viral load variation in African Americans, which is consistent with what has been observed for individuals of European ancestry, among whom the most important common variant is HLA-B*5701.

High-throughput isolation and mapping of C. elegans mutants susceptible to pathogen infection.

We present a novel strategy that uses high-throughput methods of isolating and mapping C. elegans mutants susceptible to pathogen infection. We show that C. elegans mutants that exhibit an enhanced pathogen accumulation (epa) phenotype can be rapidly identified and isolated using a sorting system that allows automation of the analysis, sorting, and dispensing of C. elegans by measuring fluorescent bacteria inside the animals. Furthermore, we validate the use of Amplifluor as a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping technique in C. elegans. We show that a set of 9 SNPs allows the linkage of C. elegans mutants to a 5-8 megabase sub-chromosomal region.

BAYESIAN MODEL SEARCH AND MULTILEVEL INFERENCE FOR SNP ASSOCIATION STUDIES.

Technological advances in genotyping have given rise to hypothesis-based association studies of increasing scope. As a result, the scientific hypotheses addressed by these studies have become more complex and more difficult to address using existing analytic methodologies. Obstacles to analysis include inference in the face of multiple comparisons, complications arising from correlations among the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), choice of their genetic parametrization and missing data. In this paper we present an efficient Bayesian model search strategy that searches over the space of genetic markers and their genetic parametrization. The resulting method for Multilevel Inference of SNP Associations, MISA, allows computation of multilevel posterior probabilities and Bayes factors at the global, gene and SNP level, with the prior distribution on SNP inclusion in the model providing an intrinsic multiplicity correction. We use simulated data sets to characterize MISA's statistical power, and show that MISA has higher power to detect association than standard procedures. Using data from the North Carolina Ovarian Cancer Study (NCOCS), MISA identifies variants that were not identified by standard methods and have been externally "validated" in independent studies. We examine sensitivity of the NCOCS results to prior choice and method for imputing missing data. MISA is available in an R package on CRAN.

Can Genetics Predict Response to Complex Behavioral Interventions? Evidence from a Genetic Analysis of the Fast Track Randomized Control Trial.

Early interventions are a preferred method for addressing behavioral problems in high-risk children, but often have only modest effects. Identifying sources of variation in intervention effects can suggest means to improve efficiency. One potential source of such variation is the genome. We conducted a genetic analysis of the Fast Track randomized control trial, a 10-year-long intervention to prevent high-risk kindergarteners from developing adult externalizing problems including substance abuse and antisocial behavior. We tested whether variants of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 were associated with differences in response to the Fast Track intervention. We found that in European-American children, a variant of NR3C1 identified by the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs10482672 was associated with increased risk for externalizing psychopathology in control group children and decreased risk for externalizing psychopathology in intervention group children. Variation in NR3C1 measured in this study was not associated with differential intervention response in African-American children. We discuss implications for efforts to prevent externalizing problems in high-risk children and for public policy in the genomic era.

Predictive Modeling of Loss-of-Heterozygosity Events in Yeast

During mitotic cell cycles, DNA experiences many types of endogenous and exogenous damaging agents that could potentially cause double strand breaks (DSB). In S. cerevisiae, DSBs are primarily repaired by mitotic recombination and as a result, could lead to loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH). Genetic recombination can happen in both meiosis and mitosis. While genome-wide distribution of meiotic recombination events has been intensively studied, mitotic recombination events have not been mapped unbiasedly throughout the genome until recently. Methods for selecting mitotic crossovers and mapping the positions of crossovers have recently been developed in our lab. Our current approach uses a diploid yeast strain that is heterozygous for about 55,000 SNPs, and employs SNP-Microarrays to map LOH events throughout the genome. These methods allow us to examine selected crossovers and unselected mitotic recombination events (crossover, noncrossover and BIR) at about 1 kb resolution across the genome. Using this method, we generated maps of spontaneous and UV-induced LOH events. In this study, we explore machine learning and variable selection techniques to build a predictive model for where the LOH events occur in the genome.

Randomly from the yeast genome, we simulated control tracts resembling the LOH tracts in terms of tract lengths and locations with respect to single-nucleotide-polymorphism positions. We then extracted roughly 1,100 features such as base compositions, histone modifications, presence of tandem repeats etc. and train classifiers to distinguish control tracts and LOH tracts. We found interesting features of good predictive values. We also found that with the current repertoire of features, the prediction is generally better for spontaneous LOH events than UV-induced LOH events.