Bifunctional silica nanoparticles for the exploration of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Luminescent silica nanoparticles are frequently employed for biotechnology applications mainly because of their easy functionalization, photo-stability, and biocompatibility. Bifunctional silica nanoparticles (BSNPs) are described here as new efficient tools for investigating complex biological systems such as biofilms. Photoluminescence is brought about by the incorporation of a silylated ruthenium(II) complex. The surface properties of the silica particles were designed by reaction with amino-organosilanes, quaternary ammonium-organosilanes, carboxylate-organosilanes and hexamethyldisilazane. BSNPs were characterized extensively by DRIFT, 13C and 29Si solid state NMR, XPS, and photoluminescence. Zeta potential and contact angle measurements exhibited various surface properties (hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance and electric charge) according to the functional groups. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements showed that the spatial distribution of these nanoparticles inside a biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 depends more on their hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics than on their size. CLSM observations using two nanosized particles (25 and 68 nm) suggest that narrow diffusion paths exist through the extracellular polymeric substances matrix. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Comisión Económica para América Latina y la Segunda Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos (UNISPACE 82) = Economic Commission for Latin America and the Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE 82)

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Geologia, mineralogia e geoquímica dos fosfatos de Sapucaia (Bonito - PA)

O depósito mineral de Sapucaia, situado no município de Bonito, região nordeste do Estado do Pará, é parte de um conjunto de ocorrências de fosfatos de alumínio lateríticos localizados predominantemente ao longo da zona costeira dos estados do Pará e Maranhão. Estes depósitos foram alvos de estudo desde o início do século passado, quando as primeiras descrições de “bauxitas fosforosas” foram mencionadas na região NW do Maranhão. Nas últimas décadas, com o crescimento acentuado da demanda por produtos fertilizantes pelo mercado agrícola mundial, diversos projetos de exploração mineral foram iniciados ou tiveram seus recursos ampliados no território brasileiro, dentre estes destaca-se a viabilização econômica de depósitos de fosfatos aluminosos, como o de Sapucaia, que vem a ser o primeiro projeto econômico mineral de produção e comercialização de termofosfatos do Brasil. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo caracterizar a geologia, a constituição mineralógica e a geoquímica do perfil laterítico alumino-fosfático do morro Sapucaia. A macrorregião abrange terrenos dominados em sua maioria por rochas pré-cambrianas a paleozóicas, localmente definidas pela Formação Pirabas, Formação Barreiras, Latossolos e sedimentos recentes. A morfologia do depósito é caracterizada por um discreto morrote alongado que apresenta suaves e contínuos declives em suas bordas, e que tornam raras as exposições naturais dos horizontes do perfil laterítico. Desta forma, a metodologia aplicada para a caracterização do depósito tomou como base o programa de pesquisa geológica executada pela Fosfatar Mineração, até então detentora dos respectivos direitos minerais, onde foram disponibilizadas duas trincheiras e amostras de 8 testemunhos de sondagem. A amostragem limitou-se à extensão litológica do perfil laterítico, com a seleção de 44 amostras em intervalos médios de 1m, e que foram submetidas a uma rota de preparação e análise em laboratório. Em consonância com as demais ocorrências da região do Gurupi, os fosfatos de Sapucaia constituem um horizonte individualizado, de geometria predominantemente tabular, denominado simplesmente de horizonte de fosfatos de alumínio ou crosta aluminofosfática, que varia texturalmente de maciça a cavernosa, porosa a microporosa, que para o topo grada para uma crosta ferroalumino fosfática, tipo pele-de-onça, compacta a cavernosa, composta por nódulos de hematita e/ou goethita cimentados por fosfatos de alumínio, com características similares aos do horizonte de fosfatos subjacente. A crosta aluminofosfática, para a base do perfil, grada para um espesso horizonte argiloso caulinítico com níveis arenosos, que repousa sobre sedimentos heterolíticos intemperizados de granulação fina, aspecto argiloso, por vezes sericítico, intercalados por horizontes arenosos, e que não possuem correlação aparente com as demais rochas aflorantes da geologia na região. Aproximadamente 40% da superfície do morro é encoberta por colúvio composto por fragmentos mineralizados da crosta e por sedimentos arenosos da Formação Barreiras. Na crosta, os fosfatos de alumínio estão representados predominantemente pelo subgrupo da crandallita: i) série crandallita-goyazita (média de 57,3%); ii) woodhouseíta-svanbergita (média de 15,8%); e pela iii) wardita-millisita (média de 5,1%). Associados aos fosfatos encontram-se hematita, goethita, quartzo, caulinita, muscovita e anatásio, com volumes que variam segundo o horizonte laterítico correspondente. Como os minerais pesados em nível acessório a raro estão zircão, estaurolita, turmalina, anatásio, andalusita e silimanita. O horizonte de fosfatos, bem como a crosta ferroalumínio-fosfática, mostra-se claramente rica em P₂O₅, além de Fe₂O₃, CaO, Na₂O, SrO, SO₃, Th, Ta e em terras-raras leves como La e Ce em relação ao horizonte saprolítico. Os teores de SiO₂ são consideravelmente elevados, porém muito inferiores aqueles identificados no horizonte argiloso sotoposto. No perfil como um todo, observa-se uma correlação inversa entre SiO₂ e Al₂O₃; entre Al₂O₃ e Fe₂O₃, e positiva entre SiO₂ e Fe₂O₃, que ratificam a natureza laterítica do perfil. Diferente do que é esperado para lateritos bauxíticos, os teores de P₂O₅, CaO, Na₂O, SrO e SO₃ são fortemente elevados, concentrações consideradas típicas de depósitos de fosfatos de alumínio ricos em crandallita-goyazita e woodhouseítasvanbergita. A sucessão dos horizontes, sua composição mineralógica, e os padrões geoquímicos permitem correlacionar o presente depósito com os demais fosfatos de alumínio da região, mais especificamente Jandiá (Pará) e Trauíra (Maranhão), bem como outros situados além do território brasileiro, indicando portanto, que os fosfatos de alumínio de Sapucaia são produtos da gênese de um perfil laterítico maturo e completo, cuja rocha fonte pode estar relacionada a rochas mineralizadas em fósforo, tais como as observadas na Formação Pimenteiras, parcialmente aflorante na borda da Bacia do Parnaíba. Possivelmente, o atual corpo de minério integrou a paleocosta do mar de Pirabas, uma vez que furos de sondagem às proximidades do corpo deixaram claro a relação de contato lateral entre estas unidades.

Formation of multiple pulmonary nodules during treatment with leflunomide

O comprometimento pulmonar é uma das manifestações extra-articulares da artrite reumatóide e pode ser devido à própria doença ou secundário às medicações utilizadas para seu tratamento. Este trabalho relata um caso de uma paciente de 60 anos de idade com diagnóstico de artrite reumatoide que evoluiu com múltiplos nódulos pulmonares durante o tratamento com leflunomida.

Palaeosurfaces mapping and associated supergene copper deposits identification as mineral exploration tool Itapeva and Ribeirão Branco region – Ribeira Valley, state of São Paulo, Brazil

Alguns exemplos de formação de minério supérgeno e sua interação com a morfogênese (paleosuperfícies) e resistência mineralógica são discutidas aqui. Registros geomorfológicos e mineralógicos na caracterização paleosuperfícies associam o intemperismo de minerais primários e sua relação com as concentrações de cobre e minério de ferro no sudeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Distinguiram-se duas paleosuperfícies geradas por várias fases de intemperismo e controladas pela estrutura geológica. A primeira, mais antiga, é a paleosuperfície superior (900 - 1000 m de altitude), situado em Ribeirão Branco (Alto do Brancal), foram desenvolvidas em rochas silico-calcários. É formada por lateritas de ferro enriquecido por produtos secundários de cobre. O segundo nível de paleosuperfície é mais novo está localizado na região de Itapeva (Santa Blandina e Bairro do Sambra). Esta paleosuperfície é formada por percolação de cobre através da rocha alterada (saprolito). Outras características podem ser observadas como produtos neoformados em lateritas. Eles são classificados em dois tipos: a argila como produtos silico-cuprífero (com quantidades significativas de ferro) e de cobre minerais (crisocola, fixas nas vertentes). Essas feições reconheceram a presença de minérios de cobre e seu controle morfogénetico ajudando na exploração e prospecção de minérios supérgenos.

Clinical Practice: Vocal nodules in dysphonic children

Common among children, vocal symptoms are a cause of concern for parents who seek elucidation of their diagnosis and treatment. Vocal nodules are the major cause of dysphonias in children and are related to vocal abuse. We conducted a literature review considering clinical, physiopathological, epidemiological, and histological aspects of vocal nodules, as well as diagnostic methods, highlighting the main studies addressing this issue. The controversial points of treatments were also discussed.

Perceptual and acoustic parameters of vocal nodules in children

Vocal nodules constitute the major cause of dysphonia during childhood. Auditory-perceptual and acoustic vocal analyses have been used to differentiate vocal nodules from normal voice in children.Purpose: To study the value of auditory-perceptual and acoustic vocal analyses in assessments of children with nodules.Design: Diagnostic test study.Patients and interventions: A comparative study was carried out including 100 children with videolaryngoscopic diagnosis of vocal nodules (nodule group-NG); and 100 children without vocal symptoms and with normal videolaryngoscopic exams (control group-CG). The age range of both groups was between 4 and 11 years. All children underwent auditory-perceptual vocal analyses (GRBASI scale); maximum phonation time and s/z ratio were calculated, and acoustic vocal analysis (MDVP software) were carried out.Results: There was no difference in the values of maximum phonation time and s/z ratio between groups. Auditory-perceptual analysis indicated greater compromising of voice parameters for NG, compared to CG: G (79 versus 24), R (53 versus 3), B (67 versus 23) and S (35 versus 1). The values of acoustic parameters jitter, PPQ shimmer, APQ, NHR and SPI were higher for NG for CG. The parameter f0 did not differ between groups.Conclusion: Compromising of auditory-perceptual (G, R, B and S) and acoustic vocal parameters (jitter, PPQ shimmer, APQ, NHR and SPI) was greater for children with nodules than for those of the control group, which makes them important methods for assessing child dysphonia. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dynamics of soil exploration by fine roots down to a depth of 10 m throughout the entire rotation in Eucalyptus grandis plantations

Although highly weathered soils cover considerable areas in tropical regions, little is known about exploration by roots in deep soil layers. Intensively managed Eucalyptus plantations are simple forest ecosystems that can provide an insight into the belowground growth strategy of fast-growing tropical trees. Fast exploration of deep soil layers by eucalypt fine roots may contribute to achieving a gross primary production that is among the highest in the world for forests. Soil exploration by fine roots down to a depth of 10 m was studied throughout the complete cycle in Eucalyptus grandis plantations managed in short rotation. Intersects of fine roots, less than 1 mm in diameter, and medium-sized roots, 1-3 mm in diameter, were counted on trench walls in a chronosequence of 1-, 2-, 3.5-, and 6-year-old plantations on a sandy soil, as well as in an adjacent 6-year-old stand growing in a clayey soil. Two soil profiles were studied down to a depth of 10 m in each stand (down to 6 m at ages 1 and 2 years) and 4 soil profiles down to 1.5-3.0 m deep. The root intersects were counted on 224 m(2) of trench walls in 15 pits. Monitoring the soil water content showed that, after clear cutting, almost all the available water stored down to a depth of 7 m was taken up by tree roots within 1.1 year of planting. The soil space was explored intensively by fine roots down to a depth of 3 m from 1 year after planting, with an increase in anisotropy in the upper layers throughout the rotation. About 60% of fine root intersects were found at a depth of more than 1 m, irrespective of stand age. The root distribution was isotropic in deep soil layers and kriged maps showed fine root clumping. A considerable volume of soil was explored by fine roots in eucalypt plantations on deep tropical soils, which might prevent water and nutrient losses by deep drainage after canopy closure and contribute to maximizing resource uses.

An exploration of heart rate response to differing music rhythm and tempos

The aim of this study was to investigate acute cardiac response and heart rate variability (HRV) when listening to differing forms of music. Eleven healthy men aged between 18 and 25 years old were included in the study. HRV was recorded at rest for ten minutes with no music, then were asked to listen to classical baroque or heavy metal music for a period of 20 min. It was noted that heart rate variability did not affect HRV indices for time and frequency. In conclusion, music with different tempos does not influence cardiac autonomic regulation in men. However more studies are suggested to explore this topic in greater detail.

Magnetometric exploration in intrusive basic with evidence of gold in northern region of the Camaquã Sedimentary Basin (RS)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Long-term recovery patterns of arctic tundra after winter seismic exploration

In response to the increasing global demand for energy, oil exploration and development are expanding into frontier areas of the Arctic, where slow-growing tundra vegetation and the underlying permafrost soils are very sensitive to disturbance. The creation of vehicle trails on the tundra from seismic exploration for oil has accelerated in the past decade, and the cumulative impact represents a geographic footprint that covers a greater extent of Alaska’s North Slope tundra than all other direct human impacts combined. Seismic exploration for oil and gas was conducted on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, USA, in the winters of 1984 and 1985. This study documents recovery of vegetation and permafrost soils over a two-decade period after vehicle traffic on snow-covered tundra. Paired permanent vegetation plots (disturbed vs. reference) were monitored six times from 1984 to 2002. Data were collected on percent vegetative cover by plant species and on soil and ground ice characteristics. We developed Bayesian hierarchical models, with temporally and spatially autocorrelated errors, to analyze the effects of vegetation type and initial disturbance levels on recovery patterns of the different plant growth forms as well as soil thaw depth. Plant community composition was altered on the trails by species-specific responses to initial disturbance and subsequent changes in substrate. Long-term changes included increased cover of graminoids and decreased cover of evergreen shrubs and mosses. Trails with low levels of initial disturbance usually improved well over time, whereas those with medium to high levels of initial disturbance recovered slowly. Trails on ice-poor, gravel substrates of riparian areas recovered better than those on ice-rich loamy soils of the uplands, even after severe initial damage. Recovery to pre-disturbance communities was not possible where trail subsidence occurred due to thawing of ground ice. Previous studies of disturbance from winter seismic vehicles in the Arctic predicted short-term and mostly aesthetic impacts, but we found that severe impacts to tundra vegetation persisted for two decades after disturbance under some conditions. We recommend management approaches that should be used to prevent persistent tundra damage.

Balancing Exploration and Exploitation: A New Algorithm for Active Machine Learning

Active machine learning algorithms are used when large numbers of unlabeled examples are available and getting labels for them is costly (e.g. requiring consulting a human expert). Many conventional active learning algorithms focus on refining the decision boundary, at the expense of exploring new regions that the current hypothesis misclassifies. We propose a new active learning algorithm that balances such exploration with refining of the decision boundary by dynamically adjusting the probability to explore at each step. Our experimental results demonstrate improved performance on data sets that require extensive exploration while remaining competitive on data sets that do not. Our algorithm also shows significant tolerance of noise.

Exploration time of static images implying different body movements causes time distortions

Studies of subjective time have adopted different methods to understand different processes of time perception. Four sculptures, with implied movement ranked as 1.5-, 3.0-, 4.5-, and 6.0-point stimuli on the Body Movement Ranking Scale, were randomly presented to 42 university students untrained in visual arts and ballet. Participants were allowed to observe the images for any length of time (exploration time) and, immediately after each image was observed, recorded the duration as they perceived it. The results of temporal ratio (exploration time/time estimation) showed that exploration time of images also affected perception of time, i.e., the subjective time for sculptures representing implied movement were overestimated.\