Taylor rule with hidden states

This work evaluates empirically the Taylor rule for the US and Brazil using Kalman Filter and Markov-Switching Regimes. We show that the parameters of the rule change significantly with variations in both output and output gap proxies, considering hidden variables and states. Such conclusions call naturally for robust optimal monetary rules. We also show that Brazil and US have very contrasting parameters, first because Brazil presents time-varying intercept, second because of the rigidity in the parameters of the Brazilian Taylor rule, regardless the output gap proxy, data frequency or sample data. Finally, we show that the long-run inflation parameter of the US Taylor rule is less than one in many periods, contrasting strongly with Orphanides (forthcoming) and Clarida, Gal´i and Gertler (2000), and the same happens with Brazilian monthly data.

Endogenous supply of fiat money

We address whether reputation concerns can discipline the behavior of a self-interested agent who has a monopoly over the provision of fiat money. We obtain that when this agent can commit to a plan of action, there is a monetary equilibrium where it never overissues. We show, however, that such equilibrium is no longer possible when there is no commitment. This happens because the incentives this agent has to maintain a reputation for providing valuable currency disappear once its reputation is high enough. More generally, we prove that there is no monetary equilibrium where overissue happens only infrequently. We conclude by showing that imperfect memory can restore the positive result obtained in the presence of commitment.

Inflation persistence and flexible prices

The inability of rational expectation models with money supply rules to deliver inflation persistence following a transitory deviation of money growth from trend is due to the rapid adjustment of the price level to expected events. The observation of persistent inflation in macroeconomic data leads many economists to believe that prices adjust sluggishly and/or expectations must not be rational. Inflation persistence in U.S. data can be characterized by a vector autocorrelation function relating inflation and deviations of output from trend. In the vector autocorrelation function both inflation and output are highly persistent and there are significant positive dynamic cross-correlations relating inflation and output. This paper shows that a flexible-price general equilibrium business cycle model with money and a central bank using a Taylor rule can account for these patterns. There are no sticky prices and no liquidity effects. Agents decisions in a period are taken only after all shocks are observed. The monetary policy rule transforms output persistence into inflation persistence and creates positive cross-correlations between inflation and output.

Assimetria de informação no período que antecede o COPOM: uma análise a partir do mercado futuro de taxa de juros no Brasil

Com base nos dados históricos do bid-ask spread dos ativos do mercado futuro de taxas de juros no Brasil, este estudo analisa se há evidência de presença de investidores com informação superior no período que antecede o COPOM. A partir de testes do Componente de Assimetria de Informação (CAI) medidos às vésperas de 21 reuniões do COPOM, realizadas entre outubro de 2011 e maio de 2014, encontramos evidências que: o CAI apresenta patamar superior para períodos que antecedem reunião cuja decisão não foi bem antecipada pelo mercado, sugerindo a presença de investidores com informação superior nessas circunstâncias. Contudo, não encontramos evidência de que haja qualquer relação entre o comportamento do CAI com o volume de negócios, nem que haja relação entre o comportamento do CAI com o posicionamento de determinados players, especificamente Pessoas Físicas e Pessoas Jurídicas Não Financeiras. Por outro lado, encontramos evidência de expressiva redução na CAI no dia seguinte ao COPOM, sinalizando a eficácia da comunicação do BC na ancoragem de expectativas e reforçando a reunião como evento propício para atuação de players com informação superior. Os resultados se tornam ainda mais relevantes quando se considera o contexto do período analisado, marcado pela presença de intensa volatilidade na SELIC e por uma investigação da CVM sobre insider trading no mercado de juros.

The time consistency of the Friedman rule

We consider the problem of time consistency of the Ramsey monetary and fiscal policies in an economy without capital. Following Lucas and Stokey (1983) we allow the government at date t to leave its successor at t + 1 a profile of real and nominal debt of all maturities, as a way to influence its decisions. We show that the Ramsey policies are time consistent if and only if the Friedman rule is the optimal Ramsey policy.

Firm financial constraints and the impact of monetary policy: evidence from financial conglomerates

Building on recent evidence on the functioning of internal capital markets in financial conglomerates, this paper conducts a novel test of the balance sheet channel of monetary policy. It does so by comparing monetary policy responses of small banks that are affiliated with the same bank holding company, and this arguably face similar constraints in accessing internal/external sources of funds, but that operate in different geographical regions, and thus face different pools of borrowers. Because these subsidiaries typically concentrate their lending with small local businesses, we can use cross-sectional differences in state-level economic indicators at the time of changes of monetary policy to study whether or not the strength of borrowers' balance sheets influences the response of bank lending. We find evidence that the negative response of bank loan growth to a monetary contraction is significantly stronger when borrowers have 'weak balance sheets. Our evidence suggests that the monetary authority should consider the amplification effects that financial constraints play following changes in basic interest rates and the role of financial conglomerates in the transmission of monetary policy.

Public debt management, monetary policy and financial institutions

Despite the large size of the Brazilian debt market, as well the large diversity of its bonds, the picture that emerges is of a market that has not yet completed its transition from the role it performed during the megainflation years, namely that of providing a liquid asset that provided positive real returns. This unfinished transition is currently placing the market under severe stress, as fears of a possible default from the next administration grow larger. This paper analyzes several aspects pertaining to the management of the domestic public debt. The causes for the extremely large and fast growth ofthe domestic public debt during the seven-year period that President Cardoso are discussed in Section 2. Section 3 computes Value at Risk and Cash Flow at Risk measures for the domestic public debt. The rollover risk is introduced in a mean-variance framework in Section 4. Section 5 discusses a few issues pertaining to the overlap between debt management and monetary policy. Finally, Section 6 wraps up with policy discussion and policy recommendations.

Aggregate vs disaggregate data analysis: a paradox in the estimation of money demand function of Japan under the low interest rate policy

We investigate the issue of whether there was a stable money demand function for Japan in 1990's using both aggregate and disaggregate time series data. The aggregate data appears to support the contention that there was no stable money demand function. The disaggregate data shows that there was a stable money demand function. Neither was there any indication of the presence of liquidity trapo Possible sources of discrepancy are explored and the diametrically opposite results between the aggregate and disaggregate analysis are attributed to the neglected heterogeneity among micro units. We also conduct simulation analysis to show that when heterogeneity among micro units is present. The prediction of aggregate outcomes, using aggregate data is less accurate than the prediction based on micro equations. Moreover. policy evaluation based on aggregate data can be grossly misleading.

Equivalência ricardiana: evidência empírica para o caso do Brasil

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal avaliar a existência de equivalência ricardiana no Brasil. Para isto, empregam-se três metodologias distintas. Inicialmente, com base no modelo de Enders e Lee (1990), utilizam-se regressões do tipo VAR e VEC e decomposição de variância para avaliar de que forma consumo e exportações líquidas reagem a variações não-antecipadas da dívida do setor público, mantidos constantes os gastos do governo. Em seguida, com base no mesmo modelo teórico, estimam-se parâmetros relativos à função consumo e testam-se as restrições de sobre-identificação associadas à técnica de MGM. Por último, efetuam-se testes relativos à restrição de liquidez com base no modelo de consumidores restritos de Campbell e Mankiw (1989). Embora alguns dos resultados sejam inconclusos, particularmente quando se utilizam os dois primeiros métodos de investigação (análise de variância e teste das restrições de sobre-identificação), de modo geral concluímos pela não-validade da hipótese para o Brasil. Teoricamente, isto é compatível com o fato de se ter uma parcela substancial de consumidores brasileiros restritos na obtenção de crédito (a exemplo do que já haviam também concluído Reis, Issler, Blanco e Carvalho (1998) e Issler e Rocha (2000) e do que também concluímos na última seção.