Effect of self assembly on the nonlinear optical characteristics of ZnO thin films

In the present work, we report the third order nonlinear optical properties of ZnO thin films deposited using self assembly, sol gel process as well as pulsed laser ablation by z scan technique. ZnO thin films clearly exhibit a negative nonlinear index of refraction at 532 nm and the observed nonlinear refraction is attributed to two photon absorption followed by free carrier absorption. Although the absolute nonlinear values for these films are comparable, there is a change in the sign of the absorptive nonlinearity of the films. The films developed by dip coating and pulsed laser ablation exhibit reverse saturable absorption whereas the self assembled film exhibits saturable absorption. These different nonlinear characteristics in the self assembled films can be mainly attributed to the saturation of linear absorption of the ZnO defect states.

Fabrication and Characterisation of Dye Doped Polymer Optical Fibres With Different Refractive Index Profiles for Photonic Applications

International School of Photonics, Cohin University of Science and Technology

Growth and characterisation of p-type delafossite transparent conducting thin films for heterojunction applications

In the present studies, various copper delafossite materials viz; CuAlO2, CuGaO2, CuFeO2 , CuGa1-xFexO2, CuYO2 and CuCaxY1-xO2 were synthesised by solid state reaction technique. These copper delafossite materials were grown in thin film form by rf magnetron sputtering technique. In general copper delafossites exhibit good optical transparency. The conductivity of the CuYO2 could be improved by Ca doping or by oxygen intercalation by annealing the film in oxygen atmosphere. It has so far been impossible to improve the p-type conductivity of CuGaO2 significantly by doping Mg or Ca on the Ga site. The ptype conductivity is presumed to be due to oxygen doping or Cu Vacancies [6]. Reports in literature show, oxygen intercalation or divalent ion doping on Ga site is not possible for CuGaO2 thin films to improve the p-type conductivity. Sintered powder and crystals of CuFeO2 have been reported as the materials having the highest p-type conductivity [14, 15] among the copper and silver delafossites. However the CuFeO2 films are found to be less transparent in the visible region compared to CuGaO2. Hence in the present work, the solid solution between the CuGaO2 and CuFeO2 was effected by solid state reaction, varying the Fe content. The CuGa1-xFexO2 with Fe content, x=0.5 shows an increase in conductivity by two orders, compared to CuGaO2 but the transparency is only about 50% in the visible region which is less than that of CuGaO2 The synthesis of α−AgGaO2 was carried out by two step process which involves the synthesis of β-AgGaO2 by ion exchange reaction followed by the hydrothermal conversion of the β-AgGaO2 into α-AgGaO2. The trace amount of Ag has been reduced substantially in the two step synthesis compared to the direct hydrothermal synthesis. Thin films of α-AgGaO2 were prepared on silicon and Al2O3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. These studies indicate the possibility of using this material as p-type material in thin film form for transparent electronics. The room temperature conductivity of α-AgGaO2 was measured as 3.17 x 10-4 Scm-1and the optical band gap was estimated as 4.12 eV. A transparent p-n junction thin film diode on glass substrate was fabricated using p-type α-AgGaO2 and n-ZnO.AgCoO2 thin films with 50% transparency in the visible region were deposited on single crystalline Al2O3 and amorphous silica substrates by RF magnetron sputtering and p type conductivity of AgCoO2 was demonstrated by fabricating transparent p-n junction diode with AgCoO2 as p-side and ZnO: Al as n-side using sputtering. The junction thus obtained was found to be rectifying with a forward to reverse current of about 10 at an applied voltage of 3 V.The present study shows that silver delafossite thin films with p-type conductivity can be used for the fabrication of active devices for transparent electronics applications.

Structural, electrical and electrochemical characterization of high frequency magnetron sputtered spinel oxide cathode films for lithium ion battery applications

The main challenges in the deposition of cathode materials in thin film form are the reproduction of stoichiometry close to the bulk material and attaining higher rates of deposition and excellent crystallinity at comparatively lower annealing temperatures. There are several methods available to develop stoichiometric thin film cathode materials including pulsed laser deposition; plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation, electrostatic spray deposition and RF magnetron sputtering. Among them the most versatile method is the sputtering technique, owing to its suitability for micro-fabricating the thin film batteries directly on chips in any shape or size, and on flexible substrates, with good capacity and cycle life. The main drawback of the conventional sputtering technique using RF frequency of 13.56MHz is its lower rate of deposition, compared to other deposition techniques A typical cathode layer for a thin film battery requires a thickness around one micron. To deposit such thick layers using convention RF sputtering, longer time of deposition is required, since the deposition rate is very low, which is typically 10-20 Å/min. This makes the conventional RF sputtering technique a less viable option for mass production in an economical way. There exists a host of theoretical and experimental evidences and results that higher excitation frequency can be efficiently used to deposit good quality films at higher deposition rates with glow discharge plasma. The effect of frequencies higher than the conventional one (13.56MHz) on the RF magnetron sputtering process has not been subjected to detailed investigations. Attempts have been made in the present work, to sputter deposit spinel oxide cathode films, using high frequency RF excitation source. Most importantly, the major challenge faced by the thin film battery based on the LiMn2O4 cathode material is the poor capacity retention during charge discharge cycling. The major causes for the capacity fading reported in LiMn2O4cathode materials are due to, Jahn-Teller distortion, Mn2+ dissolution into the electrolyte and oxygen loss in cathode material during cycling. The work discussed in this thesis is an attempt on overcoming the above said challenges and developing a high capacity thin film cathode material.

Towards Realization of Magnetocaloric and Magnetoelectric Applications based on Bulk and Thin film forms of Sodium substituted Lanthanum Manganites

The present thesis work focuses on hole doped lanthanum manganites and their thin film forms. Hole doped lanthanum manganites with higher substitutions of sodium are seldom reported in literature. Such high sodium substituted lanthanum manganites are synthesized and a detailed investigation on their structural and magnetic properties is carried out. Magnetic nature of these materials near room temperature is investigated explicitly. Magneto caloric application potential of these materials are also investigated. After a thorough investigation of the bulk samples, thin films of the bulk counterparts are also investigated. A magnetoelectric composite with ferroelectric and ferromagnetic components is developed using pulsed laser deposition and the variation in the magnetic and electric properties are investigated. It is established that such a composite could be realized as a potential field effect device. The central theme of this thesis is also on manganites and is with the twin objectives of a material study leading to the demonstration of a device. This is taken up for investigation. Sincere efforts are made to synthesize phase pure compounds. Their structural evaluation, compositional verification and evaluation of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties are also taken up. Thus the focus of this investigation is related to the investigation of a magnetoelectric and magnetocaloric application potentials of doped lanthanum manganites with sodium substitution. Bulk samples of sodium substituted lanthanum manganites. Bulk samples of sodium substituted lanthanum manganites with Na substitution ranging from 50 percent to 90 percent were synthesized using a modified citrate gel method and were found to be orthorhombic in structure belonging to a pbnm spacegroup. The variation in lattice parameters and unit cell volume with sodium concentration were also dealt with. Magnetic measurements revealed that magnetization decreased with increase in sodium concentrations.

Preparation and applications of periodical gold nanoparticle arrays

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung und Anwendungen von periodischen Goldnanopartikel-Arrays (PPAs), die mit Hilfe von Nanosphären-Lithografie hergestellt wurden. In Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Nanosphären-Größe wurden dabei entweder kleine dreieckige Nanopartikel (NP) (bei Verwendung von Nanosphären mit einem Durchmesser von 330 nm) oder große dreieckige NPD sowie leicht gestreckte NP (bei Verwendung von Nanosphären mit einem Durchmesser von 1390 nm) hergestellt. Die Charakterisierung der PPAs erfolgte mit Hilfe von Rasterkraftmikroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und optischer Spektroskopie. Die kleinen NP besitzen ein Achsverhältnis (AV) von 2,47 (Kantenlänge des NPs: (74+/-6) nm, Höhe: (30+/-4) nm. Die großen dreieckigen NP haben ein AV von 3 (Kantenlänge des NPs:(465+/-27) nm, Höhe: (1530+/-10) nm) und die leicht gestreckten NP (die aufgrund der Ausbildung von Doppelschichten ebenfalls auf der gleichen Probe erzeugt wurden) haben eine Länge von (364+/-16)nm, eine Breite von (150+/-20) nm und eine Höhe von (150+/-10)nm. Die optischen Eigenschaften dieser NP werden durch lokalisierte Oberflächenplasmon-Polariton Resonanzen (LPPRs) dominiert, d.h. von einem eingestrahlten elektromagnetischen Feld angeregte kollektive Schwingungen der Leitungsbandelektronen. In dieser Arbeit wurden drei signifikante Herausforderungen für Plasmonik-Anwendungen bearbeitet, welche die einzigartigen optischen Eigenschaften dieser NP ausnutzen. Erstens wurden Ergebnisse der selektiven und präzisen Größenmanipulation und damit einer Kontrolle der interpartikulären Abstände von den dreieckigen Goldnanopartikel mit Hilfe von ns-gepulstem Laserlicht präsentiert. Die verwendete Methode basiert hierbei auf der Größen- und Formabhängigkeit der LPPRs der NP. Zweitens wurde die sensorischen Fähigkeiten von Gold-NP ausgenutzt, um die Bildung von molekularen Drähten auf den PPAs durch schrittweise Zugabe von unterschiedlichen molekularen Spezies zu untersuchen. Hierbei wurde die Verschiebung der LSPPR in den optischen Spektren dazu ausgenutzt, die Bildung der Nanodrähte zu überwachen. Drittens wurden Experimente vorgestellt, die sich die lokale Feldverstärkung von NP zu nutze machen, um eine hochgeordnete Nanostrukturierung von Oberflächen mittels fs-gepulstem Laserlicht zu bewerkstelligen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass neben der verwendeten Fluenz die Polarisationsrichtung des eingestrahlten Laserlichts in Bezug zu der NP-Orientierung sowie die Größe der NP äußerst wichtige Parameter für die Nanostrukturierung darstellen. So konnten z.B. Nanolöcher erzeugt werden, die bei höheren Fluenzen zu Nanogräben und Nanokanälen zusammen wuchsen. Zusammengefasst lässt sich sagen, dass die in dieser Arbeit gewonnen Ergebnisse von enormer Wichtigkeit für weitere Anwendungen sind.

Bio-inspired autonomous visual vertical control of a quadrotor UAV

Near ground maneuvers, such as hover, approach and landing, are key elements of autonomy in unmanned aerial vehicles. Such maneuvers have been tackled conventionally by measuring or estimating the velocity and the height above the ground often using ultrasonic or laser range finders. Near ground maneuvers are naturally mastered by flying birds and insects as objects below may be of interest for food or shelter. These animals perform such maneuvers efficiently using only the available vision and vestibular sensory information. In this paper, the time-to-contact (Tau) theory, which conceptualizes the visual strategy with which many species are believed to approach objects, is presented as a solution for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) relative ground distance control. The paper shows how such an approach can be visually guided without knowledge of height and velocity relative to the ground. A control scheme that implements the Tau strategy is developed employing only visual information from a monocular camera and an inertial measurement unit. To achieve reliable visual information at a high rate, a novel filtering system is proposed to complement the control system. The proposed system is implemented on-board an experimental quadrotor UAV and shown not only to successfully land and approach ground, but also to enable the user to choose the dynamic characteristics of the approach. The methods presented in this paper are applicable to both aerial and space autonomous vehicles.

Bioinspired autonomous visual vertical control of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle

Near-ground maneuvers, such as hover, approach, and landing, are key elements of autonomy in unmanned aerial vehicles. Such maneuvers have been tackled conventionally by measuring or estimating the velocity and the height above the ground, often using ultrasonic or laser range finders. Near-ground maneuvers are naturally mastered by flying birds and insects because objects below may be of interest for food or shelter. These animals perform such maneuvers efficiently using only the available vision and vestibular sensory information. In this paper, the time-tocontact (tau) theory, which conceptualizes the visual strategy with which many species are believed to approach objects, is presented as a solution for relative ground distance control for unmanned aerial vehicles. The paper shows how such an approach can be visually guided without knowledge of height and velocity relative to the ground. A control scheme that implements the tau strategy is developed employing only visual information from a monocular camera and an inertial measurement unit. To achieve reliable visual information at a high rate, a novel filtering system is proposed to complement the control system. The proposed system is implemented onboard an experimental quadrotor unmannedaerial vehicle and is shown to not only successfully land and approach ground, but also to enable the user to choose the dynamic characteristics of the approach. The methods presented in this paper are applicable to both aerial and space autonomous vehicles.

All-optical switching device for infrared based on PbTe quantum dots

Multilayers of PbTe quantum dots embedded in SiO2 were fabricated by alternate use of Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) and Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) techniques. The morphological properties of the nanostructured material were studied by means of High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray Reflectometry (XRR) techniques. A preliminary analysis of the GISAXS spectra provided information about the multilayer periodicity and its relationship to the size of the deposited PbTe nanoparticles. Finally multilayers were fabricated inside a Fabry-Perot cavity. The device was characterized by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Transmittance measurements show the device functionality in the infrared region. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pressure-induced electrical and structural anomalies in Pb(1-x)Ca(x)TiO(3) thin films grown at various oxygen pressures by chemical solution route

Lead calcium titanate (Pb(1-x)Ca(x)TiO(3) or PCT) thin films have been thermally treated under different oxygen pressures, 10, 40 and 80 bar, by using the so-called chemical solution deposition method. The structural, morphological, dielectric and ferroelectric properties were characterized by x-ray diffraction, FT-infrared and Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and polarization-electric-field hysteresis loop measurements. By annealing at a controlled pressure of around 10 and 40 bar, well-crystallized PCT thin films were successfully prepared. For the sample submitted to 80 bar, the x-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed-infrared and Raman data indicated deviation from the tetragonal symmetry. The most interesting feature in the Raman spectra is the occurrence of intense vibrational modes at frequencies of around 747 and 820 cm(-1), whose presence depends strongly on the amount of the pyrochlore phase. In addition, the Raman spectrum indicates the presence of symmetry-breaking disorder, which would be expected for an amorphous (disorder) and mixed pyrochlore-perovskite phase. During the high-pressure annealing process, the crystallinity and the grain size of the annealed film decreased. This process effectively suppressed both the dielectric and ferroelectric behaviour. Ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurements performed on these PCT films exhibited a clear decrease in the remanent polarization with increasing oxygen pressure.

Influence of strains and defects on ferroelectric and dielectric properties of thin-film barium-strontium titanates

Pristine, W and Mn 1% doped Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3) epitaxial thin films grown on the LaAlO(3) substrate were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Dielectric and ferroelectric properties were determined by the capacitance measurements and X-ray diffraction was used to determine both residual elastic strains and defect-related inhomogeneous strains-by analyzing diffraction line shifts and line broadening, respectively. We found that both elastic and inhomogeneous strains are affected by doping. This strain correlates with the change in Curie-Weiss temperature and can qualitatively explain changes in dielectric loss. To explain the experimental findings, we model the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of interest in the framework of the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire thermodynamic theory. As expected, an, elastic-strain contribution due to the epilayer-substrate misfit has an important influence on the free-energy. However, additional terms that correspond to the defect-related inhomogeneous strain had to be introduced to fully explain the measurements.

Optical spectroscopy and frequency upconversion properties of Tm3+ doped tungstate fluorophosphate glasses

Tungstate fluorophosphate glasses of good optical quality were synthesized by fusion of the components and casting under air atmosphere. The absorption spectra from near-infrared to visible were obtained and the Judd-Ofelt parameters determined from the absorption bands. Transition probabilities, excited state lifetimes and transition branching ratios, were, determined from the measurements. Pumping with a 354.7 nm beam from a pulsed laser. resulted in emission at 450 nm. due to transition D-1(2)-->F-3(4) in Tm3+ ions and a broadband emission centered at approximate to 550 nm attributed to the glass matrix. When pumping at 650 nm, two emission bands at 450 nm (D-1(2)-->F-3(4)) and at 790 nm (H-3(4)-->H-3(6)) were observed. Excitation spectra were also obtained in order to understand the origin of both emissions. Theoretical and experimental lifetimes were determined and,the results were explained in terms of multiphonon relaxation. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.

Dye-sensitized solar cell architecture based on indium-tin oxide nanowires coated with titanium dioxide

A new architecture for dye-sensitized solar cells is employed, based on a nanostructured transparent conducting oxide protruding from the substrate, covered with a separate active oxide layer. The objective is to decrease electron-hole recombination. The concept was tested by growing branched indium-tin oxide nanowires on glass using pulsed laser deposition followed by deposition of a sputtered titanium dioxide layer covering the wires. The separation of charge generation and charge transport functions opens many possibilities for dye-sensitized solar cell optimization. (c) 2007 Acta Materialia. Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ferroelectric SBN thin films grown by an SBN/Bi2O3 PLD sequential process

Ferroelectric SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) thin films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) using a sequential deposition process from two SBN and Bi2O3 targets. This route allows for bismuth enrichment of the film composition in order to improve the ferroelectric characteristics. Structural and microstructural characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of films and targets was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The deposition temperature, which provided well-crystallized layered perovskite SBN phase films in situ, was found to be 700°C. The results were compared with those obtained for SBN films deposited at 400°C and then crystallized ex situ. For an ex situ annealing temperature of 750°C, a remanent polarization value (Pr) of 23.2 μc/cm2 and a coercive field (Ec) of 112 kV/cm were measured. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Energy transfer assisted frequency upconversion in Ho 3+ doped fluoroindate glass

Experimental results are reported which show a strong evidence of energy transfer between Ho 3+ ions in a fluoroindate glass excited by a pulsed laser operating at 640 nm. We identified the origin of the blue and green upconverted fluorescence observed as being due to a Ho 3+-Ho 3+ pair interaction process. The dynamics of the fluorescence revealed the pathways involved in the energy transfer assisted upconversion process. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.