The MacBride principles : survey of U.S. companies in Northern Ireland and analysis of the investments of Illinois public pension systems in those companies : final report.

"October 1989."

Economic law enforcement : final report /

"EPA-901/9-76-003A-(b)

Implementation in Colorado of the Immigration Reform and Control Act : a preliminary review /

"A summary report, January 1989."

Amendment of the national emergency with respect to Zimbabwe : message from the President of the United States transmitting notification that the national emergency blocking the property of persons undermining democratic processes or institutions in Zimbabwe on March 6, 2003, by Executive Order 13288, is amended to extend the authority for blocking property and interests in property.

"December 6, 2005."

Public report of review : NAO submission #940001 and NAO submission #940002.

"October 12, 1994."

Public report of review : NAO submission #940003.

"April 11, 1995."

DOT penalty actions resulting from violations of hazardous materials regulations.

"July 1986"--P. [1].

Por causa do Reino dos C��us Uma leitura de g��nero de Mateus 19,1-12 e 5,27-32

H�� no Evangelho de Mateus material suficiente para se chegar ao discipulado de iguais porque seu conte��do reflete uma pr��tica igualit��ria de Jesus em rela����o ��s mulheres. Nesta tese tal pr��tica pode ser verificada atrav��s da investiga����o de duas per��copes nas quais Jesus advoga a causa das mulheres discutindo o direito masculino do div��rcio e o adult��rio: 19,1-12 e 5,27-32. No debate sobre a justa causa para se despedir a mulher, Jesus declara que a volta �� cria����o original n��o mais concede tal prerrogativa aos homens. Essa discuss��o ocorre em terreno legal e isso se evidencia pelo termo aitia, cujo significado demonstra que na demanda do div��rcio a lei concede ao homem o benef��cio de encontrar um motivo para acusa����o. Jesus, por sua vez, declara que pela sua lei todo motivo e acusa����o contra a mulher se transforma em motivo e acusa����o contra o pr��prio homem diante de Deus. O sil��ncio dos fariseus comprova que os argumentos de Jesus s��o irrefut��veis, mas o protesto dos seus disc��pulos revela que n��o lhes agrada a igualdade social entre os sexos. A resposta final e definitiva de Jesus encontra-se em Mt 19,10 onde pelo uso da met��fora eunuco ele encerra o debate dizendo que somente podem aceitar a sua causa os que abra��arem a causa do Reino dos C��us. Os temas div��rcio e adult��rio permitem estender a discuss��o para o matrim��nio que �� a rela����o social e legal que fundamenta tais pr��ticas, e buscar na Antig��idade as leis e costumes que regiam a vida sexual das mulheres naquele tempo, considerando os ambientes mais relevantes em rela����o ao mundo b��blico: o mundo greco-romano e o oriente pr��ximo no per��odo entre os s��culos IV a.C. e IV d.C. para que, atrav��s da pesquisa sobre matrim��nio, div��rcio, adult��rio, dote, rep��dio e outras san����es relativas �� vida sexual das mulheres, se possa chegar aos mecanismos culturais da educa����o capazes de levar as mulheres �� cumplicidade ou �� resist��ncia aos seus pap��is sociais. Essa pesquisa se encerra com uma aprecia����o da hist��ria da ren��ncia sexual nos contextos judaico e crist��o para projetar o ambiente e o horizonte s��cio-religioso que foram palcos da recep����o e transmiss��o de Mt 5,27-32 e Mt 19,1-12, de modo a demonstrar que os argumentos mis��ginos que se tornaram inerentes �� interpreta����o desses textos s��o o resultado de uma mentalidade sexista que n��o corresponde �� cr��tica liter��ria do evangelho.(AU)

Acumulai Tesouros no C��u: estudo da linguagem econ��mica do evangelho de Mateus

A partir da an��lise exeg��tica de Mateus 6.19-21, este trabalho aborda as diferen��as s��cio-econ��micas que existiram entre o grupo que deu origem ao evangelho de Mateus e aquele que gerou a vers��o primitiva deste pequeno texto no evangelho Q. Nesta investiga����o procuramos por peculiaridades mateanas, que servem especialmente para a reconstru����o de um grupo judaico-crist��o que existiu numa zona urbana da Galil��ia nas ��ltimas d��cadas do s��culo I. A escolha de Mateus 6.19-21, que faz parte de um agrupamento de textos diversos que juntos formam uma esp��cie de estatuto econ��mico do grupo em Mt 6.19-34, nos conduzir�� �� conclus��o de que diante de san����es s��cio-econ��micas duramente impostas pelos judeus n��o crist��os que consideravam o grupo mateano her��tico , a tradi����o que privilegia a pobreza, t��pica dos profetas itinerantes do movimento de Jesus, �� relida pelo evangelho de Mateus para incentivar a caridade ilimitada tamb��m entre os membros do grupo mateano.

Examining a key aspect of agency-to-business relationships:the effects of regulatory control on the satisfaction of regulated firms

This paper studies an overlooked, but highly important relationship, the relationship that exists between regulatory agencies (e.g., the EPA, OSHA, and the FDA) and the for-profit businesses they attempt to govern. Drawing on business-to-business control and satisfaction research, a framework is developed to understand how regulatory control influences the satisfaction levels of customer firms. Regulatory control is disaggregated into four distinct facets: the controlling agency, the rules and regulations of control, the processes used by the agency to apply the regulations, and sanctions. Each facet is hypothesized to have an effect on satisfaction. A regulator's administration of state food safety regulations provides the empirical context for testing the hypotheses. Results from a survey of 173 restaurants provide empirical support for the conceptual model. Most importantly, the study finds that the informal control process increases customer satisfaction, while the formal control process decreases customer satisfaction. We discuss how these and other findings may contribute to more effective agency-to-business relationships and ongoing research.

Hierarchical control and performance regimes in local government

Purpose ��� The purpose of this paper is to consider hierarchical control as a mode of governance, and analyses the extent of control exhibited by central government over local government through the best value (BV) and comprehensive performance assessment (CPA) performance regimes. Design/methodology/approach ��� This paper utilises Ouchi's framework and, specifically, his articulation of bureaucratic or hierarchical control in the move towards achievement of organisational objectives. Hierarchical control may be inferred from the extent of ���command and control��� by Central Government, use of rewards and sanctions, and alignment to government priorities and discrimination of performance. Findings ��� CPA represents a more sophisticated performance regime than BV in the governance of local authorities by central government. In comparison to BV, CPA involved less scope for dialogue with local government prior to introduction, closer inspection of and direction of support toward poorer performing authorities, and more alignment to government priorities in the weightings attached to service blocks. Originality/value - The paper focuses upon the hierarchic/bureaucratic mode of governance as articulated by Ouchi and expands on this mode in order to analyse shifts in performance regimes in the public sector.

On the new economic philosophy of crisis management in the European Union

This essay attempts to go beyond presenting the bits and pieces of still ongoing crisis management in the EU. Instead it attempts at finding the ���red thread��� behind a series of politically improvised decisions. Our fundamental research question asks whether basic economic lessons learned in the 1970s are still valid. Namely, that a crises emanating from either structural or regulatory weaknesses cannot and should not be remedied by demand management. Our second research question is the following: Can lacking internal commitment and conviction in any member state be replaced or substituted by external pressure or formalized procedures and sanctions? Under those angles we analyze the project on establishing a fiscal and banking union in the EU, as approved by the Council in December 2012.

Retention and special education referral practices before and after the implementation of high -stakes testing

The rewards and sanctions associated with high-stakes testing may induce educators to participate in practices that will ensure the elimination of the scores of low-achieving students from the testing pool. Two ways in which scores may be eliminated is through retention or referral to special education. ^ This study examined the use of these practices at 179 elementary schools in Miami-Dade County Public Schools, the 4th largest school district in the country. Between- and within-subjects designs were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance to compare retention and referral to special education practices over a five-year period of time, two years prior to and two years after the implementation of Florida's high-stakes test, the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test, FCAT. ^ Significant main effects for referral and retention over time were demonstrated. The use of retention steadily increased over the first three years, with its usage maintained during the fourth year. While the use of referral actually decreased from the first to second years, a significant change occurred after the implementation of the FCAT. ^ Examination of the use of these practices according to student and school characteristics revealed significant differences. Increases in the use of referral across time was significant for Black, non-Hispanic and Hispanic students, all limited English proficiency population categories, medium and low socioeconomic status category schools, all grade levels, and for schools with accountability grades of A. C, D and F with the most striking absolute increase occurring for F schools. Increases in the use of retention across time were significant for all ethnic groups, limited English proficiency categories, and socioeconomic status categories, for grades kindergarten through four and by gender. Significant increases occurred for schools with accountability performance grades of C, D and F; however the most dramatic increase occurred for the F schools. A direct relationship between performance category grade of school and their use of retention was demonstrated. The results suggest that schools changed their use of referral and retention in response to the implementation of the FCAT. ^

Retention and special education referral practices before and after the implementation of high-stakes testing

The rewards and sanctions associated with high-stakes testing may induce educators to participate in practices that will ensure the elimination of the scores of low-achieving students from the testing pool. Two ways in which scores may be eliminated is through retention or referral to special education. This study examined the use of these practices at 179 elementary schools in Miami-Dade County Public Schools, the 4th largest school district in the country. Between- and within-subjects designs were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance to compare retention and referral to special education practices over a five-year period of time, two years prior to and two years after the implementation of Florida's high-stakes test, the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test, FCAT. Significant main effects for referral and retention over time were demonstrated. The use of retention steadily increased over the first three years, with its usage maintained during the fourth year. While the use of referral actually decreased from the first to second years, a significant change occurred after the implementation of the FCAT. Examination of the use of these practices according to student and school characteristics revealed significant differences. Increases in the use of referral across time was significant for Black, non-Hispanic and Hispanic students, all limited English proficiency population categories, medium and low socioeconomic status category schools, all grade levels, and for schools with accountability grades of A, C, D and F with the most striking absolute increase occurring for F schools. Increases in the use of retention across time were significant for all ethnic groups, limited English proficiency categories, and socioeconomic status categories, for grades kindergarten through four and by gender. Significant increases occurred for schools with accountability performance grades of C, D and F; however the most dramatic increase occurred for the F schools. A direct relationship between performance category grade of school and their use of retention was demonstrated. The results suggest that schools changed their use of referral and retention in response to the implementation of the FCAT.

On the Regulation of Small Actors: Three Experimental Essays about Policies based on Voluntary Compliance and Decentralized Monitoring

<p>Monitoring and enforcement are perhaps the biggest challenges in the design and implementation of environmental policies in developing countries where the actions of many small informal actors cause significant impacts on the ecosystem services and where the transaction costs for the state to regulate them could be enormous. This dissertation studies the potential of innovative institutions based on decentralized coordination and enforcement to induce better environmental outcomes. Such policies have in common that the state plays the role of providing the incentives for organization but the process of compliance happens through decentralized agreements, trust building, signaling and monitoring. I draw from the literatures in collective action, common-pool resources, game-theory and non-point source pollution to develop the instruments proposed here. To test the different conditions in which such policies could be implemented I designed two field-experiments that I conducted with small-scale gold miners in the Colombian Pacific and with users and providers of ecosystem services in the states of Veracruz, Quintana Roo and Yucatan in Mexico. This dissertation is organized in three essays. </p><p>The first essay, ���Collective Incentives for Cleaner Small-Scale Gold Mining on the Frontier: Experimental Tests of Compliance with Group Incentives given Limited State Monitoring���, examines whether collective incentives, i.e. incentives provided to a group conditional on collective compliance, could ���outsource��� the required local monitoring, i.e. induce group interactions that extend the reach of the state that can observe only aggregate consequences in the context of small-scale gold mining. I employed a framed field-lab experiment in which the miners make decisions regarding mining intensity. The state sets a collective target for an environmental outcome, verifies compliance and provides a group reward for compliance which is split equally among members. Since the target set by the state transforms the situation into a coordination game, outcomes depend on expectations of what others will do. I conducted this experiment with 640 participants in a mining region of the Colombian Pacific and I examine different levels of policy severity and their ordering. The findings of the experiment suggest that such instruments can induce compliance but this regulation involves tradeoffs. For most severe targets ��� with rewards just above costs ��� raise gains if successful but can collapse rapidly and completely. In terms of group interactions, better outcomes are found when severity initially is lower suggesting learning. </p><p>The second essay, ���Collective Compliance can be Efficient and Inequitable: Impacts of Leaders among Small-Scale Gold Miners in Colombia���, explores the channels through which communication help groups to coordinate in presence of collective incentives and whether the reached solutions are equitable or not. Also in the context of small-scale gold mining in the Colombian Pacific, I test the effect of communication in compliance with a collective environmental target. The results suggest that communication, as expected, helps to solve coordination challenges but still some groups reach agreements involving unequal outcomes. By examining the agreements that took place in each group, I observe that the main coordination mechanism was the presence of leaders that help other group members to clarify the situation. Interestingly, leaders not only helped groups to reach efficiency but also played a key role in equity by defining how the costs of compliance would be distributed among group members. </p><p>The third essay, ���Creating Local PES Institutions and Increasing Impacts of PES in Mexico: A real-Time Watershed-Level Framed Field Experiment on Coordination and Conditionality���, considers the creation of a local payments for ecosystem services (PES) mechanism as an assurance game that requires the coordination between two groups of participants: upstream and downstream. Based on this assurance interaction, I explore the effect of allowing peer-sanctions on upstream behavior in the functioning of the mechanism. This field-lab experiment was implemented in three real cases of the Mexican Fondos Concurrentes (matching funds) program in the states of Veracruz, Quintana Roo and Yucatan, where 240 real users and 240 real providers of hydrological services were recruited and interacted with each other in real time. The experimental results suggest that initial trust-game behaviors align with participants��� perceptions and predicts baseline giving in assurance game. For upstream providers, i.e. those who get sanctioned, the threat and the use of sanctions increase contributions. Downstream users contribute less when offered the option to sanction ��� as if that option signal an uncooperative upstream ��� then the contributions rise in line with the complementarity in payments of the assurance game.</p>