693 resultados para Procesadores heterogéneos
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It is known that the head office world energetics is leaning in the fossil fuels. However, the world panorama is changing quickly, for linked reasons to three of the humanity's great concerns in that century beginning: environment, global economy and energy. The biodiesel production is based on the transesterificação of vegetable oils or animal fats, using catalysts homogeneous or heterogeneous. The process of heterogeneous transesterificação presents lower conversions in comparison with the homogeneous, however, it doesn't present corrosion problems and it reduces to the occurrence of parallel reactions as saponification. In this sense, this work has for purpose the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst, KNO3/Al2O3, that soon afterwards was used in the reaction of transesterificação of the oil of the Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). The solid materials (it supports and catalyst) they were analyzed by diffraction of ray-X (XRD) and electronic microscope of sweeping (MEV). After the analysis of Al2O3, a structure monophase amorphous tetragonal was verified, with characteristic patterns of that material, what could not be visualized in the difratograma of the catalyst. The biodiesel obtained with 4% wt. of KNO3/Al2O3 it was what obtained a better cinematic viscosity 8,3 mm2/s, comparing with the norms of ANP, and it also presented the best conversion tax in ethyl ésteres, in accordance with the quantitative measure starting from TG, that was of 60%. While the biodiesel with 6% wt. and with 8% wt. of KNO3/Al2O3 it was it that no transesterificou, because it was observed in the analysis termogravimétrica of those two materials, a single thermal event, that it corresponds the decomposition or volatilization of the triglycerides
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O recente interesse em se obter materiais nanoporosos funcionalizados para aplicações como calisadores heterogêneos e adsorção de CO2, tem aumentado no meio industrial e cientifico. Nesta última aplicação, a introdução de grupos aminas, como os presentes em quitosana, em materiais nanoporosos do tipo SBA-15 para gerar interações específicas com o CO2 tem ganhado importância. Assim, neste trabalho foram realizadas a síntese do SBA-15 e posterior impregnação da CS no suporte mesoporoso através do método de impregnação por via úmida. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por meio DRX, TG, DSC, MEV, FTIR e adsorção/dessorção de N2. Os resultados de DRX indicaram que a estrutura ordenada do suporte SBA-15 foi preservada após a impregnação e os cálculos mostraram que o diâmetro médio do poro e/ou a espessura média da parede (wt) foram alterados devido a introdução da quitosana nas amostras funcionalizadas. As curvas de TG e de DSC,corroboraram com os dados de DRX, indicando a presença da quitosana na estrutura mesoporosa do SBA-15, assim como as micrografias das amostras funcionalizadas, que possibilitou visualizar o estado de agregação do material obtido. As bandas características de absorção da CS na região IV foram identificadas e interpretadas nas amostras funcionalizadas confirmando as outras caracterizações. Foi visto também que a área superficial diminuiu nas amostras funcionalizadas, indicando a sucessiva incorporação do polímero no suporte mesoporoso. A energia de ativação do processo de degradação térmica da quitosana impregnada no suporte foi determinada por meio do método de cinética livre de Viazovkin e pelo método de Ozawa-Flay-Wall com os resultados indicando que o aumento da quitosana diminui em aproximadamente 10% a energia de ativação para sua degradação.
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The recent interest in obtaining functionalized nanoporous materials for applications such as heterogeneous catalysts and adsorption of CO2 has increased today. In the latter application, the introduction of amino groups such as present in the chitosan (CS), in the nanoporous materials like SBA-15 to generate specific interactions with CO2 has gained importance. In this work were performed to hydrothermal synthesis of SBA-15 and subsequent impregnation of the CS in the support mesoporous by the method of the wet impregnation. The materials were characterized by TG/DTG, DSC, XRD, SEM, FTIR and adsorption / desorption of N2. The XRD showed that the ordered structure of the support SBA-15 was preserved after the impregnation and calculations have shown that the average pore diameter (Dp) and / or the average wall thickness (wt) have been changed due to introduction of the CS in the samples functionalized. The curves of TG and DSC data corroborates the XRD, indicating the presence of CS in the nanoporous structure of SBA-15, as well as micrographs of samples, which allowed the display state of aggregation of the material obtained. The characteristics of bands absorption in the region of the CS in the FTIR were identified and interpreted in the samples functionalized, confirming the further characterization. Measurements showed that the BET surface area decreases in the functionalized samples, indicating the successive incorporation of the polymer in the nanoporous support. The activation energy apparent (Ea) for the process of thermal degradation of CS in the impregnated support was determined by the methods of kinetic freedom Vyazovkin and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall with the results indicating that the sample functionalized CS/SBA-15 2,5 % was decrease of the Ea in their degradation of about 10% compared to 1,0 % CS/SBA-15 sample
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To overcome the challenge of meeting growing energy demand in a sustainable way, biodiesel has shown very promising as alternative energy can replace fossil fuels, even partially. Industrially, the biodiesel is produced by homogeneous transesterification reaction of vegetable oils in the presence of basic species used as catalysts. However, this process is the need for purification of the esters obtained and the removal of glycerin formed after the reaction. This context, the alternative catalysts have that can improve the process of biodiesel production, aiming to reduce costs and facilitate its production. In this study, the AlSBA-15 support with Si / Al ratio = 50 was synthesized, as like as the heterogeneous catalysts of zinc oxide and magnesium supported on mesoporous AlSBA-15 silica, in the concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 30 %, relative to the support. The textural properties and structural characterization of catalysts and supports were determined by techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled to the chemical analyzer, adsorption / desorption of N2, thermal analysis (TG / DTG), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Characterization results indicated that the support AlSBA-15 retained the hexagonal ordered after the incorporation of zinc oxide and magnesium oxide in the holder. For heterogeneous catalysts, ZnO-AlSBA-15, that was observed the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed in the surface and interior channels of the mesoporous and microporous support. The catalytic activity was evaluated by the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil via methylic route, and some reaction parameters were optimized with the most active catalyst in biodiesel production by sunflower oil. For the series of heterogeneous catalysts, the sample with 30 % ZnO supported on AlSBA-15 showed a better conversion of triglyceride to methyl esters, about 95.41 % of reaction conditions: temperature 175 °C, with molar ratio of 42:1, stirring at 200 rpm and under a pressure of 14 bar for 6 h. The catalyst MgO-AlSBA-15 showed no catalytic activity in the studied reactions
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Multi-classifier systems, also known as ensembles, have been widely used to solve several problems, because they, often, present better performance than the individual classifiers that form these systems. But, in order to do so, it s necessary that the base classifiers to be as accurate as diverse among themselves this is also known as diversity/accuracy dilemma. Given its importance, some works have investigate the ensembles behavior in context of this dilemma. However, the majority of them address homogenous ensemble, i.e., ensembles composed only of the same type of classifiers. Thus, motivated by this limitation, this thesis, using genetic algorithms, performs a detailed study on the dilemma diversity/accuracy for heterogeneous ensembles
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The objective of the researches in artificial intelligence is to qualify the computer to execute functions that are performed by humans using knowledge and reasoning. This work was developed in the area of machine learning, that it s the study branch of artificial intelligence, being related to the project and development of algorithms and techniques capable to allow the computational learning. The objective of this work is analyzing a feature selection method for ensemble systems. The proposed method is inserted into the filter approach of feature selection method, it s using the variance and Spearman correlation to rank the feature and using the reward and punishment strategies to measure the feature importance for the identification of the classes. For each ensemble, several different configuration were used, which varied from hybrid (homogeneous) to non-hybrid (heterogeneous) structures of ensemble. They were submitted to five combining methods (voting, sum, sum weight, multiLayer Perceptron and naïve Bayes) which were applied in six distinct database (real and artificial). The classifiers applied during the experiments were k- nearest neighbor, multiLayer Perceptron, naïve Bayes and decision tree. Finally, the performance of ensemble was analyzed comparatively, using none feature selection method, using a filter approach (original) feature selection method and the proposed method. To do this comparison, a statistical test was applied, which demonstrate that there was a significant improvement in the precision of the ensembles
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Classifier ensembles are systems composed of a set of individual classifiers and a combination module, which is responsible for providing the final output of the system. In the design of these systems, diversity is considered as one of the main aspects to be taken into account since there is no gain in combining identical classification methods. The ideal situation is a set of individual classifiers with uncorrelated errors. In other words, the individual classifiers should be diverse among themselves. One way of increasing diversity is to provide different datasets (patterns and/or attributes) for the individual classifiers. The diversity is increased because the individual classifiers will perform the same task (classification of the same input patterns) but they will be built using different subsets of patterns and/or attributes. The majority of the papers using feature selection for ensembles address the homogenous structures of ensemble, i.e., ensembles composed only of the same type of classifiers. In this investigation, two approaches of genetic algorithms (single and multi-objective) will be used to guide the distribution of the features among the classifiers in the context of homogenous and heterogeneous ensembles. The experiments will be divided into two phases that use a filter approach of feature selection guided by genetic algorithm
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The main goal of this work is to investigate the suitability of applying cluster ensemble techniques (ensembles or committees) to gene expression data. More specifically, we will develop experiments with three diferent cluster ensembles methods, which have been used in many works in literature: coassociation matrix, relabeling and voting, and ensembles based on graph partitioning. The inputs for these methods will be the partitions generated by three clustering algorithms, representing diferent paradigms: kmeans, ExpectationMaximization (EM), and hierarchical method with average linkage. These algorithms have been widely applied to gene expression data. In general, the results obtained with our experiments indicate that the cluster ensemble methods present a better performance when compared to the individual techniques. This happens mainly for the heterogeneous ensembles, that is, ensembles built with base partitions generated with diferent clustering algorithms
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Web services are loosely coupled applications that use XML documents as a way of integrating distinct systems on the internet. Such documents are used by in standards such as SOAP, WSDL and UDDI which establish, respectively, integrated patterns for the representation of messages, description, and publication of services, thus facilitating the interoperability between heterogeneous systems. Often one single service does not meet the users needs, therefore new systems can be designed from the composition of two or more services. This which is the design goal behind the of the Service Oriented Architecture. Parallel to this scenario, we have the PEWS (Predicate Path-Expressions for Web Services) language, which speci es behavioural speci cations of composite web service interfaces.. The development of the PEWS language is divided into two parts: front-end and back-end. From a PEWS program, the front-end performs the lexical analysis, syntactic and semantic compositions and nally generate XML code. The function of the back-end is to execute the composition PEWS. This master's dissertation work aims to: (i) reformulate the proposed architecture for the runtime system of the language, (ii) Implement the back-end for PEWS by using .NET Framework tools to execute PEWS programs using the Windows Work ow Foundation
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OBJETIVO: revisar a literatura mais atual, dos últimos 15 anos, em busca de estudos clínicos que relatem a relação entre a disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) e o tratamento ortodôntico e/ou a má oclusão. A intenção foi verificar se o tratamento ortodôntico aumentaria o aparecimento de sinais e sintomas de DTM, e se o tratamento ortodôntico seria um recurso para o tratamento ou prevenção dos sinais e sintomas de DTM. MÉTODOS: artigos dos tipos revisão de literatura, editorial, carta, estudo experimental em animais e comunicação foram excluídos dessa revisão. Foram incluídos artigos prospectivos, longitudinais, caso-controle ou retrospectivo com amostra maior, com relevante análise estatística. Estudos que abordassem deformidades e síndromes craniofaciais e tratamento por cirurgia ortognática também foram excluídos, bem como aqueles que relatassem apenas a associação entre má oclusão e DTM. RESULTADOS: foram encontrados 20 artigos relacionando Ortodontia à DTM, segundo os critérios adotados. Os estudos, então, associando sinais e sintomas de DTM ao tratamento ortodôntico apresentaram resultados heterogêneos. Alguns encontraram efeitos positivos do tratamento ortodôntico para os sinais e sintomas de DTM; entretanto, nenhum deles apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÕES: todos os estudos citados nessa revisão de literatura relataram que o tratamento ortodôntico não forneceu risco ao desenvolvimento de sinais e sintomas de DTM, independentemente da técnica utilizada para tratamento, da exodontia ou não de pré-molares e do tipo de má oclusão previamente apresentada pelo paciente. Alguns estudos realizados com acompanhamento em longo prazo concluíram que o tratamento ortodôntico não seria preventivo ou uma modalidade de tratamento para DTM.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Incluye Bibliografía
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Un criterio comúnmente utilizado para clasificar países -empleado, inclusive, por los países donantes del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD) de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE)- es el que se basa en el ingreso per cápita como el principal factor para definir los grupos. Esta clasificación se relaciona con la idea de que los países deberían asumir la responsabilidad de su propio desarrollo luego de alcanzar un cierto nivel de ingresos (proceso denominado "graduación"). Sin embargo, el uso de límites arbitrarios de ingresos para definir categorías acarrea muchas consecuencias importantes. En primer lugar -sobre todo en el caso de los países que están cerca de la línea divisoria entre un grupo y otro-, la "graduación" se puede alcanzar simplemente debido a modificaciones marginales en las condiciones económicas, pero puede provocar cambios mayores en el área de la asistencia para el desarrollo, como la suma recibida por este concepto y las condiciones -la mayor o menor concesionalidad- en que esta se entrega. En segundo lugar, el proceso de ascender a una categoría de ingresos superior no es lineal, y muchas veces los países retroceden al estado anterior. Esto demuestra una vez más que el cambio de categoría puede no ser el resultado de transformaciones fundamentales en la realidad del desarrollo de los países, sino solo reflejar modificaciones marginales en las condiciones económicas. Finalmente, lo más importante es que el uso de límites de ingresos conduce a agrupar los países de un modo que no captura la compleja naturaleza del desarrollo y la diversidad de situaciones que existen en cada grupo y en cada miembro de esos grupos. En particular, los países de renta media considerados como un grupo constituyen un pilar fundamental de la economía mundial; representan una gran proporción de la actividad económica y el comercio, y son el hogar de la mayoría de la población del mundo y de la mayoría de los pobres del mundo. No obstante, si se observa más detenidamente a este grupo, llama la atención la heterogeneidad existente entre los países que lo componen. Al agrupar a los países según el nivel de ingresos, no se toma en cuenta el amplio rango de capacidades y necesidades diferentes que existen entre los países de renta media. En América Latina y el Caribe, casi el 90% de los países pertenecen a la categoría de renta media. Las diferencias de un país a otro se presentan en un amplio rango de variables, no solo relacionadas con el tamaño y la situación de la economía, sino también con la situación social y las condiciones estructurales vinculadas al potencial de desarrollo y al desempeño productivo. Sin embargo, los países donantes y los organismos multilaterales rara vez toman en cuenta esta amplia diversidad de capacidades y necesidades al establecer prioridades para la asignación de asistencia oficial para el desarrollo (AOD). La lógica seguida en las últimas décadas fue canalizar la mayor parte de la asistencia hacia los países de más bajos ingresos, incluidos los clasificados como países menos desarrollados, en detrimento de los países de renta media. Se presume que, dado que estos últimos tienen un ingreso medio más elevado, sus necesidades deben de ser menores. Para una región de renta media como América Latina y el Caribe, esto ha implicado que su participación en los flujos de asistencia para el desarrollo cayera desde un monto ya bajo (9%) en 1990 a uno todavía inferior (7%) en 2009, en contraste con África y Asia, que reciben la mayor proporción (un 37% y un 30%, respectivamente). Si bien es esperable que el sistema de cooperación internacional se centre en nivelar el campo de juego de las economías de bajos ingresos y reducir la brecha del desarrollo con respecto a los países más avanzados, su mandato no debería limitarse a este objetivo. El sistema de cooperación internacional debería buscar una respuesta integral y amplia para el problema del desarrollo que no solo se oriente a las necesidades de los países de bajos ingresos, sino que también considere las diversas necesidades y vulnerabilidades presentes en los países de renta media. Para que esto sea posible, es fundamental tener un conocimiento integral, en cada caso, de las áreas que presentan mayor necesidad y son más vulnerables, e identificar las principales brechas entre las necesidades y las posibilidades, de modo que la asistencia para el desarrollo pueda asignarse adecuadamente. Un paso crucial en esta dirección sería la revisión de los métodos utilizados para clasificar países y la sustitución de los criterios actuales (basados en los ingresos) por nuevos indicadores que sean más adecuados para esta clasificación. Estos nuevos indicadores deberían ser capaces de captar la naturaleza multifacética del problema del desarrollo y, por lo tanto, permitir la formación de grupos de países menos heterogéneos entre sí. Más específicamente, los indicadores deberían reflejar los desafíos estructurales y las áreas vulnerables existentes en los países de renta media y que no son captados por el criterio del ingreso per cápita. En el caso de los países de renta media de América Latina y el Caribe, estos desafíos de largo plazo y áreas vulnerables pueden resumirse en lo que la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) presentó como brechas clave que deben cerrarse para evitar caer en la "trampa de la renta media" y avanzar hacia un proceso de desarrollo sostenible y dinámico que tenga como eje central la equidad (CEPAL, 2010a). Estas son: la brecha del financiamiento, la brecha de la desigualdad y la protección social, la brecha del capital humano y la brecha de la productividad y la inversión. Además de elaborar mejores criterios para la asignación de AOD, la comunidad internacional debe persistir en la tarea de aumentar los recursos disponibles para el financiamiento para el desarrollo. El nivel actual de financiamiento otorgado a los países en desarrollo por medio de la AOD es claramente insuficiente y, por lo tanto, en ocasiones se aumenta la asistencia a ciertos países o regiones a expensas de otros -como los países de renta media- que también tienen importantes necesidades. A pesar de los esfuerzos por parte de los países donantes para elevar el monto de AOD, los niveles de asistencia en 2010 alcanzaron un promedio de apenas un 0,32% de su ingreso nacional bruto (INB), muy por debajo de la meta del 0,7% acordada internacionalmente. Asimismo, las finanzas públicas de muchos donantes se deterioraron sustancialmente como consecuencia de la crisis mundial, lo que hace menos probable el incremento de los niveles de asistencia. Dado que el escenario posterior a la crisis ha agregado nuevas áreas de vulnerabilidad a las que tradicionalmente enfrentan ciertos países en desarrollo, persistirá la tensión entre la escasez de recursos y las grandes necesidades. Por estos motivos, es de vital importancia que la comunidad internacional aúne sus fuerzas para encontrar formas innovadoras de movilizar recursos para el desarrollo que sean adicionales, y no sustitutos, de los flujos de AOD. Los países del norte y del sur se han unido en diferentes ocasiones para elaborar mecanismos de financiación innovadora para el desarrollo. Las propuestas abarcan desde impuestos globales específicos hasta mecanismos para facilitar las donaciones voluntarias privadas de un individuo a otro. Algunas de las propuestas ya se están llevando a cabo, y los resultados son alentadores. No obstante, aún queda mucho por hacer, por lo que la comunidad internacional debería emprender una seria labor en este sentido.
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Incluye Bibliografía
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Incluye Bibliografía